Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
General principles of seed production Junaid Abbas
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
The document summarizes techniques for testing varietal purity in crops, including morphological, chemical, biochemical, and molecular markers. It begins with an introduction to the importance of varietal purity testing in India's seed industry. It then describes various morphological methods like seed morphology, seedling examination, grow-out tests, and mechanical vision. It also covers common chemical tests. Biochemical methods discussed are electrophoresis techniques. The document concludes with an overview of molecular marker techniques like RAPD, SCAR, SSR, and STS markers used for varietal purity testing.
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
This document summarizes the inflorescence, flowers, seed formation, and seed parts of pearl millet plants. It describes that pearl millet has a panicle inflorescence that can take different shapes and contains spikelets with 2-4 flowers. Each flower has staminate and hermaphrodite forms. Pollination occurs through the wind and is protogynous. Seeds form in a caryopsis and vary in shape, color, and size depending on their position in the panicle. Seed development progresses through stages until maturity.
seed moisture content,objective, definition, principle, methods of moisture content determination, equipments used for moisture test, types of air oven methods, testing procedure, use of tolerance tables in moisture content estimation, reporting of results, examples of crop species suitable for different method of determination of moisture content, estimation of moisture by using moisture meters
Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
General principles of seed production Junaid Abbas
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
The document summarizes techniques for testing varietal purity in crops, including morphological, chemical, biochemical, and molecular markers. It begins with an introduction to the importance of varietal purity testing in India's seed industry. It then describes various morphological methods like seed morphology, seedling examination, grow-out tests, and mechanical vision. It also covers common chemical tests. Biochemical methods discussed are electrophoresis techniques. The document concludes with an overview of molecular marker techniques like RAPD, SCAR, SSR, and STS markers used for varietal purity testing.
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
This document summarizes the inflorescence, flowers, seed formation, and seed parts of pearl millet plants. It describes that pearl millet has a panicle inflorescence that can take different shapes and contains spikelets with 2-4 flowers. Each flower has staminate and hermaphrodite forms. Pollination occurs through the wind and is protogynous. Seeds form in a caryopsis and vary in shape, color, and size depending on their position in the panicle. Seed development progresses through stages until maturity.
seed moisture content,objective, definition, principle, methods of moisture content determination, equipments used for moisture test, types of air oven methods, testing procedure, use of tolerance tables in moisture content estimation, reporting of results, examples of crop species suitable for different method of determination of moisture content, estimation of moisture by using moisture meters
Pl. PATH-605 Introduction to certification. International scenario of certifi...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
Pl. PATH-605 (Principles and Procedure of Certification). During this course of Ph,D., I presented on topic: Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control. In which the seed certification and certification authorities are explained.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in groundnutManjappa Ganiger
1) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oilseed crop grown in tropical and warm regions between 400N to 400S latitude. India is the second largest producer after China.
2) The document discusses the floral biology, crossing techniques, breeding objectives and future thrusts in groundnut improvement. It details the flowering, pollination, peg formation and pod development process.
3) Major breeding objectives are increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance including drought, diseases, and temperature stresses, and improving quality traits like oil content. Using wild species to enhance the gene pool and transgenic approaches are suggested for future stress resistance.
This document discusses seed production and marketing in India. There are three types of seed production agencies - government, cooperative, and private sectors. Key government agencies include the National Seed Corporation and state seed corporations. Private seed companies have also grown since the 1960s. The National Seed Project coordinates breeder seed production and provides support to public and private agencies. The 2002 seed policy aimed to liberalize seed imports/exports and encourage the domestic seed industry. Seed marketing involves production, processing, storage, quality control, and distribution channels. Major distribution systems in India include farmer-to-farmer, cooperatives, government agencies, and networks of private dealers.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Seed Moisture Content, Germination and Seed DormancyDhaval Bhanderi
This document discusses seed moisture content, germination, and dormancy. It defines key terms like equilibrium moisture content and explains how to determine moisture content using the oven drying method. It describes how to conduct a germination test, including the different substrates, environmental requirements, and how to evaluate seedlings. It also outlines the different categories of seedlings and types of seed dormancy. The document provides information on important seed testing concepts and procedures.
