Seed rate is the number of seeds planted per area to achieve an adequate plant population. Understanding seed rate is important to maximize crop yields by ensuring the correct plant density. To calculate seed rate, determine the target plant population, seed germination percentage from testing, expected field establishment percentage, seeds per kilogram, and use the formula: Planting Rate = Target population / (Seeds per kg x Establishment % x Germination %). For example, with a target of 800,000 plants/ha, 90% germination, 75% establishment, and 27,500 seeds/kg, the seed rate is 43 kg/ha.
This document discusses guidelines for conducting morphological tests to assess varietal purity and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) for plant variety registration. It outlines procedures for grow-out tests, including sampling methodology, field layout, observation criteria, and data analysis. The key aspects covered are distinguishing variety characteristics, minimum sample sizes, isolation distances, generation systems, and national test guideline recommendations for important crops to standardize DUS testing.
Grow-out tests are used to determine the genetic purity of a seed lot by comparing plant growth to a standard sample. Samples of at least 400 plants are grown out and any off-types are identified by differences in distinguishing characters compared to the control. Results are reported as the percentage of off-types found, and lots containing over the maximum permissible percentage outlined in standards are considered impure. Proper procedures must be followed in conducting the tests, including using a control sample, standard agronomic practices, and examining plants throughout growth to identify any off-types.
This document provides information on quality seed production technology in soybean. It discusses the importance of using certified seed sources and following standards for genetic, physical and germination purity. Key steps in the production process include field selection and preparation, variety selection based on yield and duration, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation, and multiple field inspections for roguing. Harvesting is recommended when pods dry down to 15-17% moisture and proper drying, storage and packaging are essential to maintain seed quality.
This presentation only for education purpose. Any one can use this pptx file for their educational purpose. If anyone want any type of presentation , just knock me, I;ll try to help them.
Increase yields and reduce costs with variable rate plantingXSInc
This document summarizes a webinar about using variable rate planting to increase yields and reduce costs. It finds that most growers are just starting to use variable seeding technology. The webinar discusses developing management zones using soil data and yield maps, understanding hybrid performance data, and evaluating the effectiveness of variable rate planting recommendations. Growers' biggest challenges are evaluating variable rate planting results and establishing effective management zones.
Seed regeneration is necessary when germination rates fall below 85% or seed quantity decreases. Regeneration ensures adequate seed stocks for distribution and conservation. A regeneration plan identifies which accessions need regeneration based on viability and availability. For sorghum accession regeneration, seeds are planted in well-managed field plots at a density of 50+ plants per accession. Seed is harvested once mature, processed, tested, and stored to maintain genetic integrity. Thorough documentation tracks regeneration activities and results.
Seed rate is the number of seeds planted per area to achieve an adequate plant population. Understanding seed rate is important to maximize crop yields by ensuring the correct plant density. To calculate seed rate, determine the target plant population, seed germination percentage from testing, expected field establishment percentage, seeds per kilogram, and use the formula: Planting Rate = Target population / (Seeds per kg x Establishment % x Germination %). For example, with a target of 800,000 plants/ha, 90% germination, 75% establishment, and 27,500 seeds/kg, the seed rate is 43 kg/ha.
This document discusses guidelines for conducting morphological tests to assess varietal purity and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) for plant variety registration. It outlines procedures for grow-out tests, including sampling methodology, field layout, observation criteria, and data analysis. The key aspects covered are distinguishing variety characteristics, minimum sample sizes, isolation distances, generation systems, and national test guideline recommendations for important crops to standardize DUS testing.
Grow-out tests are used to determine the genetic purity of a seed lot by comparing plant growth to a standard sample. Samples of at least 400 plants are grown out and any off-types are identified by differences in distinguishing characters compared to the control. Results are reported as the percentage of off-types found, and lots containing over the maximum permissible percentage outlined in standards are considered impure. Proper procedures must be followed in conducting the tests, including using a control sample, standard agronomic practices, and examining plants throughout growth to identify any off-types.
