Section 5 multistage separation processes
•
0 likes•137 views
This document discusses multistage separation processes and provides an example problem. It introduces the Ponchon Savarit method for determining the minimum number of theoretical plates in a distillation column. This includes calculating enthalpy and equilibrium values, determining flow rates of distillate and bottoms, and using graphs to find the minimum reflux ratio. For the example of separating an ethanol-water mixture, the number of plates is calculated as 14 when using a reflux ratio of 1.25 times the minimum, and as 10 plates when using a condenser duty of 106 BTU/h. The reboiler duty is also determined.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Lecture Notes in Mass Transfer
Mass transfer is the net movement of a component in a mixture from one location to another location where the component exists at a different concentration. Often, the transfer takes place between two phases across an interface. Thus, the absorption by a liquid of a solute from a gas involves mass transfer of the solute through the gas to the gas-liquid interface, across the interface, and into the liquid. Mass transfer models are used to describe processes such as the passage of a species through a gas to the outer surface of a porous adsorbent particle and into the pores of the adsorbent, where the species is adsorbed on the porous surface. Mass transfer is also the selective permeation through a nonporous polymeric material of a component of a gas mixture. Mass transfer is not the flow of a fluid through a pipe. However, mass transfer might be superimposed on that flow. Mass transfer is not the flow of solids on a conveyor belt.
Distillation Column-Pohnchon savrit method.pptx
basics of ponchon savrit method to calculate no. of trays in distillation column and this could be more feasible for those who are willing to study separation processes related to their chemical engineering fields. moreover, if you find difficulty in taking lectures on YouTube, you can just click on this link and just download the slides for its study. as every student in this world in willing to study the basics of chemical engineering, this could be more beneficial for those students. also if your teacher wants any presentation slides on this specific topic, you can just download these slides from the website and can present in a better way to proceed you knowledge and journey of your education.
Reflux ratio
This document discusses reflux ratios in distillation columns. It defines total, minimum, and optimum reflux ratios. Total reflux uses all overhead vapor as reflux, allowing calculation of minimum required plates. Minimum reflux is the maximum ratio requiring infinite plates for desired separation. Optimum reflux minimizes total costs by balancing fixed costs that decrease with higher reflux against increasing operating costs.
1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Distillation Column Design
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
MO ch 2_screening_complete_10.12.2020
Basics of Ideal and actual screen
Types of screen analysis
Cumulative analysis
Differential analysis
Capacity and effectiveness of screen
Derivation of formula for overall effectiveness of screen
Faults in screening
Types of screen:
Trommel,
Grizzlies,
Vibrating screen
Mechanical Operations
1.2 Flash distillation
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.2 Flash distillation.
Distillation
This document provides an overview of various distillation techniques including:
- Flash distillation which separates mixtures at steady state based on enthalpy and concentration.
- Steam distillation which uses the immiscibility of a substance and water to separate traces of non-volatile impurities.
- Batch and continuous multistage fractionation which separate binary mixtures using distillation columns, with concepts like relative volatility and reflux ratios.
- McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon-Savarit methods which graphically analyze multistage distillation.
- Azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation, and reactive distillation which use additional techniques like entrainers or integrated reactions to separate mixtures.
Recommended
Lecture Notes in Mass Transfer
Mass transfer is the net movement of a component in a mixture from one location to another location where the component exists at a different concentration. Often, the transfer takes place between two phases across an interface. Thus, the absorption by a liquid of a solute from a gas involves mass transfer of the solute through the gas to the gas-liquid interface, across the interface, and into the liquid. Mass transfer models are used to describe processes such as the passage of a species through a gas to the outer surface of a porous adsorbent particle and into the pores of the adsorbent, where the species is adsorbed on the porous surface. Mass transfer is also the selective permeation through a nonporous polymeric material of a component of a gas mixture. Mass transfer is not the flow of a fluid through a pipe. However, mass transfer might be superimposed on that flow. Mass transfer is not the flow of solids on a conveyor belt.
Distillation Column-Pohnchon savrit method.pptx
basics of ponchon savrit method to calculate no. of trays in distillation column and this could be more feasible for those who are willing to study separation processes related to their chemical engineering fields. moreover, if you find difficulty in taking lectures on YouTube, you can just click on this link and just download the slides for its study. as every student in this world in willing to study the basics of chemical engineering, this could be more beneficial for those students. also if your teacher wants any presentation slides on this specific topic, you can just download these slides from the website and can present in a better way to proceed you knowledge and journey of your education.
Reflux ratio
This document discusses reflux ratios in distillation columns. It defines total, minimum, and optimum reflux ratios. Total reflux uses all overhead vapor as reflux, allowing calculation of minimum required plates. Minimum reflux is the maximum ratio requiring infinite plates for desired separation. Optimum reflux minimizes total costs by balancing fixed costs that decrease with higher reflux against increasing operating costs.