This presentation provides information on the floral biology of sorghum. Sorghum is a C4 plant originating in Ethiopia. It has an inflorescence that varies from a compact head to an open panicle. Flowers occur in spikelets with pairs of florets. Pollination typically occurs through the wind but cross-pollination rates vary based on panicle structure. Self-pollination can be achieved through bagging or isolation while crossing uses techniques like emasculation and utilizing male sterile lines. Pollen is collected and spread on emasculated panicles for fertilization.
Maintenance breeding is the branch of plant breeding that deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed to preserve the genetic purity and identity of plant varieties. It involves continuously producing fresh breeder seed through methods like growing isolated plots and bulk selection to remove off-types. Proper handling and roguing of the breeder seed crop is crucial. The breeder seed is then used to produce foundation seed while maintaining a carry-over stock to safeguard against losses. Maintenance breeding helps purify varieties and parental lines, prevent genetic deterioration, support quality seed production, and prolong the life of varieties.
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
The Seed Rules of 1968 were framed to implement the Seed Act of 1966 in India. The rules contain 11 parts and 39 rules. Key parts include establishing a Central Seed Committee to recommend standards and procedures for seed certification and testing. A Central Seed Laboratory was formed to coordinate testing between state laboratories. Seed certification agencies were tasked with outlining certification procedures and inspecting seed production and processing. Labeling requirements for certified seed were established. Three classes of certified seed were specified - foundation, registered, and certified - along with requirements to carry out seed businesses. An appeals process was created for challenging certification decisions. Seed analysts and inspectors were made responsible for sampling and enforcing the rules.
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
This document provides information on hybrid seed production methods in tomatoes. It discusses the botany of tomatoes and factors that influence self-pollination. The key methods of hybrid seed production include maintaining breeder, foundation, and certified seed lines. Seed is extracted using either acid treatment or fermentation to separate seeds from pulp. Acid treatment is considered the best method as it results in higher viability and quality seeds compared to the fermentation method. The process of hybridization involves emasculation of unopened tomato flowers followed by pollen collection and dusting from male parent lines. Multiple inspections during flowering and maturity are required for seed certification.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
The document outlines procedures for seed sampling and analysis in India. It specifies minimum sampling intensities for seeds stored in bulk or bags. For bulk seeds, a minimum of 5 samples are required up to 500 kg, increasing to 10 samples for lots over 20,000 kg. For bagged seeds, every container must be sampled for lots up to 5 bags, every 3 containers for 6-30 bags, and every 5 containers for lots over 30 bags. Samples must be properly sealed, labeled with details, and sent to notified seed testing laboratories within 60 days.
Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.
The document outlines seed certification procedures, which ensure quality seeds for farmers. Seed certification verifies genetic identity and purity, germination rates, and freedom from diseases. It involves registering seed producers, inspecting seed fields for standards, processing and testing seeds, and issuing certificates for certified seeds. The goal is to provide high-quality seeds of improved varieties to increase crop production.
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
A brief Study on Quality Control Attributes of Agricultural Inputs (seeds and...Md. Kamaruzzaman
Bangladesh is primarily an agriculture based country with agriculture accounting for 23.50% of the country’s GDP. About 62% of the people are engaged in agricultural product. Previous some decades Bangladesh is importing huge amount of rice, vegetables, fruits seed including hybrid variety and fertilizer from foreign countries. In Bangladesh only 10% of seeds used for crop production are produced by the government or semi government organizations. The rest (90%) of total requirements of the country are met by the farmer’s own seed of unknown quality with respect to quality and health standard. As many as quality less and 490 seed-borne diseases affecting the seed of 76 different important crops are established in the country and these cause yield losses annually. On the other hand adulated fertilizer may responsible for economic loose with decreasing soil fertility. Poor or quality less fertilizer has significant effect on our overall production. So, role of seed quality and fertilizers are vice versa. Development of quick and cheap earthen dish-newsprint technique of seed and fertilizer quality determination by using physical and chemicals methods have been described. Measures to overcome the activity, problems are discussed in this report. Standard storage condition both seeds and fertilizers are discussed.