This document provides information on quality seed production technology in soybean. It discusses the importance of using certified seed sources and following standards for genetic, physical and germination purity. Key steps in the production process include field selection and preparation, variety selection based on yield and duration, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation, and multiple field inspections for roguing. Harvesting is recommended when pods dry down to 15-17% moisture and proper drying, storage and packaging are essential to maintain seed quality.
This presentation only for education purpose. Any one can use this pptx file for their educational purpose. If anyone want any type of presentation , just knock me, I;ll try to help them.
Increase yields and reduce costs with variable rate plantingXSInc
This document summarizes a webinar about using variable rate planting to increase yields and reduce costs. It finds that most growers are just starting to use variable seeding technology. The webinar discusses developing management zones using soil data and yield maps, understanding hybrid performance data, and evaluating the effectiveness of variable rate planting recommendations. Growers' biggest challenges are evaluating variable rate planting results and establishing effective management zones.
Seed regeneration is necessary when germination rates fall below 85% or seed quantity decreases. Regeneration ensures adequate seed stocks for distribution and conservation. A regeneration plan identifies which accessions need regeneration based on viability and availability. For sorghum accession regeneration, seeds are planted in well-managed field plots at a density of 50+ plants per accession. Seed is harvested once mature, processed, tested, and stored to maintain genetic integrity. Thorough documentation tracks regeneration activities and results.
This document discusses hybrid maize seed production. It begins by defining hybrids and how they are developed using inbred lines. It describes the importance of producing hybrid seeds under special care to ensure purity and uniformity. The document then discusses different types of hybrids like single-cross, three-way cross, and double-cross hybrids. It explains the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these hybrid types. The document also covers factors to consider in hybrid selection, the stages of commercial hybrid seed production, and best practices for detasseling and removing off-types from hybrid seed fields.
DuPont Pioneer conducted corn population research trials across North America from 2001-2012. The results showed that the optimal seeding rate depends on yield levels, with higher rates needed for higher yields. For typical Midwest yields of 190-220 bushels per acre in 2013, the optimal economic seeding rate was found to be 34,600 seeds per acre. Hybrid improvements have allowed for higher populations over time, with the top yielding hybrids from 2009-2012 performing best at 40,000 plants per acre. Growers can use these results to determine the best seeding rates for their hybrids, locations, and management practices.
1. When designing an olive grove, the harvest method should be defined first as it is a major expense. This will influence choices around spacing, training, and equipment.
2. The size of the grove determines the appropriate harvesting equipment. Larger groves can afford more efficient machines.
3. Training systems must be compatible with harvesting equipment for high efficiency. Comb harvesters require accessible olives on long branches while trunk shakers need short, upright branches.
Field Facts: Corn Replant Guide Southern USDuPont Pioneer
This guide can be applied to corn grain production in the southern U.S. for high, moderate and low expected yield levels for key hybrids grown in the south.
Current status of seed pelleting in vegetable cropsNeha Verma
Seed pelleting is a process where seeds are coated with inert materials to facilitate precision planting. It allows for singularization of seeds and addition of nutrients, pesticides, or growth stimulants. The history of seed pelleting dates back thousands of years, but modern techniques began in the 1930s. Advantages include precision planting, seed protection, and application of inputs directly to seeds. Challenges include increased seed costs and potential for reduced germination. Current industry focuses on techniques to improve oxygen penetration during germination, developing pellet densities for different planters, and use of "smart" pellets to precisely deliver pesticides. Seed pelleting is well-suited for mechanized planting in fields and
Post-harvest losses in Ethiopia: measures and associates essp2
This document summarizes preliminary results from a study on post-harvest losses in Ethiopia conducted by researchers from FAO-MAFAP and IFPRI-ESSP. Some key findings include:
- Around 40-50% of households storing cereal crops reported losses during storage, with losses averaging around 5-7% of stored quantities.
- Factors associated with higher losses included higher household wealth, proximity to urban areas, and higher humidity during storage. Higher seasonal price gaps and temperatures were linked to lower losses.
- Most households stored crops for 3-6 months, and losses generally increased the longer crops were stored. The majority of households reported minor losses of 1-10% of stored quantities.