1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Distillation Column Design
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
MO ch 2_screening_complete_10.12.2020
Basics of Ideal and actual screen
Types of screen analysis
Cumulative analysis
Differential analysis
Capacity and effectiveness of screen
Derivation of formula for overall effectiveness of screen
Faults in screening
Types of screen:
Trommel,
Grizzlies,
Vibrating screen
Mechanical Operations
1.2 Flash distillation
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.2 Flash distillation.
Distillation
This document provides an overview of various distillation techniques including:
- Flash distillation which separates mixtures at steady state based on enthalpy and concentration.
- Steam distillation which uses the immiscibility of a substance and water to separate traces of non-volatile impurities.
- Batch and continuous multistage fractionation which separate binary mixtures using distillation columns, with concepts like relative volatility and reflux ratios.
- McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon-Savarit methods which graphically analyze multistage distillation.
- Azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation, and reactive distillation which use additional techniques like entrainers or integrated reactions to separate mixtures.
Design principles in mass transfer processes
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.1 Design principles
Mass transfer equipment
This document discusses various types of equipment used for mass transfer operations in industry. It describes plate columns and packed columns as the two most widely used for distillation, gas absorption, and stripping. Plate columns are also known as tray columns, where the column is divided into stages by trays. The main types of trays are sieve, bubble-cap, and valve trays. Packed columns can use random, structured, or grid packings. Other equipment discussed include bubble columns, spray columns, and agitated vessels. Selection of mass transfer equipment depends on the process conditions and economics.
Introduction to Mass Transfer Operations (1 of 5)
An Overview to the most common Industrial Mass Transfer Operations & Process Separation Technologies
Course Description
In this course we will cover the most basic processes involved in Mass Transfer Operations. This is an overview of what type of processes, methods and units are used in the industry. This is mostly an introductory course which will allow you to learn, understand and know the approach towards separation processes involving mass transfer phenomena.
It is an excellent course before any Mass Transfer Process or Unit Operation Course such as Distillations, Extractions, Leaching, Membranes, Absorption, etc...
This course is extremely recommended if you will continue with the following:
Flash Distillation, Simple Distillation, Batch Distillation
Gas Absorption, Desorption & Stripping
Binary Distillation, Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers, Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers, Tray Towers
Membranes
Liquid Extraction
Dryers / Humidifiers
Adsorbers
Evaporators/Sublimators
Crystallizers
Centrifugations
And many other Separation Technology!
At the end of the Course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer operations concepts. You will be able to identify Mass Transfer Unit Operations. You will be also able to ensure the type of method of separation technology used.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations.
Theory-Based Course
This is a very theoretical course, some calculations and exercises are present, but overall, expect mostly theoretical concepts.
31 liquid-liquid extraction
This document discusses liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) models, applications, equilibrium relationships, and equipment. Key points include: LLE can be modeled using phase rules and mass balances accounting for temperature, pressure, and compositions of both phases; equilibrium data is needed to calculate stage-by-stage extraction; common equipment includes mixer-settlers, spray columns, and sieve tray towers; and processes that utilize LLE include separation of aromatics and biopharmaceutical production.
Types of trays in distillation tower
To promote intimate contact between the vapor and liquid, the distillation column contains internal devices. The internal devices may be grouped into two general categories: Tray-type and Packing-type.
The most widely applied trays in process industries are 1. Bubble cap trays, 2. Sieve trays and 3. Valve trays.
2.1 Material balances
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 2.1 Material balances
batch distillation, multi stage batch distillation
This document discusses batch distillation. It begins by contrasting batch and continuous distillation, noting that batch distillation is useful when small amounts of products with varying compositions are needed. The key difference is that batch distillation involves no continuous feed or product withdrawal. Rayleigh's equation is then derived and explained, providing a critical third equation to solve batch distillation problems using material balances. Graphical and numerical integration techniques are presented for using Rayleigh's equation to determine unknown values like the final liquid amount.
Introduction to multicomponent distillation
This document provides an introduction and overview of multicomponent distillation processes. It discusses key concepts like key components, distributed vs. undistributed components, and challenges in designing multicomponent distillation columns compared to binary systems. The document then outlines the steps of the Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland short cut design method for solving multicomponent distillation problems, including calculating the minimum number of stages, minimum reflux ratio, actual number of stages, and feed stage location.
Classification of mass transfer processes
This document discusses various mass transfer separation processes used in chemical industries. It describes core separation processes like distillation, gas absorption, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, adsorption, crystallization and membrane separation. These processes are classified based on the phases involved (gas, liquid, solid) and the mechanism of separation - contact of immiscible phases, indirect contact of miscible phases through a membrane, direct contact of miscible phases, or use of surface phenomena. Examples of typical applications and separation processes are provided for different combinations of phases.
