This document discusses the seismic response of reinforced concrete concentrically braced frames. It analyzes numerically various bracing patterns for a 5-bay 12-story building, including bare frames, fully braced frames, and partially braced frames with bracing applied at the bay-level or level-wise. Optimum bracing patterns are identified that reduce internal forces in columns and provide economic savings compared to bare frames or fully braced frames. Graphs show variations in axial, shear and bending forces for different bracing patterns, identifying patterns that fall within acceptable ranges. Savings of up to 7.87% are achieved with the optimum bracing patterns.
Comparative study of rc framed structures using spectra based pushover analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Spectra based multimodal adaptive pushover analysis considers higher modes of vibration and combines them using SRSS rule and scale factors. Damage index for the structures are calculated to evaluate the degree of damage occurred after a seismic event. For the present study the Spectra based multimodal adaptive pushover analysis is adopted for G+ 4 storeys Symmetric and G+ 4 storeys Asymmetric Reinforced concrete framed structures. The Expended Energy based damage index methods are used to calculate Damage Index for symmetric and asymmetric structures. ETABS 2015 software is utilized for modeling and analysis of Reinforced concrete framed structures. The comparative studies are carried out between the structure considering only 1st mode and considering all modes and compared between 3 methods of damage index. It is observed that the capacity obtained by considering all modes is less than the capacity obtained by considering only 1st mode. The target displacement obtained considering only 1st mode is less than the target displacement obtained considering all modes. And the damage index obtained by considering all modes is more than the damage index obtained by considering only 1st mode. Therefore it is necessary to consider all modes to get accurate results. In asymmetric building the ductility is less, the capacity is less, demand is high, and degree of damage is more when compared with symmetric building. Keywords: pushover analysis, damage index, RC frame, multimodal, symmetric and asymmetric
Evaluation of fnp for rc frame with brick infilleSAT Journals
Abstract The RC multistoryedframe buildings are commonly built with brick masonry as infill walls.Window and entryway openings are unavoidable piece of the infill dividers. The vicinity of openings in infill dividers fundamentally lessens the parallel quality and solidness of RC casings. The fundamental natural period (FNP) of the building with infill panels depend on strength and stiffness of these infill. The strength and stiffness effect of the infill walls are not considered in any of the seismic codes across the world for calculating FNP. An attempt is made in the present paper to evaluate a new empirical formula by method of least squares (MLS), considering the stiffness of the infill walls and number of bays and storeys. The analysis is carried using SAP v14.2 for gravity and seismic loading. Gravity analysis is carried out as per IS 456: 2000 code provisions. Seismic analysis is carried out as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 procedures for multistoryed ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) buildings. All the models are constructed in seismic zone IV.The FNP results by MLS are compared with periods obtained from empirical formulae prescribed in seismic codes across the world.The authors conclude that, FNPs obtained by MLS are accurate than the FNPs calculated from the empirical formulae given in seismic codes considered in the paper. KeyWords: Fundamental Natural Period, Infill Frame, Method of Least Square, OMRF, Seismic Code
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative study of rc framed structures using spectra based pushover analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Spectra based multimodal adaptive pushover analysis considers higher modes of vibration and combines them using SRSS rule and scale factors. Damage index for the structures are calculated to evaluate the degree of damage occurred after a seismic event. For the present study the Spectra based multimodal adaptive pushover analysis is adopted for G+ 4 storeys Symmetric and G+ 4 storeys Asymmetric Reinforced concrete framed structures. The Expended Energy based damage index methods are used to calculate Damage Index for symmetric and asymmetric structures. ETABS 2015 software is utilized for modeling and analysis of Reinforced concrete framed structures. The comparative studies are carried out between the structure considering only 1st mode and considering all modes and compared between 3 methods of damage index. It is observed that the capacity obtained by considering all modes is less than the capacity obtained by considering only 1st mode. The target displacement obtained considering only 1st mode is less than the target displacement obtained considering all modes. And the damage index obtained by considering all modes is more than the damage index obtained by considering only 1st mode. Therefore it is necessary to consider all modes to get accurate results. In asymmetric building the ductility is less, the capacity is less, demand is high, and degree of damage is more when compared with symmetric building. Keywords: pushover analysis, damage index, RC frame, multimodal, symmetric and asymmetric
Evaluation of fnp for rc frame with brick infilleSAT Journals
Abstract The RC multistoryedframe buildings are commonly built with brick masonry as infill walls.Window and entryway openings are unavoidable piece of the infill dividers. The vicinity of openings in infill dividers fundamentally lessens the parallel quality and solidness of RC casings. The fundamental natural period (FNP) of the building with infill panels depend on strength and stiffness of these infill. The strength and stiffness effect of the infill walls are not considered in any of the seismic codes across the world for calculating FNP. An attempt is made in the present paper to evaluate a new empirical formula by method of least squares (MLS), considering the stiffness of the infill walls and number of bays and storeys. The analysis is carried using SAP v14.2 for gravity and seismic loading. Gravity analysis is carried out as per IS 456: 2000 code provisions. Seismic analysis is carried out as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 procedures for multistoryed ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) buildings. All the models are constructed in seismic zone IV.The FNP results by MLS are compared with periods obtained from empirical formulae prescribed in seismic codes across the world.The authors conclude that, FNPs obtained by MLS are accurate than the FNPs calculated from the empirical formulae given in seismic codes considered in the paper. KeyWords: Fundamental Natural Period, Infill Frame, Method of Least Square, OMRF, Seismic Code