Lecture 4 Plant density and geometry.pptxNavedulHasan4
Crop density and plant geometry are important factors that influence crop yield. The optimum plant population is the number of plants per unit area required to produce the maximum yield. Both too low and too high of a plant population can reduce yields. Different crop geometries include random, square, rectangular, solid row, paired row, and skip row arrangements. Factors that influence the optimum plant population include the size and growth habit of the plant, soil coverage, crop variety, sowing time, rainfall/irrigation levels, and seeding rates. Maintaining the proper plant geometry and population is important for maximizing resource use efficiency and crop yields.
Genetical and agronomical principles of seed 'production , methods of seed pr...DHANUKA AGRI ACADEMY
This document discusses principles and practices of vegetable seed production. It outlines genetic and agronomic principles that must be followed to produce high quality, genetically pure seeds. These include using approved seed sources, isolation distances to prevent natural crossing, roguing to remove off-types, and following quality control standards. It then describes the specific process for onion seed production, including selecting bulbs, land preparation, planting, irrigation, harvesting, curing, storing bulbs, and planting the next season for seed production. Pest and disease management is also covered. The goal is to apply these principles to obtain true-to-type seeds through the seed production process.
This document provides an overview of types and characteristics of field trials for evaluating crop varieties. It discusses the main types of variety trials, including progeny trials, observation trials, national/regional trials, on-farm trials, and demonstrations. For each type of trial, the document outlines their objectives, design considerations, and management practices. It also covers best practices for conducting variety trials, such as selecting trial sites, layout, data collection, and analysis. The overall purpose is to help researchers and technicians properly design and implement variety trials to effectively evaluate new crop varieties.
Forage Seed Production Training Manual, AfricaSeeds
This document provides an overview of a training manual on forage seed production published by the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). The manual covers topics such as field multiplication, post-harvest conditioning, seed quality control, marketing, and economics. It describes four major systems of forage seed production in sub-Saharan Africa - opportunist labor intensive, opportunist mechanized, specialist labor intensive, and specialist mechanized. The first chapter focuses on field multiplication, including factors like site selection, matching forages to sites, crop establishment and management, and harvesting methods.
Agronomy Practical on Estimation of Seed requirement and plant population of ...Drgajendrasinghtomar
1. The document discusses calculating plant population, seed requirement, and seed rate for various crops. It provides formulas and examples for determining plant population based on spacing, estimating spacing given population, and calculating seed rate based on population, test weight, germination, and purity percentage.
2. Several exercises are included to demonstrate calculating seed rate for crops like rice, sorghum, maize, groundnut, green gram, and pigeonpea using given parameters like spacing, population, test weight, germination, and purity.
3. The final examples discuss estimating seed requirement for a research plot and per row based on seed rate per hectare, and calculating hybrid cotton seed rate for one acre area.
This study evaluated the effects of three sowing methods (drilling, broadcasting, and broadcasting in standing water) and three seed rates (125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted during the 2004-2005 winter season in Quetta, Pakistan using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that drilling wheat at a seed rate of 150 kg/ha significantly increased various growth and yield parameters compared to other treatments. This treatment led to taller plants, more tillers per plant, more spikes per plant, more grains per spike, higher 1000-grain weight, and greater grain and straw yield per plot. Uniform seed distribution and proper
Managing plant population and competition in Field CropsChudamaniPant1
Plant population is defined as the total number of plants present at unit area of land (Baker, 1964). The number of plants per unit area that would give maximum yield is termed as optimum plant population (Willey & Heath, 1969). Competition is generally refer to the negative effects on plant growth caused by the presence of neighbors, usually by reducing the availability of resources (Paul & James, 2019).
The document provides information on seed production of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides L) in India. It discusses the introduction and importance of bajra cultivation. It then describes the floral structure and pollination behavior of bajra. The rest of the document outlines the methodology for commercial bajra seed production, including site selection, isolation distances, crop management practices, harvesting, processing and certification standards. The goal is to produce high quality seeds through proper agronomic practices and genetic purity maintenance.
plant breeding and seed technology presentation.pptxRajeshYadav476602
Seed drying involves removing moisture from seeds to the required level. There are three main drying methods: sun drying (natural drying), forced air drying (mechanical drying), and using desiccants (chemical drying). Natural drying uses the sun but has disadvantages like uneven drying and weather risks. Mechanical drying uses forced air, allowing for precise drying but requires specialized equipment. Seed testing determines quality standards like purity, moisture, and germination to ensure high quality seeds for farming. Various methods like dividing and mixing are used to obtain representative samples for testing.