The document discusses the importance of seed quality and nutritional quality of seeds. It states that seed is the first determinant of future plant development and quality seed is a vital input for crop production [1]. It then provides details on seed quality parameters like physical, physiological, and genetic attributes as well as storability [2]. Finally, it outlines procedures for maintaining genetic purity in seed production like isolation distance and rouging [3].
Pl. PATH-605 Introduction to certification. International scenario of certifi...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
Pl. PATH-605 (Principles and Procedure of Certification). During this course of Ph,D., I presented on topic: Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control. In which the seed certification and certification authorities are explained.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in groundnutManjappa Ganiger
1) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oilseed crop grown in tropical and warm regions between 400N to 400S latitude. India is the second largest producer after China.
2) The document discusses the floral biology, crossing techniques, breeding objectives and future thrusts in groundnut improvement. It details the flowering, pollination, peg formation and pod development process.
3) Major breeding objectives are increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance including drought, diseases, and temperature stresses, and improving quality traits like oil content. Using wild species to enhance the gene pool and transgenic approaches are suggested for future stress resistance.
This document discusses seed production and marketing in India. There are three types of seed production agencies - government, cooperative, and private sectors. Key government agencies include the National Seed Corporation and state seed corporations. Private seed companies have also grown since the 1960s. The National Seed Project coordinates breeder seed production and provides support to public and private agencies. The 2002 seed policy aimed to liberalize seed imports/exports and encourage the domestic seed industry. Seed marketing involves production, processing, storage, quality control, and distribution channels. Major distribution systems in India include farmer-to-farmer, cooperatives, government agencies, and networks of private dealers.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Seed Moisture Content, Germination and Seed DormancyDhaval Bhanderi
This document discusses seed moisture content, germination, and dormancy. It defines key terms like equilibrium moisture content and explains how to determine moisture content using the oven drying method. It describes how to conduct a germination test, including the different substrates, environmental requirements, and how to evaluate seedlings. It also outlines the different categories of seedlings and types of seed dormancy. The document provides information on important seed testing concepts and procedures.
This presentation provides information on the floral biology of sorghum. Sorghum is a C4 plant originating in Ethiopia. It has an inflorescence that varies from a compact head to an open panicle. Flowers occur in spikelets with pairs of florets. Pollination typically occurs through the wind but cross-pollination rates vary based on panicle structure. Self-pollination can be achieved through bagging or isolation while crossing uses techniques like emasculation and utilizing male sterile lines. Pollen is collected and spread on emasculated panicles for fertilization.
Maintenance breeding is the branch of plant breeding that deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed to preserve the genetic purity and identity of plant varieties. It involves continuously producing fresh breeder seed through methods like growing isolated plots and bulk selection to remove off-types. Proper handling and roguing of the breeder seed crop is crucial. The breeder seed is then used to produce foundation seed while maintaining a carry-over stock to safeguard against losses. Maintenance breeding helps purify varieties and parental lines, prevent genetic deterioration, support quality seed production, and prolong the life of varieties.
CMS Source
1. Cajanus scarabaeoides
2. Cajanus cajanifolius
3. Cajanus platycarpus
4. Cajanus lineatus
5. Cajanus sericeus
This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
The Seed Rules of 1968 were framed to implement the Seed Act of 1966 in India. The rules contain 11 parts and 39 rules. Key parts include establishing a Central Seed Committee to recommend standards and procedures for seed certification and testing. A Central Seed Laboratory was formed to coordinate testing between state laboratories. Seed certification agencies were tasked with outlining certification procedures and inspecting seed production and processing. Labeling requirements for certified seed were established. Three classes of certified seed were specified - foundation, registered, and certified - along with requirements to carry out seed businesses. An appeals process was created for challenging certification decisions. Seed analysts and inspectors were made responsible for sampling and enforcing the rules.