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel dual point clamper for low-rigidity plate milling with deformation co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The surface profile accuracy plays a significant role in achieving the overall product’s functional performance, which is seriously impacted by the cutting forces, clamping forces, and residual stresses. Conventionally, many researches about deformation compensation focus on cutting forces and fixture layout and do not consider clamping forces. Actually, clamping forces, which would dynamically change along with the movements of cutting tools, are essential in precision machining process. In this paper, a novel dual-point clamper method with adaptive deformation compensation is proposed to improve the workpieces milling precision. Based on the Generalized Principle of Superposition Method, a mathematical model considering the deflection from both cutting forces and clamping forces has been estimated and compared with the traditional clamping scheme. Both 3D finite element model (FEM) based simulation experiments and experimental case studies are carried out, and their results show good agreement with each other. The deflection computation and prediction from numerical studies indicates the efficiency and correctness of the proposed approach.
Keywords: Compensation; Deformation; Fixture; Milling
Finite element analysis and parametric study of curved concrete box girder us...eSAT Journals
Abstract The horizontally curved bridges are becoming the norm of highway interchanges and urban expressways as a result of complicated geometrics, limited rights of way, and traffic mitigation. This type of superstructure has gained popularity because it addresses the needs of transportation engineering. A study of box girder curved in plan with rectangular cross-section has been carried out in the present investigation. The finite element software ABAQUS is used to carryout analysis of these box girders. The analysis is carried out for the dead load, super imposed dead load and live load of IRC Class A loading. The paper presents a parametric study of curved box girders by varying span and radius of curvature and by keeping the span to depth ratio constant. The parametric investigations performed on curved box girders helps to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the behavior of the girder. This study would enable bridge engineers to better understand the behavior of curved concrete box girders. Key Words: Curved concrete box girder, ABAQUS
3D Surface Characterisation of Precision Finished Surfacestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Create shear stair for reinforcement of concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract For shear design of R/C beams with rectangular and T-section, there is a number of steps procedure and equations provided by ultimate strength design method according to ACI-code. The large number of equations and fork of solution steps, Causes a lot of confusion and boredom for student or designer. Checked the most common and authoritative textbooks that dealt with design of concrete structures according to (ACI-08). From long experience in teaching reinforced concrete material, show that shear stair has more effect to give beginner engineering students speed to achieve shear design steps by less time and effort. This study focuses on rectangular and T-section beams consider shear force due to the loads applied vertically, using SI units. Finally, I reached a simplified stair to track shear strength steps easily and conveniently, named as shear stair. Index Terms: Shear design; Beam reinforcement; Shear strength; Shear stress distribution.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Finite Element Analysis of Effect of Punching Shear in Flat Slab Using Ansys ...inventionjournals
Finite element analysis is useful numerical technique to solve various structural problems. In this paper FEA model of slab column connection is model using ANSYS 16.0 . Punching shear failure is a major problem encountered in the design of reinforced concrete flat plates. The utilization of shear reinforcement via shear studs or other means has become a choice for improving the punching shear capacity .The obtained results indicate that, the proposed shear reinforcement system and drop panel has a positive effect in the enhancement of both the punching shear capacity and the strain energy of interior slab–column connection of both normal and high strength concrete. The general finite element software ANSYS can be used successfully to simulate the punching shearbehaviour of reinforced concrete flat plates
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Optimization of Surface Roughness Index for a Roller Burnishing Process Using...paperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this dissertation is to optimize the roughness index for a roller burnishing process. The factors have been identified from literature review. These barriers may be of market, cultural, human resource.management, financial, economical, attitudinal, environmental, geographical and technological type. Technology transfer barriers threats the movement of physical structure, knowledge, skills, organization value and capital from the developed to developing countries. Clear understanding of these barriers may help the practitioners to find out various ways to deal with them. This may further facilitate successful implementation of technology transfer. Technology transfer may be said to be successful if Transferor (seller) and the transferee (buyer) can effectively utilize the technology for business gain. The transfer involves cost and expenditure that should be agreed by the transferee and transferor. The process is affected by various factors that hinder Technology Transfer. These factors named Barriers. In the present work, Interpretive Structure Modeling (ISM) is used for the analysis and comparison of various factors important for Technology Transfer. The important parameters are identified and self-interaction matrixes proposed with the help of Interpretive Structure Modeling which evaluates the inhibiting power of these parameters. This index can be used in comparison of different factors responsible for Roller Burnishing Processes.