- Multiple cropping is a farming system that can increase land productivity. This increase can be measured using the NKL (Land Equivalency Ratio) or LER (Land Equivalent Ratio).
- For example, an NKL or LER value of 1.8 means that 1.8 hectares of land is needed in monoculture farming to produce the same yield as 1 hectare in multiple cropping.
- Calculating the NKL of chili and long beans grown together showed an NKL value of 1.8, demonstrating that multiple cropping is more productive than monoculture farming.
1. The document discusses seed production technology for pearl millet, including its botanical details, floral structure, pollination behavior, and methods for producing hybrid and open-pollinated variety seeds.
2. Key aspects of seed production covered are selection of the production site, isolation distances, crop management procedures like land preparation, planting, spacing, and fertilizer and water management.
3. Maintaining proper isolation, roguing off-types, and controlling weeds are emphasized for producing high quality seed.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
Presentation at RELU Farm Level Workshop 2009Daniel Sandars
1) The document describes a linear programming model that was developed to analyze the impact of biodiversity policy on farmers and the consequences of farming on biodiversity.
2) Key aspects of the model include quantifying measures of biodiversity, incorporating field boundary features and their effects on spatial geometry, and developing criteria to model farmer decision behavior.
3) Results showed that farmers on lighter soils can increase overwintering crop residues more readily than those on heavier soils, but doing so increases financial risks. Promoting spring crops alone does not necessarily provide more overwintering residues. Higher commodity prices tend to reduce residues by prioritizing timely harvesting.
This document discusses hybrid maize seed production. It begins by defining hybrids and how they are developed using inbred lines. It describes the importance of producing hybrid seeds under special care to ensure purity and uniformity. The document then discusses different types of hybrids like single-cross, three-way cross, and double-cross hybrids. It explains the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these hybrid types. The document also covers factors to consider in hybrid selection, the stages of commercial hybrid seed production, and best practices for detasseling and removing off-types from hybrid seed fields.
DuPont Pioneer conducted corn population research trials across North America from 2001-2012. The results showed that the optimal seeding rate depends on yield levels, with higher rates needed for higher yields. For typical Midwest yields of 190-220 bushels per acre in 2013, the optimal economic seeding rate was found to be 34,600 seeds per acre. Hybrid improvements have allowed for higher populations over time, with the top yielding hybrids from 2009-2012 performing best at 40,000 plants per acre. Growers can use these results to determine the best seeding rates for their hybrids, locations, and management practices.
1. When designing an olive grove, the harvest method should be defined first as it is a major expense. This will influence choices around spacing, training, and equipment.
2. The size of the grove determines the appropriate harvesting equipment. Larger groves can afford more efficient machines.
3. Training systems must be compatible with harvesting equipment for high efficiency. Comb harvesters require accessible olives on long branches while trunk shakers need short, upright branches.
Field Facts: Corn Replant Guide Southern USDuPont Pioneer
This guide can be applied to corn grain production in the southern U.S. for high, moderate and low expected yield levels for key hybrids grown in the south.
Current status of seed pelleting in vegetable cropsNeha Verma
Seed pelleting is a process where seeds are coated with inert materials to facilitate precision planting. It allows for singularization of seeds and addition of nutrients, pesticides, or growth stimulants. The history of seed pelleting dates back thousands of years, but modern techniques began in the 1930s. Advantages include precision planting, seed protection, and application of inputs directly to seeds. Challenges include increased seed costs and potential for reduced germination. Current industry focuses on techniques to improve oxygen penetration during germination, developing pellet densities for different planters, and use of "smart" pellets to precisely deliver pesticides. Seed pelleting is well-suited for mechanized planting in fields and
Post-harvest losses in Ethiopia: measures and associates essp2
This document summarizes preliminary results from a study on post-harvest losses in Ethiopia conducted by researchers from FAO-MAFAP and IFPRI-ESSP. Some key findings include:
- Around 40-50% of households storing cereal crops reported losses during storage, with losses averaging around 5-7% of stored quantities.
