Introduction, Benefits of pomegranate , Area and production , Floral biology, Plant Morphology and physiological disorders in pomegranate

1. DEPARTMENT OF FRUIT SCIENCE &
HORTICULTURE TECHNOLOGY
TROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION ( FSC -501)
Topic-Plant Morphology, Floral biology &
Physiological Disorders in Pomegranate
Submitted By:
Kumar Ashutosh
1st Year, M.Sc. (Ag), Fruit Science
Admission No.- 221221904
Submitted To:
Pradyot Kumar Nayak
Department of Fruit Science &
Horticulture Technology,
College of Agriculture, OUAT, BBSR

2. INTRODUCTION
Scientific name : Punica granatum
Common name: Granada (Spanish),
Grenade (French), Anar (Hindi)
Chromosome Number : 2n = 2x = 16,18.
Family: Lythraceae
Origin: Iran (Persia)
Fruit type : Balausta
Edible portion : Fleshy Aril
Inflorescence: Cyme
Nature of crop : Subtropical Non-climacteric
Wild pomegranate (P. protopunica) considered as
super food
‘’Symbol of death and fertility’’
Low maintenance cost fruit plant Cultivation of
Pomegranate

3. Pomegranate is an important fruit crop of arid and semiarid regions of the world .
Today it cultivation is highly lucrative and remunerative business in India
Due to per unit area more monetary return from this crop has resulted in steady
increase in area, production and export during last two decades
Pomegranate is rich in vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, potassium, calcium and
protein
 The edible portion is about 68% of the total fruit
Highly acidic fruit seeds are used for making the ‘anardana’- used as spices
Pomegranate fruits are known for their sweetness and fine blend of acidity
Its juice is cool and refreshing with medicinal value and juice provides 16 %
vitamins ‘C’ per 100 g of edible portion
Pomegranate is one of the richest sources of antioxidants (polyphenols-
‘Punicalagins’)
Citric acid and sodium citrate are produced from juice.
It is good source of vitamins B5 (Pantothenic acid), potassium and antioxidant
polyphenols
The fresh fruit is of exquisite quality while its processed products like bottled juice,
syrups and jelly are highly appreciated
IMPORTANCE

5. o Pomegranate contains only two species:
1.Punica granatum are adapted to the Mediterranean regions of
Central Asia, Africa and Europe
2.Punica protopunica ( Wild pomegranate) is confined to Socotra islands
Plants having small sized fruits which sour in taste and grows naturally
as wild form under Himalayan ranges of India is known as ‘Daru’

6. India is one of the largest producers of pomegranate in the world
During 2018-19, pomegranate was cultivated over 0.262 MH with an
annual production of 3.034 MT
At present, Maharashtra is the leading state in acreage covering about
64.45% of the area with 62.99% of total production
The other important states next to Maharashtra with respect to
pomegranate cultivation are Gujarat, Karnataka, AP and MP
Pomegranate is cultivated commercially only in Maharashtra
India is the only country in the world where pomegranate is available
throughout the year (January – December)
At the global level, India is the world’s largest producer of
pomegranates followed by Iran, Turkey, USA and Afghanistan and Spain
It is also widely cultivated in China, Spain, Azerbaijan, Armenia,
Uzbekistan, the Middle East, Pakistan, Tunisia, Israel, dry regions of
Southeast Asia. India occupies third position in terms of global export
share (22.75%) after Turkey (39.84%) and Iran (45.35%
Area & Production

8. Agro-climatic requirements
 It grows well under semi-arid conditions and can be grown up to an
altitude of 1800 m above sea level.
The plant can withstand considerable heat, drought than other
several fruit crops and due to its hardy nature, it is a choicest fruit plant
of kitchen garden
The tree requires hot and dry climate during fruit development and
ripening.
Pomegranate tree is deciduous in areas of low winter temperature
and an evergreen or partially deciduous in tropical and sub-tropical
conditions.
 Well drained, sandy loan to deep loamy or alluvial soils is suitable for
cultivation.
It is rated as salt hardy fruit plant.
Temperature : 38 degree Celsius.
The plant bears well under irrigation so there should be adequate
supply of irrigation water of good quality.