A novel dual point clamper for low-rigidity plate milling with deformation co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The surface profile accuracy plays a significant role in achieving the overall product’s functional performance, which is seriously impacted by the cutting forces, clamping forces, and residual stresses. Conventionally, many researches about deformation compensation focus on cutting forces and fixture layout and do not consider clamping forces. Actually, clamping forces, which would dynamically change along with the movements of cutting tools, are essential in precision machining process. In this paper, a novel dual-point clamper method with adaptive deformation compensation is proposed to improve the workpieces milling precision. Based on the Generalized Principle of Superposition Method, a mathematical model considering the deflection from both cutting forces and clamping forces has been estimated and compared with the traditional clamping scheme. Both 3D finite element model (FEM) based simulation experiments and experimental case studies are carried out, and their results show good agreement with each other. The deflection computation and prediction from numerical studies indicates the efficiency and correctness of the proposed approach.
Keywords: Compensation; Deformation; Fixture; Milling
Finite element analysis and parametric study of curved concrete box girder us...eSAT Journals
Abstract The horizontally curved bridges are becoming the norm of highway interchanges and urban expressways as a result of complicated geometrics, limited rights of way, and traffic mitigation. This type of superstructure has gained popularity because it addresses the needs of transportation engineering. A study of box girder curved in plan with rectangular cross-section has been carried out in the present investigation. The finite element software ABAQUS is used to carryout analysis of these box girders. The analysis is carried out for the dead load, super imposed dead load and live load of IRC Class A loading. The paper presents a parametric study of curved box girders by varying span and radius of curvature and by keeping the span to depth ratio constant. The parametric investigations performed on curved box girders helps to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the behavior of the girder. This study would enable bridge engineers to better understand the behavior of curved concrete box girders. Key Words: Curved concrete box girder, ABAQUS
3D Surface Characterisation of Precision Finished Surfacestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Create shear stair for reinforcement of concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract For shear design of R/C beams with rectangular and T-section, there is a number of steps procedure and equations provided by ultimate strength design method according to ACI-code. The large number of equations and fork of solution steps, Causes a lot of confusion and boredom for student or designer. Checked the most common and authoritative textbooks that dealt with design of concrete structures according to (ACI-08). From long experience in teaching reinforced concrete material, show that shear stair has more effect to give beginner engineering students speed to achieve shear design steps by less time and effort. This study focuses on rectangular and T-section beams consider shear force due to the loads applied vertically, using SI units. Finally, I reached a simplified stair to track shear strength steps easily and conveniently, named as shear stair. Index Terms: Shear design; Beam reinforcement; Shear strength; Shear stress distribution.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Finite Element Analysis of Effect of Punching Shear in Flat Slab Using Ansys ...inventionjournals
Finite element analysis is useful numerical technique to solve various structural problems. In this paper FEA model of slab column connection is model using ANSYS 16.0 . Punching shear failure is a major problem encountered in the design of reinforced concrete flat plates. The utilization of shear reinforcement via shear studs or other means has become a choice for improving the punching shear capacity .The obtained results indicate that, the proposed shear reinforcement system and drop panel has a positive effect in the enhancement of both the punching shear capacity and the strain energy of interior slab–column connection of both normal and high strength concrete. The general finite element software ANSYS can be used successfully to simulate the punching shearbehaviour of reinforced concrete flat plates
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Optimization of Surface Roughness Index for a Roller Burnishing Process Using...paperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this dissertation is to optimize the roughness index for a roller burnishing process. The factors have been identified from literature review. These barriers may be of market, cultural, human resource.management, financial, economical, attitudinal, environmental, geographical and technological type. Technology transfer barriers threats the movement of physical structure, knowledge, skills, organization value and capital from the developed to developing countries. Clear understanding of these barriers may help the practitioners to find out various ways to deal with them. This may further facilitate successful implementation of technology transfer. Technology transfer may be said to be successful if Transferor (seller) and the transferee (buyer) can effectively utilize the technology for business gain. The transfer involves cost and expenditure that should be agreed by the transferee and transferor. The process is affected by various factors that hinder Technology Transfer. These factors named Barriers. In the present work, Interpretive Structure Modeling (ISM) is used for the analysis and comparison of various factors important for Technology Transfer. The important parameters are identified and self-interaction matrixes proposed with the help of Interpretive Structure Modeling which evaluates the inhibiting power of these parameters. This index can be used in comparison of different factors responsible for Roller Burnishing Processes.