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
This document provides information on hybrid seed production methods in tomatoes. It discusses the botany of tomatoes and factors that influence self-pollination. The key methods of hybrid seed production include maintaining breeder, foundation, and certified seed lines. Seed is extracted using either acid treatment or fermentation to separate seeds from pulp. Acid treatment is considered the best method as it results in higher viability and quality seeds compared to the fermentation method. The process of hybridization involves emasculation of unopened tomato flowers followed by pollen collection and dusting from male parent lines. Multiple inspections during flowering and maturity are required for seed certification.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
The document outlines procedures for seed sampling and analysis in India. It specifies minimum sampling intensities for seeds stored in bulk or bags. For bulk seeds, a minimum of 5 samples are required up to 500 kg, increasing to 10 samples for lots over 20,000 kg. For bagged seeds, every container must be sampled for lots up to 5 bags, every 3 containers for 6-30 bags, and every 5 containers for lots over 30 bags. Samples must be properly sealed, labeled with details, and sent to notified seed testing laboratories within 60 days.
Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.
The document outlines seed certification procedures, which ensure quality seeds for farmers. Seed certification verifies genetic identity and purity, germination rates, and freedom from diseases. It involves registering seed producers, inspecting seed fields for standards, processing and testing seeds, and issuing certificates for certified seeds. The goal is to provide high-quality seeds of improved varieties to increase crop production.
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
A brief Study on Quality Control Attributes of Agricultural Inputs (seeds and...Md. Kamaruzzaman
Bangladesh is primarily an agriculture based country with agriculture accounting for 23.50% of the country’s GDP. About 62% of the people are engaged in agricultural product. Previous some decades Bangladesh is importing huge amount of rice, vegetables, fruits seed including hybrid variety and fertilizer from foreign countries. In Bangladesh only 10% of seeds used for crop production are produced by the government or semi government organizations. The rest (90%) of total requirements of the country are met by the farmer’s own seed of unknown quality with respect to quality and health standard. As many as quality less and 490 seed-borne diseases affecting the seed of 76 different important crops are established in the country and these cause yield losses annually. On the other hand adulated fertilizer may responsible for economic loose with decreasing soil fertility. Poor or quality less fertilizer has significant effect on our overall production. So, role of seed quality and fertilizers are vice versa. Development of quick and cheap earthen dish-newsprint technique of seed and fertilizer quality determination by using physical and chemicals methods have been described. Measures to overcome the activity, problems are discussed in this report. Standard storage condition both seeds and fertilizers are discussed.
The document discusses the importance of seed quality and nutritional quality of seeds. It states that seed is the first determinant of future plant development and quality seed is a vital input for crop production [1]. It then provides details on seed quality parameters like physical, physiological, and genetic attributes as well as storability [2]. Finally, it outlines procedures for maintaining genetic purity in seed production like isolation distance and rouging [3].
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
Seed technology involves the development, production, processing, storage, and distribution of high quality seeds. It aims to rapidly multiply and supply new crop varieties to farmers in a timely manner while maintaining genetic purity, high germination rates, and reasonable prices. Factors like natural crossing, mechanical mixtures, mutations, and diseases can lead to the deterioration of crop varieties during seed production if not properly controlled. Key aspects of seed technology include isolating seed fields, rouging off-type plants, multi-generation seed classes (nucleus, breeder, foundation), and seed certification to ensure genetic purity and quality are maintained throughout the multiplication process. The goals of seed technology are to increase agricultural production and food security by disseminating improved seeds
Quality seed and Quality Seed is the Carrier of New TechnologyAttitraj Khadka
1. Quality seed is defined as seed that possesses high genetic purity, high germination rates, and is free of diseases and contaminants.
2. Technological advancements were crucial to developing quality seed through ensuring genetic purity, physical purity, disease resistance, and determining seed traits.
3. New technologies also help farmers maximize yield potential from quality seed, including seed treatments, high density planting, integrated nutrient and weed management, improved irrigation, and optimized package of practices.
1. Seed technology involves seed production, processing, storage, testing, certification, marketing and related research. It aims to improve seed quality and increase agricultural production.