McCABE-THIELE DESIGN METHOD
The document discusses the McCabe-Thiele design method for distillation column design using vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data. It explains that the McCabe-Thiele method uses a graphical approach to determine the theoretical number of stages required for a binary separation based on the VLE plot. Operating lines are drawn on the VLE diagram to define the mass balance relationships between the liquid and vapor phases. The operating line for the rectification section is constructed by drawing a line with slope R/(R+1) from the desired top product composition point, where R is the reflux ratio. The operating line for the stripping section has a slope of Ls/Vs, where Ls and Vs are the liquid and
Molecular diffusion in gases
This document discusses molecular diffusion in gases through three parts. Part I introduces concepts like mass transfer, diffusion, convection and Fick's laws of diffusion. It also defines terms like mass concentration, molar concentration, mass fraction and mole fraction. Part II discusses different types of diffusion like equimolar counter diffusion and diffusion with convection. It also covers diffusion through varying cross-sectional areas. Part III describes experimental methods to determine diffusion coefficients for gases through experiments using two vessels connected by a capillary tube. It also briefly discusses multicomponent diffusion and mass transfer coefficients.
distillation
This document summarizes various distillation techniques including differential distillation, flash vaporization, continuous rectification, and determining the ideal number of plates. It discusses mass balances, operating lines, reflux ratios, and how changing the number of plates and reflux ratio influences distillation column design and performance. Key aspects covered include equilibrium relationships, material flowing between plates, determining flow rates, and using diagrams to analyze fractionation.
Unit Operation 1.pdf
This document introduces unit operations in chemical engineering. It defines unit operations as physical treatment steps that make raw materials suitable for chemical reactions. The five main classes of unit operations are discussed: fluid flow processes, heat transfer processes, mass transfer processes, thermodynamic processes, and mechanical processes. Examples of common unit operations are provided like drying, mixing, filtration, and heat exchange. Important concepts in unit operations like heat capacity, driving forces, and resistance are outlined. Finally, sample conversion problems are presented between different unit systems for properties like energy, temperature, pressure and flowrates.
Distillation Column
Distillation is a process that separates liquid mixtures into individual fractions based on differences in boiling points. It works by heating the mixture to vaporize components with lower boiling points. There are two main types of distillation columns - batch columns which process feed intermittently, and continuous columns which process a steady stream of feed. Distillation columns contain internals like trays or packings to enhance separation, a reboiler for vaporization, a condenser to cool vapors, and a reflux drum to collect condensed liquids and provide reflux. Separation occurs due to differences in vapor pressure and relative volatility between components in the mixture.
Mass transfer operations
This document contains lecture slides from Dr. M. Subas Chandra Bose and Mrs. Sabarunisha Begum on the topic of mass transfer operations. It discusses various mass transfer concepts like diffusion, gas absorption principles, and vapor-liquid operations including distillation. The slides provide definitions and examples of different mass transfer processes and operations. They also describe concepts like the transfer unit, differential distillation, flash distillation, and continuous rectification in binary systems.
Feed conditions in distillation column with respect to feed plate and reflux
This document discusses feed conditions in distillation columns with respect to the feed plate and reflux. It defines key terms like distillation, relative volatility, and reflux. It explains that the condition of the feed stream determines the relation between flows above and below the feed plate. The amount of saturated liquid versus vapor in the feed is quantified by a variable q. Feed can be saturated liquid/vapor or a mixture, determining the slope of the q-line. Feed plates help separate mixtures, and more reflux improves separation efficiency, allowing fewer plates for a given separation. Total reflux passes vapor and liquid without product removal, while minimum reflux is the lowest ratio enabling separation with infinite plates.
role of Vacuum distillation in refinery
Vacuum distillation is used in oil refineries to further separate and refine the bottoms leftover from atmospheric distillation. It allows for distillation of compounds with high boiling points without thermal cracking by reducing the pressure and lowering the boiling points. Vacuum distillation units in refineries can have columns up to 14 meters wide and 50 meters tall, processing up to 25,400 cubic meters of feed per day. This additional refinement produces more valuable petroleum products from the heavier fractions of crude oil.
Design of packed columns
Packed columns are used for distillation, gas absorption, and liquid-liquid extraction. They have continuous gas-liquid contact through a packed bed, unlike plate columns which have stage-wise contact. Packed columns depend on good liquid and gas distribution, and have lower holdup but higher pressure drop than plate columns. This document provides details on packed column components, design procedures such as selecting packing and determining height, and examples of absorption and stripping processes in packed columns.
Troubleshooting of Packed Distillation Column
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of packed type distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
First part of distillation slides
This document discusses distillation of binary mixtures. It begins by defining distillation as a process that separates a feed mixture into multiple products, often an overhead distillate and a bottoms product, using the differences in volatility between components. The key design factors for distillation include feed composition, desired separation, operating pressure, reflux ratio, number of stages, condenser/reboiler type, and column internals. Vapor-liquid equilibrium concepts like relative volatility and Raoult's law determine the feasibility of separation. Single-stage processes like flash distillation, simple batch distillation, and steam distillation are also introduced.
Section 6 multistage separation processes
This document discusses the McCabe Thiele method for calculating multistage separation processes. It provides examples of how to use the method graphically to determine the number of theoretical stages, flow rates, and other parameters. Specifically, it discusses how to: 1) draw equilibrium curves and operating lines to determine minimum reflux ratio and feed location; 2) calculate flow rates, number of stages, and utilities using material balances; and 3) handle special cases like multiple feeds, enriched/stripped sections, and side product specifications. An example problem demonstrates applying these steps to design a binary distillation column with two feed streams.