Grupo redex perfil empresarial clientes 2013 spGrupo Redex
Somos una empresa de Tecnologías de Información, constituida en el año 2000 en la ciudad de Guadalajara, cimentada en la cultura del servicio al cliente y formada por un equipo de profesionales expertos en soluciones informáticas
Seismic evelution of rc space frame with rectangular and equivalent square co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance based seismic analysis of rc building considering the effect of d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to the present increase in world population, people in this world tend to occupy available locations present in any zone which also include zones falling in the high seismic zone categories. The buildings to be built in these seismic zones are more susceptible to earthquakes for obvious reasons, and the buildings constructed in such zones must be analysed and designed for the unpredictable earthquakes with unpredictable magnitudes by various lateral load resisting systems such as shear walls, bracings, tubular systems, coupled shear walls and even a combination of two load resisting systems called as dual systems. Present study includes linear-static and non-linear static analysis with different shear wall arrangements on dual systems such as flat slabs and shear walls & moment resisting frames and shear walls for different irregular plans using ETABS 9.7.4 software. Parameters such as point displacements, base shears, pushover curves are studied. Keywords: Dual Systems, Flat slabs, Pushover analysis, Shear walls.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
Comparison of bracings and shear walls as seismic strengthening methods to bu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effects of longer span floor system in the constancy of the multistoried stru...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the structural integrity, stability and their comparison due to the effects of longer span floor systems considering some constancy in the multi-storied commercial and residential mixed-used structures. In recent times, mixed-use developments and buildings have created an up surging demand in perspective of relatively small area of lands like Bangladesh. But, the commercial developments consisting of underground basement required maximize serviceable column free open-floor spaces for more flexibility, marketability and uninterrupted executive car parking of the end-users. Now, the column free open-plan floor spaces, usually ranges from 18~27 ft, even up to 45 ft. or more [5], offers a bulky change in span length of the slab that results the longer span structure. Again, the longer span structure is directly related with the beam length which promptly affects the thickness of the slab as well as the sizes of beams, columns and the foundations. In this study, two different span lengths of the mixed-use structural Models are considered based on the economical range [18ft-30ft] of the RC floor systems. Then, both of the structural Models are compared based on the following parameters: design aspects, reduction in the number of components, sizes & thickness, weight of steel and volume of concrete. It is found that, longer span structure keeps highest effects on the RC columns and increase in size by 104.3%. This study will also be helpful for a designer to select an appropriate size of the structural components within the economical ranges of these types of particular RC structures in future Keywords: Regular Span Structure, Longer Span Structure, Flat Plate Slab, Flat Slab, Edge Supported Slab Andmat Foundation.
Design of a High Rise Structure on an Oblique Ground Taking Earthquake Resist...ijtsrd
The study of straightforward 2 D frames with different floor heights and different numbers of bays using the widely used software programme STAAD Pro. The maximum axial force, maximum shear force, maximum bending moment, maximum tensile force, and maximum compressive stress created for the frames on plain ground and sloping ground were compared using a variety of graphs using the analytical findings. The graphs that were used to compare the two situations and the in depth analysis of the SHORT COLOUMN EFFECT Rejection was carried up. Additionally, a thorough examination of seismology was conducted, and the viability of the intended software tool was also examined. Numerous projects of this nature have been completed on this subject in the past, but the analysis was often done for static loads, such as dead load, live load, etc. To this, earthquake analysis or seismic analysis has to be included. Two identical kinds of constructions, one on level ground and the other on a sloping ground, were examined in order to develop technical expertise. The outcomes were then contrasted. Finally, a manually planned structure on sloping land would be evaluated for all feasible load combinations according to IS 456 and IS 1893 and IS 13920. Devanand Kumar | Mr. Raushan Kumar "Design of a High-Rise Structure on an Oblique Ground Taking Earthquake Resistance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56235.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/56235/design-of-a-highrise-structure-on-an-oblique-ground-taking-earthquake-resistance/devanand-kumar
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Seismic response of _reinforced_concrete_concentrically_a_braced_frames
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATIVE TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY-2016
11TH
& 12TH
MARCH 2016
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS ISSN NO - 2394-3696
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 | P a g e w w w . i j i e r t . o r g
Paper ID: NITETCIVIL03
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONCENTRICALLY A-BRACED FRAMES
Tanawade S. B.
Department of Civil Engineering, Solapur University, Solapur
shritanawade@rediffmail.com
Kore P. N.
Department of Civil Engineering, Solapur University, Solapur
korepralhad@gmail.com
Swami P.S.
Department of Civil Engineering, Solapur University, Solapur
s.prashant7474@gmail.com
Javheri S. B.