9. Shrub with multiple trunks and has a bushy appearance
 Grows upto 5m when domesticated and more than 7m under wild .
Deciduous tree & bear in one year after planting, but 2.6 to 3 years is
more common
The fruit is mature in 5 to 7 months after bloom
 Young branches are polygonal (quadrangular) and round when
mature .Stiff angular branches often spiny
The trunk is covered by a red brown bark, which later becomes grey.
It having strong tendency to bearing the suckers from the base
The vigour of a pomegranate declines after about 15 years
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Leaves- 2.0-8.0 cm. long, oblong or obvate, shining above
Flowers usually scarlet red
Fruits globose, crowned by persistent calyx, with a coriaceous woody
rind and an interior septate with membranous walls, containing
numerous seeds; seeds angular with a fleshy testa which is red, pink or
whitish.

10. Pomegranate Diagram

11. LEAVES

12. Flowering occurs 1 month after bud break
 Flowering occurs on one year old spurs or short branches
 Terminal flowers are in cluster while flower on spurs are mostly
solitary
 Flower are red in colour with 5-8 crumbled petals
Three types: Hermaphrodite flowers (vase shaped) , male
flowers (bell shaped) and intermediate
Cultivars with higher vase shaped to bell shaped ratio will have
higher yield potential
Stigma receptive one day before anthesis and continues upto
the second day. Anthesis completed in 3-5 hours
 Self pollinated and cross pollinated Heterostyly- hermaphrodite
(pin) and male flowers (thrumb) Flower

13. Flowers can appear solitary, pairs, or clusters
In general, the solitary flowers will appear on spurs along the
branches while the clusters are terminal
Flowers: Odorless but colorful, large, 5-9cm in length, campanulate or
cylindrical, and generally reddish but sometimes yellow to white
The Flower

17. Pomegranate flowers. (A) Fully open flower showing vivid orange–red petals and
numerous anthers attached to long, red filaments. (B) Single near sessile flower. The
leathery calyx is fused at the base. (C) Flower cluster with an advanced central flower
subtended by closed buds. (D) L.S. of a bisexual flower showing anthers with filaments
inserted on the inner surface of the calyx tube. (E) Longitudinal section of a
functionally male flower showing well developed stamens but an underdeveloped
pistil. (F) Details of well-formed ovules from a hermaphroditic flower. (G)
Underdeveloped ovules from a functionally male flower

21.  Fruit Develops from the ovary and is a fleshy berry
Fruit is crowned by a prominent calyx
Connected to the tree with a short stalk
After fruit set, sepals change colour from orange red to green
 In later stage of maturation colour changes again until final
characteristic colour is obtained
 The multi-ovule chambers (locules) are separated by membranous
walls (septum) and fleshy mesocarp
The chambers are organized in a nonsymmetrical way
 Usually the lower part of the fruit contains 2 to 3 chambers while its
upper part has 6 to 9 chambers
The chambers are filled with many seeds (arils)
The arils contain a juicy edible layer
 Colour of the edible layer vary depending upon the variety
The arils vary in size and the seeds vary in hardness
The fruit ripens in 5-8 months
FRUIT

23. Starts cropping in 3-4 year planting.
Produces 3 crops in a year under tropical conditions.
In Western India, 3 flowering seasons and in Northern India,
2 flowering seasons have been reported.
Anthesis started at 8 AM and is completed by 4 PM with a
peak 2 PM.
The stigma is receptive one day before anthesia and
remained receptive for up to 5 days.
About 90% of pollen germinates.
Fruit Set -- Dhokla 63.8% Bedana 63%
FLOWERING AND FRUITING