Section 4 multistage separation processes
The document discusses multistage separation processes and provides an example problem. The example problem is to separate a benzene-toluene mixture using distillation. It is determined that:
1) The column requires a total of 7 theoretical plates, with 4 in the top section and 3 in the bottom section including the reboiler.
2) The feed should enter between the 3rd and 4th plates from the top.
3) The compositions of the vapor and liquid phases are calculated for each plate.
More Related Content
What's hot
Design principles in mass transfer processes
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.1 Design principles
Mass transfer equipment
This document discusses various types of equipment used for mass transfer operations in industry. It describes plate columns and packed columns as the two most widely used for distillation, gas absorption, and stripping. Plate columns are also known as tray columns, where the column is divided into stages by trays. The main types of trays are sieve, bubble-cap, and valve trays. Packed columns can use random, structured, or grid packings. Other equipment discussed include bubble columns, spray columns, and agitated vessels. Selection of mass transfer equipment depends on the process conditions and economics.
Introduction to Mass Transfer Operations (1 of 5)
An Overview to the most common Industrial Mass Transfer Operations & Process Separation Technologies
Course Description
In this course we will cover the most basic processes involved in Mass Transfer Operations. This is an overview of what type of processes, methods and units are used in the industry. This is mostly an introductory course which will allow you to learn, understand and know the approach towards separation processes involving mass transfer phenomena.
It is an excellent course before any Mass Transfer Process or Unit Operation Course such as Distillations, Extractions, Leaching, Membranes, Absorption, etc...
This course is extremely recommended if you will continue with the following:
Flash Distillation, Simple Distillation, Batch Distillation
Gas Absorption, Desorption & Stripping
Binary Distillation, Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers, Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers, Tray Towers
Membranes
Liquid Extraction
Dryers / Humidifiers
Adsorbers
Evaporators/Sublimators
Crystallizers
Centrifugations
And many other Separation Technology!
At the end of the Course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer operations concepts. You will be able to identify Mass Transfer Unit Operations. You will be also able to ensure the type of method of separation technology used.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations.
Theory-Based Course
This is a very theoretical course, some calculations and exercises are present, but overall, expect mostly theoretical concepts.
31 liquid-liquid extraction
This document discusses liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) models, applications, equilibrium relationships, and equipment. Key points include: LLE can be modeled using phase rules and mass balances accounting for temperature, pressure, and compositions of both phases; equilibrium data is needed to calculate stage-by-stage extraction; common equipment includes mixer-settlers, spray columns, and sieve tray towers; and processes that utilize LLE include separation of aromatics and biopharmaceutical production.
Types of trays in distillation tower
To promote intimate contact between the vapor and liquid, the distillation column contains internal devices. The internal devices may be grouped into two general categories: Tray-type and Packing-type.
The most widely applied trays in process industries are 1. Bubble cap trays, 2. Sieve trays and 3. Valve trays.
2.1 Material balances
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 2.1 Material balances
batch distillation, multi stage batch distillation
This document discusses batch distillation. It begins by contrasting batch and continuous distillation, noting that batch distillation is useful when small amounts of products with varying compositions are needed. The key difference is that batch distillation involves no continuous feed or product withdrawal. Rayleigh's equation is then derived and explained, providing a critical third equation to solve batch distillation problems using material balances. Graphical and numerical integration techniques are presented for using Rayleigh's equation to determine unknown values like the final liquid amount.
Introduction to multicomponent distillation
This document provides an introduction and overview of multicomponent distillation processes. It discusses key concepts like key components, distributed vs. undistributed components, and challenges in designing multicomponent distillation columns compared to binary systems. The document then outlines the steps of the Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland short cut design method for solving multicomponent distillation problems, including calculating the minimum number of stages, minimum reflux ratio, actual number of stages, and feed stage location.
Classification of mass transfer processes
This document discusses various mass transfer separation processes used in chemical industries. It describes core separation processes like distillation, gas absorption, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, adsorption, crystallization and membrane separation. These processes are classified based on the phases involved (gas, liquid, solid) and the mechanism of separation - contact of immiscible phases, indirect contact of miscible phases through a membrane, direct contact of miscible phases, or use of surface phenomena. Examples of typical applications and separation processes are provided for different combinations of phases.