Department of Civil Engineering, Solapur University, Solapur
Sandeepjavheri14@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Braced frames widen their resistance to lateral forces by the bracing action of inclined members. The braces
stimulate forces in the associated beams and columns so that all work as one like a truss with all members
subjected to stresses that are for the most part axial. This axial reaction results in less moments and in turn
smaller sizes of beams and column sections compared to moment resisting frames. A concentrically braced
frame has minor eccentricities in the joints of the frame that are accounted for in the design (which is tried with
A-braced or K-braced or concentrically braced frames for this work). This paper presents the elastic seismic
response of reinforced concrete frames with reinforced concrete bracing member in K or A – braced pattern
which are analyzed numerically for twelve storey building with 5-bay structures. This approach focuses on the
arrangements of A-braces in a particular bay, level and combinations thereof to reduce the lateral displacement
ultimately to achieve an economy in comparison with similar moment resisting frames. Results are concluded
from graphs and discussed comprehensively.
KEYWORDS : - Bare Frames, Baywise Braced Frames, Levelwise Braced Frames, A-Braced Frames,
Concentrically Braced Frames (CBF), Outriggers.
INTRODUCTION
In order to make multi-storey structures stronger and stiffer, which are more susceptible to earthquake and wind
forces, the cross sections of the member increases from top to bottom this makes the structure uneconomical
owing to safety of structure [5]. Therefore, it is necessary to provide special mechanism and/or mechanisms that
to improve lateral stability of the structure. Braced frames develop their confrontation to lateral forces by the
bracing action of diagonal members. Fully braced frames are more rigid. From saving view point arbitrarily
braced ones have least forces induced in the structure and at the same time produce maximum displacement
within prescribed limits [10]. Frames can be analyzed by various methods [8]. However, the method of analysis
adopted depends upon the types of frame, its configuration of (portal bay or multi-bay) multi-storey frame and
degree of indeterminacy [8].
A-braced frames are one type of Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF) in which the arrangements of members
form a vertical truss system to resist lateral forces. The main function of bracing system is to resist lateral forces.
It is therefore possible in initial stage of design to treat the frame and the bracing as two separate load carrying
system as shown in Figure 1. The behaviors of these frames with diagonals are evaluated through structural
analysis [9].
2. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATIVE TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY-2016
11TH
& 12TH
MARCH 2016
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS ISSN NO - 2394-3696
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 | P a g e w w w . i j i e r t . o r g
Figure 1: Braced frames split into two subassemblies
The structural analysis was based on structural models plotted in the STAAD- structural analysis and design
commercial software. The frame shall be designed to resist the effect of gravity and earthquake loadings for
strength and serviceability without aid of A-braces first, to ultimately represent a proposal of an introduction of
A-braces having economical structure with good behavior and a convenient architectural distribution.
Shan – Hau Xu & Di – Tao Niu [1] had worked on seven reinforced concrete (RC) braced frame, one reinforced
concrete frame and one reinforced concrete shear wall are tested under vertical loading and reversed cyclic
loading. They focused mainly on the failure mechanism, strength, degradation in stiffness, and hysteresis loop of
the RC braced frame. According to their study, in braced frames, not only lateral resistance and stiffness
enhanced, but also energy dissipation amount increased significantly. A.R. Khaloo and M. Mahdi Mohseni [2]
had worked on nonlinear seismic behavior of RC Frames with RC Braces. This study focuses on evaluation of
strength, stiffness, ductility and energy absorption of reinforced concrete braced frames and comparison with
similar moment resisting frames and frames with shear wall. J. P. Desai, A. K. Jain and A. S. Arya [3] had
worked on two-bay, six-story frame designed by limit state method subjected to artificial earthquake and
bilinear hysteresis model was assumed for girders, elasto-plastic model was assumed for columns and simple
triangular hysteresis model was assumed for reinforced concrete bracing. It is concluded that the inelastic
seismic response of X and K braced concrete frames with intermediate bracing members is satisfactory. M.A.
Youssefa, H. Ghaffarzadehb, M. Nehdi [4] had worked on the efficiency of using braced RC frames is
experimentally evaluated. Two cyclic loading tests were conducted on a moment frame and a braced frame. The
moment frame was designed and detailed according to current seismic codes. A rational design methodology
was adopted to design the braced frame including the connections between the brace members and the concrete
frame.
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY BUILDING STRUCTURES
Bare and Fully Braced Frames
In order to study the behaviour of moment resisting A-braced frames (bare, fully, partially bay braced and
partially level braced and outrigger frames) 5 bay 12 storey structures are modeled and analyzed numerically.