- Factors associated with higher losses included higher household wealth, proximity to urban areas, and higher humidity during storage. Higher seasonal price gaps and temperatures were linked to lower losses.
- Most households stored crops for 3-6 months, and losses generally increased the longer crops were stored. The majority of households reported minor losses of 1-10% of stored quantities.
Lecture 4 Plant density and geometry.pptxNavedulHasan4
Crop density and plant geometry are important factors that influence crop yield. The optimum plant population is the number of plants per unit area required to produce the maximum yield. Both too low and too high of a plant population can reduce yields. Different crop geometries include random, square, rectangular, solid row, paired row, and skip row arrangements. Factors that influence the optimum plant population include the size and growth habit of the plant, soil coverage, crop variety, sowing time, rainfall/irrigation levels, and seeding rates. Maintaining the proper plant geometry and population is important for maximizing resource use efficiency and crop yields.
Genetical and agronomical principles of seed 'production , methods of seed pr...DHANUKA AGRI ACADEMY
This document discusses principles and practices of vegetable seed production. It outlines genetic and agronomic principles that must be followed to produce high quality, genetically pure seeds. These include using approved seed sources, isolation distances to prevent natural crossing, roguing to remove off-types, and following quality control standards. It then describes the specific process for onion seed production, including selecting bulbs, land preparation, planting, irrigation, harvesting, curing, storing bulbs, and planting the next season for seed production. Pest and disease management is also covered. The goal is to apply these principles to obtain true-to-type seeds through the seed production process.
This document provides an overview of types and characteristics of field trials for evaluating crop varieties. It discusses the main types of variety trials, including progeny trials, observation trials, national/regional trials, on-farm trials, and demonstrations. For each type of trial, the document outlines their objectives, design considerations, and management practices. It also covers best practices for conducting variety trials, such as selecting trial sites, layout, data collection, and analysis. The overall purpose is to help researchers and technicians properly design and implement variety trials to effectively evaluate new crop varieties.
Forage Seed Production Training Manual, AfricaSeeds
This document provides an overview of a training manual on forage seed production published by the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). The manual covers topics such as field multiplication, post-harvest conditioning, seed quality control, marketing, and economics. It describes four major systems of forage seed production in sub-Saharan Africa - opportunist labor intensive, opportunist mechanized, specialist labor intensive, and specialist mechanized. The first chapter focuses on field multiplication, including factors like site selection, matching forages to sites, crop establishment and management, and harvesting methods.
Agronomy Practical on Estimation of Seed requirement and plant population of ...Drgajendrasinghtomar
1. The document discusses calculating plant population, seed requirement, and seed rate for various crops. It provides formulas and examples for determining plant population based on spacing, estimating spacing given population, and calculating seed rate based on population, test weight, germination, and purity percentage.
2. Several exercises are included to demonstrate calculating seed rate for crops like rice, sorghum, maize, groundnut, green gram, and pigeonpea using given parameters like spacing, population, test weight, germination, and purity.
3. The final examples discuss estimating seed requirement for a research plot and per row based on seed rate per hectare, and calculating hybrid cotton seed rate for one acre area.
This study evaluated the effects of three sowing methods (drilling, broadcasting, and broadcasting in standing water) and three seed rates (125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted during the 2004-2005 winter season in Quetta, Pakistan using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that drilling wheat at a seed rate of 150 kg/ha significantly increased various growth and yield parameters compared to other treatments. This treatment led to taller plants, more tillers per plant, more spikes per plant, more grains per spike, higher 1000-grain weight, and greater grain and straw yield per plot. Uniform seed distribution and proper
Managing plant population and competition in Field CropsChudamaniPant1
Plant population is defined as the total number of plants present at unit area of land (Baker, 1964). The number of plants per unit area that would give maximum yield is termed as optimum plant population (Willey & Heath, 1969). Competition is generally refer to the negative effects on plant growth caused by the presence of neighbors, usually by reducing the availability of resources (Paul & James, 2019).