McCABE-THIELE DESIGN METHOD
The document discusses the McCabe-Thiele design method for distillation column design using vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data. It explains that the McCabe-Thiele method uses a graphical approach to determine the theoretical number of stages required for a binary separation based on the VLE plot. Operating lines are drawn on the VLE diagram to define the mass balance relationships between the liquid and vapor phases. The operating line for the rectification section is constructed by drawing a line with slope R/(R+1) from the desired top product composition point, where R is the reflux ratio. The operating line for the stripping section has a slope of Ls/Vs, where Ls and Vs are the liquid and
Molecular diffusion in gases
This document discusses molecular diffusion in gases through three parts. Part I introduces concepts like mass transfer, diffusion, convection and Fick's laws of diffusion. It also defines terms like mass concentration, molar concentration, mass fraction and mole fraction. Part II discusses different types of diffusion like equimolar counter diffusion and diffusion with convection. It also covers diffusion through varying cross-sectional areas. Part III describes experimental methods to determine diffusion coefficients for gases through experiments using two vessels connected by a capillary tube. It also briefly discusses multicomponent diffusion and mass transfer coefficients.
distillation
This document summarizes various distillation techniques including differential distillation, flash vaporization, continuous rectification, and determining the ideal number of plates. It discusses mass balances, operating lines, reflux ratios, and how changing the number of plates and reflux ratio influences distillation column design and performance. Key aspects covered include equilibrium relationships, material flowing between plates, determining flow rates, and using diagrams to analyze fractionation.
Unit Operation 1.pdf
This document introduces unit operations in chemical engineering. It defines unit operations as physical treatment steps that make raw materials suitable for chemical reactions. The five main classes of unit operations are discussed: fluid flow processes, heat transfer processes, mass transfer processes, thermodynamic processes, and mechanical processes. Examples of common unit operations are provided like drying, mixing, filtration, and heat exchange. Important concepts in unit operations like heat capacity, driving forces, and resistance are outlined. Finally, sample conversion problems are presented between different unit systems for properties like energy, temperature, pressure and flowrates.
Distillation Column
Distillation is a process that separates liquid mixtures into individual fractions based on differences in boiling points. It works by heating the mixture to vaporize components with lower boiling points. There are two main types of distillation columns - batch columns which process feed intermittently, and continuous columns which process a steady stream of feed. Distillation columns contain internals like trays or packings to enhance separation, a reboiler for vaporization, a condenser to cool vapors, and a reflux drum to collect condensed liquids and provide reflux. Separation occurs due to differences in vapor pressure and relative volatility between components in the mixture.
Mass transfer operations
This document contains lecture slides from Dr. M. Subas Chandra Bose and Mrs. Sabarunisha Begum on the topic of mass transfer operations. It discusses various mass transfer concepts like diffusion, gas absorption principles, and vapor-liquid operations including distillation. The slides provide definitions and examples of different mass transfer processes and operations. They also describe concepts like the transfer unit, differential distillation, flash distillation, and continuous rectification in binary systems.
Feed conditions in distillation column with respect to feed plate and reflux
This document discusses feed conditions in distillation columns with respect to the feed plate and reflux. It defines key terms like distillation, relative volatility, and reflux. It explains that the condition of the feed stream determines the relation between flows above and below the feed plate. The amount of saturated liquid versus vapor in the feed is quantified by a variable q. Feed can be saturated liquid/vapor or a mixture, determining the slope of the q-line. Feed plates help separate mixtures, and more reflux improves separation efficiency, allowing fewer plates for a given separation. Total reflux passes vapor and liquid without product removal, while minimum reflux is the lowest ratio enabling separation with infinite plates.
role of Vacuum distillation in refinery
Vacuum distillation is used in oil refineries to further separate and refine the bottoms leftover from atmospheric distillation. It allows for distillation of compounds with high boiling points without thermal cracking by reducing the pressure and lowering the boiling points. Vacuum distillation units in refineries can have columns up to 14 meters wide and 50 meters tall, processing up to 25,400 cubic meters of feed per day. This additional refinement produces more valuable petroleum products from the heavier fractions of crude oil.
Design of packed columns
Packed columns are used for distillation, gas absorption, and liquid-liquid extraction. They have continuous gas-liquid contact through a packed bed, unlike plate columns which have stage-wise contact. Packed columns depend on good liquid and gas distribution, and have lower holdup but higher pressure drop than plate columns. This document provides details on packed column components, design procedures such as selecting packing and determining height, and examples of absorption and stripping processes in packed columns.
Troubleshooting of Packed Distillation Column
Distillation is one of the widely used separation method in most of the Chemical Process Industries. Improper design/ operation & maintenance leads to various troubles like reduced plant capacity, poor quality of separated products, high energy consumption, etc. This presentation is for learning about the troubleshooting of packed type distillation systems. Through conceptual aspects of the overall distillation system, reader can easily identify the various causes of probable troubles and will be able to suggest their remedial measures.
First part of distillation slides
This document discusses distillation of binary mixtures. It begins by defining distillation as a process that separates a feed mixture into multiple products, often an overhead distillate and a bottoms product, using the differences in volatility between components. The key design factors for distillation include feed composition, desired separation, operating pressure, reflux ratio, number of stages, condenser/reboiler type, and column internals. Vapor-liquid equilibrium concepts like relative volatility and Raoult's law determine the feasibility of separation. Single-stage processes like flash distillation, simple batch distillation, and steam distillation are also introduced.