The sections of columns are reduced from top to bottom which is same for every 3 storey (1-3, 4-6, 7-9, and 10-
12) in order to achieve an economy in bare frames itself. In all cases, span length and story elevation are 4 and 3
meters, respectively. A typical frame of this type is shown in Figure 2.
a b
Figure 2: The specific worst loaded member considered for the analysis of various frames
BAYWISE AND LEVELWISE BRACED FRAMES
To study the behaviour of bay wise and level wise bracing pattern 5 bay 12 storeyed structures are modelled and
analyzed numerically. A typical bracing pattern of this type is shown in Figure 3 (a and b). A number of
structures and their different patterns with and without braces have been analyzed. The responses of braced
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frames of different configurations have been compared with bare frame and the same also have been compared
with each other. Behaviours of fully braced frames with the partially braced frames also studied.
a b c
Figure 3: 5-bay 12 storey structures with particular Bay (a) & Level (b) and Outrigger Braced algorithms.
OUTRIGGER I.E. PARTIALLY BRACED FRAMES
The logic of placing the braces baywise and levelwise share the algorithm which allows for combining them
evolving a “braced frame with outrigger” i.e. a partially braced frame which results the new combination of
above two scenarios. To study the behavior of such outrigger frames 5 bay 12 storeyed structures are modeled
and analyzed numerically. A typical frame of this type is shown in Figure 3 (c).
PARAMETRIC STUDY
Numbers of cases are tried for Bay wise and Level wise Braced Frames. The following Table 1 shows total
number of cases for Bay wise and Level wise braced Frames for considered structures. In case of levelwise
braced frames it is wise to restrict ourselves up to for higher level combinations since it will not going to
procure any economy. Partially braced frames having combination of above two types i.e. baywise and
levelwise braced frames shall be analyzed to study and compare the response of such frames. For this work 5
Bay 12 storeyed with 350 mm beam depth structure was used.
Table 1. No. of cases considered for Bay wise & Level wise braced Frames for 12 storey structures.
No. of Bays Braced
No. of Bays Braced at a time
One Two Three Four Five Total
5-bay 5 10 10 5 -- 30
No. of Levels Braced
No. of Levels Braced at a time
One Two Three Four Five Total
5-bay 12 66 220 -- -- 298
Total No. of Cases Studied 328
CHECK DIGIT ALGORITHEMS
Natural logarithm of reference number ‘N’ as dimensionless parameter has been used as abscissa with respect to
considered parameters. The reference number used here is pure number, which is uniquely specified for the
frame and bracing pattern tried. The check digits special algorithms are used for alpha and/or alphanumeric
character fields. Each character is assigned a numeric equivalent. The numeric equivalents are weighted and the
products are summed. The total is divided by the modulus to determine the remainder. The remainder is
compared to a pre-assigned index to determine the check digit.
INTERNAL FORCES
Forces induced viz. axial force, shear force and bending moment in one particular worst loaded column segment
is considered for this purpose as shown in Figure 2. In order to facilitate the direct comparison between bare and
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fully and/or partially braced frames the latter have been analyzed for the same geometry of mutually
perpendicular/orthogonal members for the same loading combination for which the bare frame yielded the
maximum design force in the members so selected as shown in Figure 3 (a, b & c). However, once the design
forces are evaluated for fully and/or partially braced structures all individual segments are redesigned and the
minimum required cross sections and steel percentage was calculated. Ultimately cost comparison is carried out
to compute economy.
OPTIMUM BAYWISE AND LEVELWISE LOCATION FOR BRACING FRAMES
OPTIMUM BAYWISE LOCATION FOR BRACING FRAMES 5 BAY 12 STOREY STRUCTURES
Fully braced frames described previously, when analyzed, exhibit the values of forces and displacements which
are changing with the variation of number of parameters. However, it was noticed that the frames underwent a
very small lateral displacement than was permissible. It is but obvious that, when such frames are partially
braced i.e. braced all along the height in a particular or a combination of number of bays which is less than total
numbers of bays for the frame, similarly when braced all along the level or a combination of number of levels
concerned, will produce a larger displacement compared to bare and fully braced frames but within permissible
limit i.e. 0.004H [9]. Hence it was decided to find out such possibility of developing a particular pattern for
partially braced frames, which would produce smaller forces for worst load combinations. It goes without saying
that the bracing pattern tried always satisfied strength as well as serviceability criterion.