24. The pomegranate is both self-pollinated and cross-
pollinated by insects.
 There is very little wind dispersal of pollen.
Self-pollination of bagged flowers has resulted in 45%
fruit set.
Cross-pollination has increased yield to 68%.
In hermaphrodite flowers, 6 to 20% of the pollen may
be infertile; in male, 14 to 28%. The size and fertility of
the pollen vary with the cultivar and season.
POLLINATION

25.  Withheld watering two months prior to normal flowering season
 After two months, applied manures and fertilizers and give light
irrigation
 3-4 days later, heavy irrigation at normal interval
Three flowering season:
CROP REGULATION

26. Flower thinning
Sevin (carbaryl) and NAA -Fruit growth and development
Single sigmoid growth pattern
Linear increase in size, diameter, volume and weight except specific
gravity which decreased gradually
 Color changes from greenish to deep pink with red and yellow
patches at maturity
Aril/rind and TSS/acidity ratio increases
Effect of Growth Regulators:
NAA(250ppm) + carbaryl(0.7%) = large fruits(≥200g) Manual removal
of flowers + GA(20ppm)= Large fruits with highest mean weight(224.2g)
2,4-D @ 20ppm on cv. Ganesh at flowering and 45 and 90 days later
increased fruit length, girth, weight and volume .
Glutathione @ 25, 50 or 75 ppm applied 3-4 weeks after anthesis
improved the TSS:Acid ratio and decreased the percentage of fruit
cracking

27. VARIETIES
At present, more than 60 pomegranate varieties are being evaluated
in different centres of the country
There is a wide range of variability with respect to fruit size, shape,
colour, seed hardness and sweetness etc
On the basis of yield and physico-chemical properties of fruits,
cultivars have been recommended for commercial cultivation in
different parts of India for example-
Kandhari and Nabha for north plains
Ganesh, G-137, P-23, P-26,
Phule Arakta & Muscat in Maharashtra
Bassein Seedless, Bhagawa and Jyothi in Karnataka
Dholka in Gujarat --Jalore Seedless, Jodhpur Red and Jodhpur
White in Rajasthan - Kabul Red, Velludu, Yercaud-1 and CO-1 in Tamil
Nadu
Bedana have been reported satisfactory from H.P.

28. GANESH (GBG-1) -
•A seedling selection from Alandi
•Dr. G.S. Cheema at Ganeshkhind Fruit Experiment Station, Pune
•Plants bear profusely and regularly with evergreen bush
•Fruits medium size, with pinkish, sweet arils and soft seeds (eaten
along with arils) and it has juice with agreeable taste
•Average fruit weight is 350 g
•The juice percentage on the basis of grain weight is 80% or more
•The TSS of juice varies from 13 to 160 Brix and acidity (0.3 to 0.5%)
•Under North Indian conditions, it is beneficial to take Ambe-bahar,
which ripens in August
•Fruit yield is 12-15 tonnes per hectare. Ganesh is a high yielding variety
and is a good cropper Alandi
•Fruit is medium in size, fleshy testa, blood red or deep pink aril with
sweet but slightly acidic juice
•Seeds are very hard The (variety named on a village where it grown
extensively) Bassein Seedless: -It has spreading growth habit, bear red
fruits with light pink aril, soft seeds and 16.20 Brix TSS

29. ALANDI
Fruit medium in size, fleshy testa, blood red or deep pink with sweet
slightly acidic juice.
Seeds are very hard.
The variety is named after the name of the village where it was grown
extensively.
DHOLKA
Fruit large size, rind greenish white, fleshy testa, pinkish white or
whitish with sweet juice.
 Seeds soft.
Juice is acidic.
 It is medium cropper.
It is an important variety of Gujarat