What's hot (20)
batch distillation, multi stage batch distillation
batch distillation, multi stage batch distillation
Feed conditions in distillation column with respect to feed plate and reflux
Feed conditions in distillation column with respect to feed plate and reflux
Similar to Section 5 multistage separation processes
Section 6 multistage separation processes
This document discusses the McCabe Thiele method for calculating multistage separation processes. It provides examples of how to use the method graphically to determine the number of theoretical stages, flow rates, and other parameters. Specifically, it discusses how to: 1) draw equilibrium curves and operating lines to determine minimum reflux ratio and feed location; 2) calculate flow rates, number of stages, and utilities using material balances; and 3) handle special cases like multiple feeds, enriched/stripped sections, and side product specifications. An example problem demonstrates applying these steps to design a binary distillation column with two feed streams.
Section 4 multistage separation processes
The document discusses multistage separation processes and provides an example problem. The example problem is to separate a benzene-toluene mixture using distillation. It is determined that:
1) The column requires a total of 7 theoretical plates, with 4 in the top section and 3 in the bottom section including the reboiler.
2) The feed should enter between the 3rd and 4th plates from the top.
3) The compositions of the vapor and liquid phases are calculated for each plate.
Section 2 multistage separation processes
1. The document discusses multistage separation processes and different types of distillation operations including simple distillation, flash distillation, and multistage distillation.
2. Simple distillation involves a feed, distillate, and residue stream, and can be solved graphically or algebraically using material balances.
3. Flash distillation separates a feed stream into a vapor and liquid product using equilibrium relationships, and the compositions are solved using operating line equations.
4. Examples show how to apply material balances and equilibrium relationships to calculate stream compositions for simple and flash distillation problems.
Section 3 multistage separation processes
- The document describes multistage separation processes including flash distillation, equilibrium ratio charts, and DePriester charts for calculating vapor-liquid equilibrium.
- It provides an example of using DePriester charts to determine the dew point composition of a vapor mixture.
- Steam distillation is also discussed, including calculations to determine the amount of steam needed based on heat of vaporization and vapor pressure data.
- An example problem demonstrates calculating the distillation temperature, vapor compositions, and steam requirement for steam distilling a batch of ethyl-aniline.
QNET Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL)
This document summarizes experiments conducted on a QNET VTOL Trainer. It covers current control, modeling and validation of the system, and flight control using PID. Key steps included measuring the system resistance, designing current controllers, identifying the system model, analyzing steady-state response under PD control, tuning a PID controller, and testing the controller response. The goal was to develop and validate control models for the VTOL Trainer.
L09-Separations and Column Simulation.pptx
This document provides an overview of distillation columns and separation train design. It discusses different types of distillation columns including plate columns with bubble cap trays and sieve trays, and packed columns. It also covers concepts like equilibrium lines, operating lines, minimum reflux ratio, and McCabe-Thiele diagrams. The document discusses methods for determining the number of columns needed, possible sequences, and how to evaluate sequences using the marginal vapor rate method. Finally, it provides heuristics for sequencing separation points in a distillation train.
Episode 62 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
Episode 62 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
Many chemical reactions are irreversible and occur in one direction only, namely forward
Reversible reactions occur in both directions i.e. forward and backward
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
lecture 2.pdf
This document discusses gas dehydration processes using triethylene glycol (TEG). It defines gas absorption and adsorption mechanisms. It provides sample problems and solutions for fractionation column design parameters, hydrate formation conditions, inhibitor requirements, gas properties, and molecular sieve adsorption bed design including pressure drop, capacity, and regeneration requirements. Computational methods are outlined for product stream compositions, number of theoretical stages, minimum reflux rate, tray efficiency, and more.
1. ejemplos y problemas evaporadores
- The document describes an evaporator that concentrates a 20% sodium hydroxide solution to 50% using steam at a temperature of 126.45°C.
- Key calculations include determining vapor and liquid temperatures and enthalpies, solving material and energy balances, and using the heat transfer equation to calculate the required vapor flow.
- Solving the system of equations gives the feed rate F to the evaporator as 11,700 kg/h.
Chemical Kinetics in Unit Processes
Kinetics in UP
This document discusses chemical kinetics and reaction rates. It defines key kinetics concepts like reaction order, rate laws, and rate constants. Specific examples covered include first-order, second-order, and zero-order reactions. The effects of temperature, catalysts, and physical conditions on reaction rates are also explained. Several industrial reaction mechanisms are summarized, such as the chlorination of methane, hydrolysis, nitration of benzene, and sulfonation of benzene.