Here dimensionless parameter (Ra) i.e. ratio of axial force which is the ratio of value of axial force in member
C1 for all cases of bays braced to axial force in same member of bare frame as shown in Figure 1 above. Same
is applicable to ratio of shear force (Rs) and to ratio bending moment (Rm). The value of internal forces in worst
loaded column segment (C1) of bare frame as shown in Figure 1 above is chosen as reference value for ratio
Ra/Rs/Rm.
a b
Figure 4: Optimum bay bracing pattern for 5 bay 12 storey structures
It seen clearly that every graph shows two lines parallel to the x-axis. If these are considered as the upper and
the lower limits as may be appropriate to a particular dimensionless parameter, one finds that many a times in
case of partially braced frames the dimensionless parameters observed exceeds the upper limits and/or is less
than the lower limit so considered. From which it concludes that some of the braced frames may allow reduction
in effect of considered parameters hence; it would be advantageous to suggest certain working range from
specified/accepted minimum to maximum for various internal forces concerned within which a number of
bracing patterns/cases produce the force being considered for different cases. However, a number of cases may
be found common to all of them are the optimum cases as far as force levels are concerned. The frames which
appear between those acceptable ranges were further taken into account for the analysis and design purpose.
Often symmetrical cases are taken into account and tried in case of baywise bracings only.
Table 2. Showing percentage of Economy achieved in optimum Baywise and Levelwise location of bracings
Case No. 5 bay 12 storey structures Percentage of Saving
a
For Baywise braced Pattern
7.70%
b 3.20%
c
For Levelwise braced Pattern
7.87%
d 7.34%
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a b
c
Figure 5: Variation of internal forces i.e. Ra, Rs, Rm of 5 bay 12 storey structures for Baywise combinations
All members of the frame are designed and saving in material is found out. Amongst all the so called best
choices there is only one or more than one choice/choices is made available which reduce the total cost of
structures compared to a bare frames, when all members are designed to carry the most critical combination of
the largest developed forces. This bracing pattern/ these bracing patterns is/are the optimum solution/solutions.
It is found that such bracing pattern is most economical than fully braced one. Following Figure 4 shows the
variation of internal forces of 5 bay 12 storey structures and Figure 5 shows examples of optimum baywise
braced frames for 5 bay 12 storey structures.
OPTIMUM LEVELWISE LOCATION FOR BRACING FRAMES 5 BAY 12 STOREY STRUCTURES
The same is repeated for levelwise bracing for previously mentioned structures and is represented in the Figure
6 below. The graphs show variation of axial force, shear force and bending moment in member C1 as the
bracing pattern changes.
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a b
c
Figure 6: Variation of internal forces i.e. Ra, Rs, Rm of 5 bay 12 storey structures for Levelwise combinations
Overall, these graphs show the increment in the values of ratios of Ra as the bracing level and combinations of
floor increases, Fig. 6 (b) show step variation except the cases which lie below and above the limit of bare and
fully braced frames respectively, and Figure 6 (c) show the step variation except the cases which lie below the
limit of bare frames. Hence, it seems reasonable to accept certain working range for axial force; shear force and
bending moment from specified/accepted minimum to maximum for various internal forces concerned within
which a number of bracing patterns/cases produce the force being considered different cases. However, a
number of cases may be found common to all of them. These are most optimum cases as far as force levels are
concerned. Figure 7 shows examples of optimum levelwise braced frames for 5 bay 12 storey structures and the
economy is tabulated in table and the respective combinations are shown in Table 2 above.
a b
Figure 7: Optimum level bracing pattern for 5 bay 12 storey structures
OPTIMALLY BRACED FRAMES WITH OUTRIGGERS
To begin with and to arrive at the outrigger orientation, a combination of optimum cases of baywise bracing and
levelwise bracing pattern are tried. It may be noted that when a number of bays or levels braced simultaneously
are increases then normally the cost effectiveness is lost, as the number of members increase which compensate
the saving claimed due to reduction in the internal forces induced in the structures and the reduced cross
sections commensurate with the same.
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a b c
Figure 8: Optimum bracing patterns for 5 bay 12 storey structures
In order to reduce the material cost, optimum cases of baywise, levelwise and partially braced are considered
and the section sizes are reduced to get minimum material cost and yet displacement remain within permissible
limits. The following Figure 8 (a, b & c) shows the partially braced frame for the combination of specific bays
and levels braced. The respective combinations and economy is tabulated as shown in Table 3 below.
Table 3. Showing percentage of economy achieved in optimally braced frames with outriggers.
Case no. (For 5 bay 12 storey
structures)
Percentage of
Saving
B (3) + L (9) 7.49%
B (3) + L (6) 7.41%
B (3) + L (11) 7.17%
Another form of partially braced frame which is shown in Figure 9 (a, b & c) above, which comprises second
and fourth bay braced throughout the height in combination with specific level is braced throughout are tried to
obtain an economy. But such combinations are offering less economy as compared to partially braced frames i.e.
frames with outriggers hence it is advantageous to adopt the previous combinations. The respective
combinations and economy is tabulated as shown in Table 4 below.
Table 4. Showing percentage of Economy achieved in optimally braced frames with outriggers.