2. Key aspects of seed technology include developing high-yielding varieties, ensuring a continuous supply of quality seeds, and facilitating crop recovery after natural disasters through national seed reserves.
3. Seed certification involves field inspections, seed testing and labeling to maintain varietal purity and ensure seeds meet quality standards. It is overseen by seed certification agencies established under the Seeds Act of 1966.
Seed production involves multiplying superior seed varieties while maintaining genetic purity and high quality standards. Key aspects of seed production include defining classes of seeds from nucleus to certified seeds; ensuring seeds meet testing standards for germination, purity and health; and involving various national and international organizations to facilitate quality seed availability and trade. Seed technology aims to harness a seed's genetic potential through scientific production, processing, and distribution methods.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
The document discusses pulses production globally and in India. It notes that India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. It then discusses several key aspects of pulses seed production including maintaining genetic purity, proper isolation distances, hybridity and varietal purity tests, seed enhancement techniques, and proper storage conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of quality seed for increasing pulses productivity through a formal seed supply system.
This document discusses the importance of quality seeds in crop production and the seed production system in India. It outlines that quality seeds can increase yields by 10-15% and are vital for realizing returns from other agricultural inputs. The seed production system involves multiple agencies across the public, private, and cooperative sectors. These include the National Seed Corporation, State Seed Corporations, State Agricultural Universities, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The system follows a generation-wise seed classification approach from Breeder Seed to Foundation Seed to Certified Seed to ensure genetic purity at each stage of multiplication.
Seed quality testing involves evaluating various parameters of a seed lot such as physical, physiological, genetic and storability attributes. The key tests include moisture content, physical purity analysis, germination testing, seed viability assessment using tetrazolium testing, and disease testing. Seed sampling and handling procedures are important aspects of sample management in a seed testing laboratory. The primary aim of seed testing is to provide accurate results on the quality status of seed samples submitted. This allows farmers to obtain high quality seeds suited to local growing conditions.
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
This document discusses seed selection and testing for rice planting. It identifies important characteristics of high quality seeds such as purity, germination rate over 85%, and disease resistance. Sources of good seeds are provided, including organizations like PhilRice and seed growers. The document emphasizes performing germination tests to ensure at least 85% viability before planting and considering variety adaptability through local testing over multiple seasons.
1. The document discusses various factors that can cause deterioration of crop varieties and loss of genetic purity during seed production, including developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, genetic drift, influence of diseases, and issues during breeding and certification.
2. It provides examples of each factor and recommends various techniques to maintain genetic purity, such as isolation, rouging of fields, seed certification processes, and periodic testing.
3. Key aspects that can impact genetic purity include the seed source and class, preceding crops, isolation distances, rouging practices, certification standards, and grow-out testing. Proper controls and procedures are necessary to preserve variety integrity during seed multiplication and distribution.
The document discusses guidelines for wheat seed production and quality control in Ethiopia, outlining key considerations for seed classes, field requirements including site selection, variety choice, land preparation, sowing methods, and seed rates. Quality components covered include genetic, physical, physiological, and health aspects. The goal is to provide improved seeds to farmers to boost agricultural productivity and food security.
This document discusses seed quality, production, and distribution in India. It outlines three key points:
1) Seed quality is paramount for high crop yields, and good quality seed is defined by several genetic and physical characteristics.
2) India follows a generation system for seed multiplication, typically using 3-4 generations (Breeder Seed to Foundation Seed to Certified Seed) to balance genetic purity and supply.
3) Several agencies are involved in producing and quality controlling different classes of seeds (Nucleus, Breeder, Foundation, Certified) according to defined standards.
SEED PROPAGATIONSeed propagation, or sexual propagation, is the plant propagation through seed production. It requires two parents and involves meiotic cell division, gametic fusion and genetic recombination. The progeny, formed by seed propagation, would be genetically different from the parents. So, seed propagation brings about genetic variation in populations.The seeds produced by flowering plants can be used for sexual propagation. These seeds vary in size and other characteristics, and this variation determines how much useful they can be for propagation. Each seed contains a dormant miniature plant which can be nurtured to life by providing the necessary conditions. Propagation of horticultural plants by seeds is more convenient than vegetative propagation, because seeds are smaller than vegetative propagules and are easy to handle and store.