Real 2nd order LC PLL loop analysis.pptx
This document discusses the analysis and optimization of a PLL loop for USB3 and DisplayPort applications. It provides the block diagram and describes simulations performed to analyze stability, phase step response, reference clock noise, VCO noise, fractional-N effects, and charge pump mismatch. Equations for loop filter components like C1, R1, and C2 are derived based on parameters like reference clock frequency, VCO gain, and charge pump current. Optimization results targeting bandwidth, peaking, drift, and area are presented for different configurations including integer and fractional-N modes with 240MHz and 24MHz reference clocks.
pressure drop calculation in sieve plate distillation column
This document provides a multi-part assignment problem involving distillation column design and analysis. In part 1, the document summarizes the calculation of the number of theoretical plates and feed location for a binary distillation column separating benzene and toluene using the McCabe-Thiele method. The summary finds that the column requires 7 plates with the feed on plate 4. Part 2 involves using the Fenske equation to determine the minimum number of plates and minimum reflux ratio for a pentane-hexane separation. The summary states that the minimum number of plates is 4 and the minimum reflux ratio is 0.9024. Part 3 involves calculations to determine the allowable vapor velocity, column diameter, pressure drop per plate
Aspen Plus dynamic
This document describes using ASPEN Plus dynamic simulation software to model and control a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) process. It introduces key dynamic simulation concepts and outlines the steps to:
1) Build a process flowsheet model in steady-state, including reactions, streams and equipment.
2) Convert the model to dynamic mode and input dynamic parameters.
3) Add a level controller to the CSTR and tune it using open-loop testing and the Ziegler-Nichols method.
4) Simulate the dynamic behavior of the controlled process to evaluate controller performance.
2.3 Enthalpy balances
This document discusses enthalpy balances in distillation. It defines enthalpy and provides enthalpy-concentration diagrams. Equations for total and individual enthalpy balances are presented for the rectifying and stripping sections. The document describes how to solve the equations using an iterative approach with enthalpy data. It also discusses how to calculate the feed enthalpy parameter q using enthalpy values. An example problem calculates q for a benzene-toluene mixture.
Karl Fischer Titration
Karl fischer titration is an analytic system to determine the trace amount of water in solid, gases and liquids. It is a very efficient and accurate technique. In this presentation we go deeper about this titration system.
Unit.ppt
This document discusses well hydraulics and advanced hydrogeology concepts. It defines key terms like static water level, pumping water level, drawdown, well yield, and specific capacity. It describes the cone of depression that forms during pumping and how aquifer characteristics like transmissivity and storage coefficient can be estimated from pump tests. It presents the Thiem, Theis and Cooper-Jacob equations that describe confined and unconfined steady-state and non-steady radial groundwater flow. Factors that can cause real aquifers to deviate from the assumptions of these models, like recharge, are also addressed.
Ch5z5egases 110115225412-phpapp01
The document discusses several gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, and the combined and ideal gas laws. It provides examples of how to use these laws to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles given three of the four variables. It also discusses how the gas laws can be applied to stoichiometric calculations involving gases.
Ammonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator training
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Carnot Cycle
The document presents information about the Carnot cycle, including:
1) The Carnot cycle consists of four processes - two reversible isothermal processes and two reversible adiabatic processes.
2) It was proposed in 1824 by French engineer Sadi Carnot to study the maximum efficiency of heat engines.
3) Devices like vehicles, refrigerators, and air conditioners use the principles of the Carnot cycle to operate.
L20-Heat and Power Integration(1fgffffffffffffffffff).pptx
This document provides an overview of heat and power integration techniques for minimizing utility usage in process design. It discusses the temperature interval method, composite curve method, and linear programming method for pinch analysis to determine the minimum utility targets. It also covers constructing heat exchange networks to maximize energy recovery between hot and cold streams using the minimum number of heat exchangers while meeting the utility targets. Optimization of heat exchange network design requires balancing the tradeoff between capital costs from additional heat exchangers and operating costs from higher utility usage.
Similar to Section 5 multistage separation processes (20)
pressure drop calculation in sieve plate distillation column
pressure drop calculation in sieve plate distillation column
L20-Heat and Power Integration(1fgffffffffffffffffff).pptx
L20-Heat and Power Integration(1fgffffffffffffffffff).pptx
Recently uploaded
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
this notes have been created
by Eric36 at nyamata ttc
after readings
pe book for y2sme .