The document provides information on seed production of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides L) in India. It discusses the introduction and importance of bajra cultivation. It then describes the floral structure and pollination behavior of bajra. The rest of the document outlines the methodology for commercial bajra seed production, including site selection, isolation distances, crop management practices, harvesting, processing and certification standards. The goal is to produce high quality seeds through proper agronomic practices and genetic purity maintenance.
plant breeding and seed technology presentation.pptxRajeshYadav476602
Seed drying involves removing moisture from seeds to the required level. There are three main drying methods: sun drying (natural drying), forced air drying (mechanical drying), and using desiccants (chemical drying). Natural drying uses the sun but has disadvantages like uneven drying and weather risks. Mechanical drying uses forced air, allowing for precise drying but requires specialized equipment. Seed testing determines quality standards like purity, moisture, and germination to ensure high quality seeds for farming. Various methods like dividing and mixing are used to obtain representative samples for testing.
- Multiple cropping is a farming system that can increase land productivity. This increase can be measured using the NKL (Land Equivalency Ratio) or LER (Land Equivalent Ratio).
- For example, an NKL or LER value of 1.8 means that 1.8 hectares of land is needed in monoculture farming to produce the same yield as 1 hectare in multiple cropping.
- Calculating the NKL of chili and long beans grown together showed an NKL value of 1.8, demonstrating that multiple cropping is more productive than monoculture farming.
1. The document discusses seed production technology for pearl millet, including its botanical details, floral structure, pollination behavior, and methods for producing hybrid and open-pollinated variety seeds.
2. Key aspects of seed production covered are selection of the production site, isolation distances, crop management procedures like land preparation, planting, spacing, and fertilizer and water management.
3. Maintaining proper isolation, roguing off-types, and controlling weeds are emphasized for producing high quality seed.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
Presentation at RELU Farm Level Workshop 2009Daniel Sandars
1) The document describes a linear programming model that was developed to analyze the impact of biodiversity policy on farmers and the consequences of farming on biodiversity.
2) Key aspects of the model include quantifying measures of biodiversity, incorporating field boundary features and their effects on spatial geometry, and developing criteria to model farmer decision behavior.
3) Results showed that farmers on lighter soils can increase overwintering crop residues more readily than those on heavier soils, but doing so increases financial risks. Promoting spring crops alone does not necessarily provide more overwintering residues. Higher commodity prices tend to reduce residues by prioritizing timely harvesting.
Similar to seed rate calculation with example of maize.pptx (20)
Aquatic plant breeds and its breeding in Nepal.pptxBhojanDhakal2
Breeding aquarium fish can be a rewarding hobby that requires selecting suitable fish species, setting up separate breeding tanks with hiding places, maintaining optimal water conditions, feeding a balanced diet, identifying mating pairs, triggering breeding behaviors, caring for eggs and fry, and having patience. Common aquarium fish that are relatively easy for beginners to breed include guppies, mollies, and platies. Proper research is needed to understand the specific requirements for successfully breeding different fish species.
Dietary energy requirements to animals.pptxBhojanDhakal2
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Project presentation Research priority_PPWorkshop_Bhojan Dhakal [Autosaved].pptxBhojanDhakal2
This document proposes revisions to an ongoing project on research priority setting and problem identification in livestock and fisheries. The reviewer suggests omitting two activities that have weak linkages to the project topic. They also note that past work is missing from the ongoing project description. Additionally, the reviewer finds weak linkages between the project title, proposed activities, and methodology. They recommend strengthening the methodology and including quantifiable indicators. The total proposed budget for the project is 645,000 Nepali rupees.
This document provides information on feeding sheep and goats. It discusses:
1) The nutrient requirements for maintenance, reproduction, pregnancy, lactation, and growth for sheep and goats. Requirements vary based on body weight, age, and production stage.
2) Common feeds and fodders for sheep and goats including tree leaves, grasses, legume fodders, and cereal crops. Goats prefer browsing on shrubs while sheep graze.
3) Feeding recommendations for lambs/kids from birth to weaning including colostrum intake, creep feeding, and gradual introduction of forages and concentrates. Proper nutritional care is important for viability and growth.
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The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in machine learning using neural networks. While progress has been made, fully general human-level artificial intelligence remains an ongoing challenge that researchers are still working to achieve.