Seed Quality and Characters of good quality Seeds.pptxAKSHAYMAGAR17
1. Seed quality is determined by genetic and physical purity, physiological safety, and health status. Seeds of notified varieties are multiplied through a four-tier system involving ICAR institutes, state agricultural universities, seed corporations, and certification agencies.
2. Characters of good quality seeds include belonging to an improved variety with higher yields and disease resistance, genetic and physical purity, high germination rates and seed vigor, freedom from weeds and other crop seeds, good health without diseases or pests, appropriate moisture levels, large size and weight, and normal color and shine.
3. Key qualities are the seeds coming from improved varieties with 20-25% higher yields than existing varieties, having genetic and physical purity
Seed quality is the most important factor influencing vegetable crop yields. High quality seeds are genetically pure, physically pure, disease-free, have high germination rates, and proper moisture levels. Choosing adapted seed varieties, maintaining optimal plant populations and growing conditions, and using balanced fertilization and pest management practices can also help maximize yields. Seed labeling requirements aim to provide information on seed purity, germinability, and any health issues to help farmers select seeds suited to their needs.
The document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including plant breeding techniques, steps in breeding new crop varieties, development of semi-dwarf high-yielding varieties through the Green Revolution, plant breeding for disease and pest resistance, improving food quality through biofortification, production of single cell proteins from microbes, and plant tissue culture techniques like micropropagation and somatic hybridization.
Similar to Concept of Seed Quality Testing.pdf (20)
Seed sampling, seed lot, types of samples, principles and procedures of seed sampling, sampling intensity, types of sampling devices, types of seed divider
seed moisture content, different methods of moisture testing, moisture content standards of agricultural crops according to Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standard
This document discusses different types of seed storage. It describes bag storage which uses waterproof warehouses and follows sanitation practices. Bulk storage also meets basic requirements but requires more insulation. Seeds stored in bulk need frequent turning to prevent deterioration. Conditioned storage carefully controls temperature and humidity but is costly. Cryogenic storage places seeds in liquid nitrogen at -196°C for long-term preservation. Hermetic storage seals seeds in air-tight containers. Containerized storage uses desiccants to regulate humidity in closed containers. The document concludes by outlining preferred long-term storage conditions of -18°C or less in air-tight containers at 3-7% moisture.
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is located in a remote Arctic island of Spitsbergen in Norway. It serves as a backup storage facility for seeds from genebanks around the world. The seeds are preserved in the permafrost and used as a safeguard against loss from natural disasters or political conflicts. It ensures global food security by providing duplicate samples of seeds that can be used to rebuild crop diversity if major collections are destroyed.
1. The document discusses the purpose, principles, types, and stages of seed storage. The main purposes of seed storage are to preserve planting stocks from one season to the next and to maintain seeds in good physical and physiological condition from harvest until planting.
2. Seed storage is broadly classified into four types: storage of commercial seeds, carryover seeds, foundation/stock seeds, and germplasm seeds. Seed storage also progresses through several stages from maturity on the plant until germination.
3. Key principles of seed storage include maintaining low moisture content and cool temperatures, pest control, sanitation, drying seeds before storage, and storing only high quality seed suited to the storage period and system.
This document discusses the classification of seeds based on their storage behavior. It begins by defining seed storage, deterioration, life span, and longevity. It then summarizes Ewart's 1908 classification of seeds into three categories (microbiotic, mesobiotic, macrobiotic) based on lifespan under optimal storage conditions. However, this classification is too rigid.