30. KANDHARI
o It produces large fruit.
o The rind is deep red.
oThe flesh is a dark red or deep pink.
o The juice is slightly acidic.
oThe seeds are hard.
o The variety is successfully grown in Himachal Pradesh.
MUSKAT
This variety is also largely grown.
Fruits small to medium in size.
Rind is somewhat thick.
 Fleshy testa, with moderately sweet juice.
The seeds are rosy in color.
Fruits are tasty

31. AMLIDANA (F1 hybrid of Ganesh x Nanha)
It grows well under tropical climate with quality fruit attributes
Amlidana is a superior to sour variety Daru, whose trees come up
naturally in temperate regions of North India
It fruit provide more acidic (16 %), anardana & higher fruit yield/tree
It is suitable for high density planting (due to short started tree)
GOMA KHATTA (CHES, Godhara)
• It is suitable for anardana purpose & produced 1.18 kg/ plant anardana
•Seed hardness is medium
•Fruit having 46.7% juice 14.50 Brix TSS and 7.3 % acidity

32. BHAGWA (Different name like; Shendari, Ashtagandha,
Mastani, Jai Maharashtra and Red Daina)
This variety is occupying a large area under commercial cultivation
It is clonal selection and commercially cultivated under MPKV, Rahuri
It mature in 180-190 days with average fruit yield is 30.38 kg / tree
Bigger fruit size, sweet, bold and attractive arils, glossy, very attractive
saffron coloured, thick skin makes it suitable for distant markets
It is less susceptible to fruit spots and thrips

34. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN
POMEGRANATE

35. Frequent in dry atmosphere of the arid regions
Cause:
(i)Due to sudden change in soil moisture content
(ii)Deficiency of Ca or B
Further attack of insects or fungal attack on the cracked fruits. So,
fruits become unfit for marketing.
Mrig bahar crop is more susceptible to cracking than the crop of
others bahars.
Fruits though sweeter lose keeping quality and unfit for shipment
Prolonged dry spells or drought in ambe bahar causes hardening of
peel & when rain comes or irrigation is applied the arils sweet & peel
cracks.
FRUIT CRACKING OR SPLITTING
Mrig bahar fruits crack due to wide variation in humidity and soil
moisture stress but this can be reduced by regular irrigation during
rainless period

36. Cracking can be controlled by supplying irrigation at regular intervals;
this will reduce the fluctuations in soil moisture
Planting of wind break around the orchard also help in the reduction
of fruit cracking
Spray of borax @ 0.1 to 0.2 % to checks the cracking of fruits
Spray of GA3 at 30-40 days before fruit ripening @ 15-20 ppm to
check the cracking of fruits
The early harvesting not allowing the
fruits to crack and spray the
calcium hydroxide on leaves and
on fruit set
Cultivate the tolerant varieties
like Ganesh, Kandhari and Punjab
Selection which show little cracking
in ambe bahar fruits
Remedial measures

37. Blackening or discolouration of arils in ripened fruits is a serious
malady throughout the pomegranate growing areas
All cultivars are affected by this disorder
No cause or remedial measure can be suggested at this stage
The fruit should be harvested at proper ripening stage without
keeping it on the tree for long time than required
INTERNAL BREAK DOWN / BLACKENING OF ARILS
Causes: Complex (Exact cause to be established)
•Delayed harvesting,
•Varietal character
•Nutritional deficiency etc
•Mainly affects fruits which appear healthy but when
cut, reveal discoloured , rotten and shrivelled arils.
Studies on diagnosing the disease are inconclusive

38. Sunburn is a common problem of pomegranate in India
It occurs in area where temperature is high and variety having clear
Heavy crops that cause branches to bend over mid-season can
increase sunburn incidence as a sudden exposure to heat and sun
promotes sunburn development
Brownish black patches develop on the side of fruit
It can be reduced by adopting proper training and pruning, avoid
sudden exposure of fruit and water stress, reduced the heat stress and
carefully sorting to remove the affected fruit under packing
SUNBURN

39. THANK
YOU