Case no. (For 5 bay 12 storey
structures)
Percentage of
Saving
B(2+4) & L(8) 3.42%
B(2+4) & L(6) 3.27%
B(2+4) & L(G) 2.10%
a b c
Figure 9: Optimum bracing patterns for 5 bay 12 storey structures
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STOREY DRIFT
The lateral displacement of frame was observed at common point at specific position in 5 bay 12 storey structures. The
comparison is made between bare, fully braced, partially braced i.e. optimum bay braced and level braced and outrigger.
It was checked whether the structure satisfies maximum permissible relative lateral drift criterion as per IS: 1893-2002
(Part-I) which is 0.004H [9]. To insure the serviceability criterion, considering the lowest point as base of
structure and highest point as top of the structure maximum relative drift is found and simultaneously compared
with the permissible one as well as with other analyzed structures such as fully braced, partially braced and
outriggers. The values are tabulated in Table 5 and the variation is shown in Figure 10.
Table 5. Showing variation of lateral displacement along height of structure for 5 Bay 12 storey structure with
350 mm beam depth
Analyzed Structures of 5 Bay 12 storey structures for 350 mm beam Depth
Ht.
From
Base (m)
Bare
Frame
(mm)
Fully Braced
Frame (mm)
Optimum Bay
Braced (mm)
Optimum
Level Braced
(mm)
Frame with
Outrigger
(mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0
2.44 1.05 0.55 0.71 0.57 0.72
5.44 4.14 1.21 2.08 1.61 2.06
8.44 8.72 1.84 3.88 4.07 3.78
11.44 14.23 2.43 5.93 7.94 5.72
14.44 21.12 3.34 8.45 13.79 8.08
17.44 28.95 4.17 11.23 21.09 10.6
20.44 36.98 4.92 14.15 28.85 13.15
23.44 45.00 5.71 17.19 36.75 15.72
26.44 52.32 6.37 20.21 44.01 18.00
29.44 58.58 6.92 23.1 50.25 19.58
32.44 63.56 7.34 25.77 55.22 20.67
35.44 67.1 7.64 28.16 58.75 21.62
38.44 69.57 7.85 30.32 61.22 22.82
Figure 10: Variations of lateral displacement along height of structure for 5 Bay 12 storeyed with 350 mm beam
depth for L/C (1.5 D.L. + 1.5 E.Q.)
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For bare frames the lateral drift is well within the permissible one, but it is increasing as one move towards the
top most point of structure. Also the lateral displacements for fully braced frames are getting substantially
reduced as compared with bare frame, but these are uneconomical structures from saving point of view. For
optimally bay braced frames and for outriggers the lateral displacements are getting reduced by near about half
and more as compared to the bare frames. There is no valuable reduction in the lateral displacement for
optimally levelwise braced frames.
CONCLUSION
It concludes that optimally braced frames are stiff, strong, and an economical structural system. Fully braced
frames are very conservative in so far as lateral drift is concerned but uneconomical and at the same time
optimally braced one have least forces induced in the structure and produce maximum displacement but within
prescribed limit. However, further work is needed in order to achieve more economy by developing new
scenario i.e. cellwise braced frames. This work is important, because braced frames are a very efficient and
effective system for resisting lateral forces.
REFERENCES
[1] Shan – Hau Xu & Di – Tao Niu, “Seismic Behavior of R.C. Braced Frames”, ACI Structural journal, No.1,
100, Jan –Feb-2003.
[2] R. Khaloo & M. Mahdi Mohseni, “Nonlinear Seismic Behaviour of RC Frames with RC Braces” Asian
Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 6, 2008.
[3] J.P. Desai, A.K. Jain and A.S. Arya, “Seismic response of R.C. Braced Frames”, Computers and Structures
Vol. 29, No. 4, 1987.
[4] M.A. Youssefa,, H. Ghaffarzadehb, M. Nehdi “Seismic performance of RC frames with concentric internal
steel bracing”, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345-1676,
Iran, 23 October 2006.
[5] Kulkarni J. G., Kore P. N., Tanawade S. B., “Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Braced Frames”,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 Vol. 3, Issue 4,
Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1047-1053.
[6] S. I. Khan, Prof. P. O. Modani “Seismic Retrofitting of RC Building by Using Different Bracing Systems”
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 7, July – 2013
[7] Dr. V. L. Shah and Dr. S.R. Karve, (Feb. 2005), “Illustrated design of reinforced concrete building”, 5th
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[8] V.N. Vazirani and M.M. Ratawani, (1985) “Analysis of structures”, 10th
Ed., Khanna Publishers.
[9] Weaver Jr. and Gere J.M., (1986) “Matrix analysis of framed structure”, CBS Publishers and distributor,
New Delhi.
[10]I.S. 456-2000, Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision), Bureau
of Indian standards, New Delhi. I.S. 1893 (Part 1)-2002, Criteria for earthquake resistant design of
structure, general provision and building, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.