The document goes on to describe the two major classes recognized today - orthodox and recalcitrant seeds. Orthodox seeds can be dried and stored at low temperatures, while recalcitrant seeds cannot survive drying or freezing. An intermediate category is also discussed. Various plant examples are provided for each classification. Factors that can help predict a seed's storage behavior are outlined.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
2. “Seed quality is a relative term and means the degree of
excellence when compared to an acceptable standard”
The seeds having required standards of purity,
germination and other quality attributes are referred as
quality seeds
It helps in higher production to ensure food security
It also helps in efficient utilization of other inputs like fertilizer and
irrigation
With the adoption of modern agricultural techniques, seed growers
are becoming more aware of importance of high quality seed that is
capable of rapid and uniform emergence under a wide range of
environmental conditions
Seed Quality Concept
3. Ensures genetic and physical purity of the crops
Gives desired plant population
Capacity to withstand the adverse conditions
Seedlings produced will be more vigourous, fast growing and can
resist pest and disease incidence to certain extent
Ensures uniform growth and maturity
Development of root system will be more efficient that aids
absorption of nutrients efficiently and result in higher yield
It will respond well to added fertilizer and other inputs
Good quality seeds of improved varieties ensures higher yield
atleast 10–12 %
Significance of Quality Seed
4. Seed Quality Attributes
SEED QUALITY TESTING is the science of evaluating
the planting value of the seeds
Seed
Quality
Germination
percentage
Seed vigour
5. Genetic purity of seeds refers to the trueness to type conforming to
the characteristics of the variety as described by the breeder
If the seed possesses all the genetic qualities that breeder has placed in
the variety, it is said to be genetically pure
It has direct effect on ultimate yields. If there is any deterioration in
the genetic make up of the variety during seed multiplication and
distribution cycle, there would definitely be proportionate decrease in
its performance
The characteristics of the cultivar must be maintained through all the
stages of seed multiplication
It is, therefore, necessary to ensure genetic purity during production
cycles
Genetic Purity
6. Minimum Standards for genetic purity
IMSCS, 2013
Class of Seed Standards for Minimum Genetic
Purity (%)
Breeder Seed 100.00
Foundation Seed 99.00
Certified Seed
(i) Varieties, composites,
synthetics & multilines
98.00
(ii) Hybrids 95.00
(iii) Hybrids of cotton, TPS,
muskmelon,brinjal & tomato
90.00
(vi) Hybrid castor 85.00
7. Physical purity of a seed lot refers to the physical composition of
seed lots
A seed lot is composed of pure seeds, inert matter, weed seeds and
other crop seeds
The seed must be morphologically well developed, undamaged and
have the characteristics typical of the species or cultivar
Higher the content of pure seed the better would be the seed
quality
Pure seed considered together with seed germination determine
the planting value of the seed
Physical Purity
8. It is the emergence and development of the seedling to a stage where
the aspect of its essential structures indicates whether or not it is able
to develop further into a satisfactory plant under favorable conditions
in the field.
The germination percentage indicates the proportion by number of
seeds which have produced seedlings classified as normal under the
conditions and within the period specified for each species i.e. the
percentage of normal seedlings.
Seed Germination
9. Most field conditions are not optimal, however and even if they
are, some seeds will still be attacked by rodents, birds, insects;
or will fall on or under a stone; or will fail to grow because of
weed competition.
The seed must meet at least the minimum standard
germination percentage.
Crops
Minimum Germination
Percentage
Maize (Composite, Synthetic, OPV)
90
Wheat, Oat, Barley,Triticale, Chickpea
85
Paddy, Maize (Inbred lines, Hybrid),
Horsegram
80
Sorghum, Pearlmillet, Urd, Lentil, Pigeon
pea, Pea, Cowpea, Moong, Lathyrus
75
10. “The moisture content is the amount of water in the seed and is
usually expressed as a percentage”
The moisture content of a sample is the loss in weight when it is dried.
It is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the original sample
either on wet weight basis or dry weight basis.
The seed must be sufficiently dry and must be kept in moisture proof
containers if it is to reach farmer in proper condition.
It is the main determinant of whether seed will keep its germination
capacity from harvest to sowing.
The laboratory moisture test can be carried out simply and accurately.
But, in seed stores and during seed processing, portable moisture
meters can help to make quick on-the-spot assessment of moisture.