This document summarizes ruminal microbiology and digestion. It discusses how plant polymers are broken down by bacteria, protozoa, and fungi through extracellular and intracellular processes. Key points include: carbohydrates like cellulose, hemicellulose, starch and pectin are broken down by various microbes; protein and nitrogen sources are degraded into peptides and amino acids then fermented; lipids are hydrolyzed and fatty acids may be biohydrogenated; microbial interactions are important for fermentation. It also covers the establishment of ruminal bacteria and protozoa in calf development.
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This document provides a summary of the key features and functionality available in the RStudio IDE. It outlines features for code editing and syntax highlighting, code execution and debugging, documentation, plotting, version control, package development, and more. The keyboard shortcuts listed at the end provide quick access to common commands in RStudio.
This document provides definitions and examples for over 50 English vocabulary words, beginning with letters A through D. Each word definition is 1-2 sentences, followed by a mnemonic device to help remember the word's meaning. The document appears to be from an online vocabulary learning resource designed to help non-native English speakers build their word knowledge through memorable associations.
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This dissertation evaluates the agronomic, utilization, nutritive and feeding value of desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum) in Ethiopia. It was submitted by Bimrew Asmare Limenih to Jimma University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a PhD in Animal Nutrition. The dissertation includes field experiments to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and yield of desho grass, as well as feeding trials to determine the nutritive value and performance of sheep fed desho grass.
Processing feed provides several benefits: it can reduce costs and improve production by increasing feed efficiency and intake; alter particle size to make feed easier for animals to consume; and change moisture content, density, palatability, and nutrient content. Common processing methods include grinding, rolling, pelleting, and adding molasses or fat to alter various feed properties and improve animal performance.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. • Seed rate calculation helps determine the amount of seeds needed to
plant a specific area, ensuring an optimal plant population for good
yield.
3.
4. How to calculate
•Target plant population: This is the desired number of plants per
unit area (e.g., plants per square meter) after establishment.
•Thousand Seed Weight (TSW): This is the weight of 1000 seeds of
your specific crop variety. Seed companies typically provide this
information on seed packaging or through variety descriptions.
•Germination rate: This is the percentage of seeds expected to
germinate under ideal conditions. Seed testing labs can provide
this data, but general estimates are available for various crops.
•Emergence rate: This is the percentage of germinated seeds that
successfully establish into mature plants. Factors like weather, soil
conditions, and pests can affect emergence.
5. The formula for calculating
The formula for calculating seed rate is:
Seed rate (kg/ha) = (Target plant population (plants/m²)) * (TSW (g)) * 100 /
(% germination x % emergence)
Here are some additional points to consider:
•Seeding rates are usually expressed in kilograms per hectare (kg/ha). You can
find conversion factors online to convert them to units like pounds per acre
(lb/acre) if needed.
•Planting depth and seed spacing can also influence seed rate. Consult
agricultural extension resources or experienced growers for recommendations
specific to your crop.
•The calculated seed rate is a theoretical value. It's advisable to factor in a
buffer percentage (5-10%) to account for potential seed loss during planting or
unforeseen circumstances.
6. Additional considerations:
• Seeding rates are typically expressed in kilograms per hectare (kg/ha).
Conversion factors are available online to convert them to your
preferred units.
• Planting depth and seed distribution can influence seed rate. Consult
agricultural resources for specific recommendations.
• The calculated seed rate is a theoretical value. Add a buffer
percentage (5-10%) to account for potential seed loss during planting
or unforeseen circumstances.
7. • Row length and seed spacing method:
• This is a simpler method but less precise. It's suitable for small-scale
planting or when the exact TSW or emergence rate is unknown.
Here's what you'll need:
• Desired plant spacing: The distance between individual plants within
a row.
• Row length: The length of each planting row.
• Number of seeds per planting hole (if applicable): Some crops involve
planting multiple seeds per hole.
8. Example: Maize seed calculation:
Spacing-75 cm x 30 cm, germination of the seeds-90 %, purity of the seeds-90%, seeds
requiredfor gap filling-5 % by weight of seeds required for sowing and test weight of the
seeds-250 g.