Moisture Content
11. Seed Health
Seed must be free from diseases and insects pest. This can be
achieved by producing seed in disease free areas, applying
strict preventive measures and plant protection measures
“Health of seed refers primarily to the presence or absence of
disease-causing organisms, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and
animal pests, including nematodes and insects, but
physiological conditions such as trace element deficiency may
be involved”
(ISTA, 2015)
12. “Seed vigour is the sum of those properties that determine the
activity and performance of seed lots of acceptable
germination in a wide range of environments”
(ISTA, 2015)
Seed vigour is not a single measurable property, but is a concept
describing several characteristics associated with the
following aspects of seed lot performance:
Rate and uniformity of seed germination and seedling
growth
Emergence ability of seeds under unfavourable
environmental conditions
Performance after storage, particularly the retention of the
ability to germinate
Seed Vigour
13. A vigorous seed lot is one that is potentially able to perform
well even under environmental conditions which are not
optimal for the species
While germination capacity represents the ability to produce
seedling under good field conditions, vigor represents the
capacity under poor conditions
Lots with the same germination capacity may perform quite
differently under adverse or suboptimal conditions, especially
those with low germination capacity
14. Objectives of Seed Testing
1. To determine the seed quality “their sustainability for planting”
2. To identify seed quality problems and their probable causes
3. To determine if seed meets established quality standards or labelling
specifications
4. To establish quality and provide a basis for price and consumer
discrimination among lots in the market
5. To determine the need for drying and processing
15. Important Milestones in Seed Testing
1869: 1st Seed Testing Lab was established in Thrandt, Saxony, Germany by Friedrich Nobbe
1924: International Seed Testing Association
1961: Four Seed Testing Laboratory was established in India
1. Central Seed Testing Laboratory, IARI, New Delhi
2. State Seed Testing Laboratory, Hyderabad, AP
3. State Seed Testing Laboratory, Ludhiana, Punjab
4. State Seed Testing Laboratory, Patna, Bihar
1967: First Seed Testing Manual was published in India
2020: 90* State Seed Testing Laboratory
2 Central Seed Testing Laboratory
a. National Seed Research & Training Centre, Varanasi
(For testing of all seeds except Bt. Cotton Seed)
b. Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur
(Only for testing Bt. Cotton Seed)
“Father
of
Seed Testing”
16. 5% Re-testing programme of seed samples: Under the 5% Re-
testing programme, CSTL is testing 5% samples received from
notifies state seed testing laboratories across the country free
of cost.
Court referred seed samples: Under this programme, CSTL is
testing seed samples received from the Hon’ble court.
The seed testing fee of Rs. 10/- sample is required
NATIONAL SEED RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE, VARANASI
(DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATION AND FARMERS WELFARE)
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FARMERS WELFARE
17. • 1931 Establishment
Germination
Purity
Genuineness of variety
weight determinations
determination of moisture content
• 1966: Introduction of Seed Health Methods
• 1966: Introduction of the topographicalTetrazolium test
• 2001: Introduction of Vigour methods
• 2004: Performance based methods for specified trait testing
(GM) was introduced
Development of seed testing methodologies
18. 1. Seed sampling
2. Physical purity
3. Germination
4. Seed moisture
5. Seed health
6. Seed Vigour
7. Genetic Purity
“INCORRECT SAMPLING may lead to misleading test results, discarding seed lots of
high quality or to the approval of seed lots of low quality, which may reduce crop
yield or even result in complete failure” Arne wold (1986)
Important Components of Seed Testing
19. 130 notified labs in the public sector and 50 in the private sector.
However, only 26 labs of the total 180 were functioning with ISTA
support and only 8 of them have ISTA recognition.
The seed testing lab established by the Telangana State Seed and
Organic Certification Authority (TSSOCA) with the nomenclature of
Telangana International Seed Testing Authority (TISTA) at
Rajendranagar with international standards and modern testing
equipment/machinery by investing ₹7 crore and it took about four
years to establish the lab.
It’s second public sector seed lab in country to get ISTA accreditation
The lab would help ascertain germination percentage, moisture
content, physical and genetic purity in seed and other tests with
international standards. The lab would also take up all seed tests
required for seed exports in the single-window method.