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, SerbiaA SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting.pdf
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Recently uploaded (20)
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
ML Based Model for NIDS MSc Updated Presentation.v2.pptx
ML Based Model for NIDS MSc Updated Presentation.v2.pptx
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Section 5 multistage separation processes
- 1. MULTISTAGE SEPARATION PROCESSES CHE 452 ENG. AMAL MAGDY SECTION (5)
- 2. Multistage Distillation Calculations • Binary System • Sorel plate to plate calculations • Ponchon Sevarit method • Lewis plate to plate calculations • McCabe Thiele method
- 3. Ponchon Savarit method • To begin calculating the required number of stages, you should know: 1. The Enthalpy data 2. The equilibrium data • You may count the number of stages on: 1. The enthalpy curve (the difficult method) 2. The equilibrium curve (the easy method) Enthalpy x y x
- 4. General tips • If the feed enters the column as saturated liquid, its enthalpy exists on the liquid curve • If the feed enters the column as saturated vapor, its enthalpy exists on the vapor curve • Latent heat calculations 1. 𝜆 = 𝐻 − ℎ 2. From enthalpy-composition curve Enthalpy x 0.5 𝜆
- 5. Ponchon Savarit method • Calculation steps: 1. OMB F = D + W 2. CMB 𝑭. 𝒙𝒇 = 𝑫. 𝒙𝑫 +𝑾. 𝒙𝒘 Get D & W 3. 𝑸′ = 𝒉𝑫 + 𝟏 + 𝑹 𝝀𝑫 , 𝜆𝐷 = 𝐻𝐷 − ℎ𝐷 Get 𝑸′ 4. 𝒉𝑭 = 𝑪𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒙 ∗ 𝑻𝑭 − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇 , 𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝐶𝑃𝑖 5. Match (xD,Q’) with (xF, hF) to get the overall operating line that ends with (xW, Q”) Get Q” This line is called the overall operating line XF XD XW Q’ Q’’ Q’-hD =(1+R)lD Qr/W
- 6. Ponchon Savarit method • You may get the number of stages using: 1. The enthalpy-composition curve (the difficult method) • For the top section x1 x2 x3 y3 y1 y2 y4 XW XD XF
- 7. Ponchon Savarit method • You may count the number of stages on: 1. The enthalpy-composition curve (the difficult method) • For the bottom section x1 XW XD XF yr y1 x2 y2 x3
- 8. Ponchon Savarit method • You may count the number of stages on: 1. The enthalpy-composition curve (the difficult method) The final shape will be …. x1 XW XD XF yr y1 x2 y2 x3 x1 x2 x3 y3 y1 y2 y4 XD XF
- 9. Ponchon Savarit method • You may count the number of stages on: 1. Using the equilibrium curve (the easy method) XW XD XF R
- 10. Minimum Reflux Ratio • Rmin Determination methods: • There are three methods according to the form of feed: 1. If the feed is saturated liquid: • Overall operating line at the Rmin conditions is got by getting the y in equilibrium with xf XF XD XW hF yF Q’min
- 11. Minimum Reflux Ratio • Rmin Determination methods: 2. If the feed is saturated vapor: • Overall operating line at the Rmin conditions is got by getting the x in equilibrium with yf yF XD XW Q’min
- 12. Minimum Reflux Ratio • Rmin Determination methods: 3. If the feed is superheated or subcooled or in the two phase region: • Overall operating line at the Rmin conditions is got by Trial and error XF XD XW Trial 1 Incorre ct Trial 2 Correct Q’min
- 13. SHEET (4)
- 14. Example (4) 2080 lb/h of an aqueous solution containing 31 mass% ethanol is to be fractionated under pressure of 1 atmosphere to produce a distillate of 88 mass% ethanol and bottom product of 3.5 mass% ethanol. The feed is liquid at 140°F. a. If R=1.25 Rmin, How many theoretical plates are required? b. If total condenser of duty 106 BTU/h is used. How many theoretical plates are required? c. What are the reboiler duties in all cases? Knowing that: 𝐶𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 Btu/Ib.°F 𝐶𝑃𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 0.64 Btu/Ib.°F Values of enthalpy are calculated based on reference temperature of 32 °F
- 15. Example (4) The enthalpy and equilibrium data are given in the following tables: T, °F Weight fraction of Ethanol x y 212 0 0 210.1 0.01 0.103 208.5 0.02 0.192 207 0.03 0.263 204.8 0.04 0.325 197.2 0.1 0.527 189.2 0.187 0.636 184.5 0.3 0.713 181.7 0.4 0.746 179.6 0.5 0.771 177.8 0.6 0.794 176.2 0.7 0.822 174.3 0.8 0.858 173 0.9 0.912 171 1 1 Wt. % of Ethanol hL, BTU/lb Hv, BTU/lb 0 180.1 1158.4 10 159.8 1085 20 144.3 1012.2 30 135 942 40 128 873 50 122.9 804 60 117.5 734 70 111.1 646 80 100 589 90 96.6 526 100 89 457.5
- 16. Solution (4) Givens: F = 2080 Ib/h , 𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 & 𝑇 = 140°𝐹 𝑥𝑓 = 0.31 , 𝑥𝐷 = 0.88 & 𝑥𝑤 = 0.035 Answer: F = D + W D + W = 2080 (1) 𝑭. 𝒙𝒇 = 𝑫. 𝒙𝑫 +𝑾. 𝒙𝒘 2080 ∗ 0.31 = 0.88 𝐷 + 0.035 𝑊 (2) From (1) & (2) D = 676.92 Ib/h W = 1403.08 Ib/h
- 17. Solution (4) a. If R=1.25 Rmin, How many theoretical plates are required? 𝑪𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒙 = 𝒙𝒊 ∗ 𝑪𝑷𝒊 = 0.31* 0.64+(1-0.31)*1 = 0.89 Btu/Ib.°F 𝒉𝑭 = 𝑪𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒙 ∗ 𝑻𝑭 − 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 0.89* (140 – 32) = 96.12 Btu/Ib From Graph: 𝝀F = 800 Btu/Ib hD = 95 Btu/lb hW = 170 Btu/lb 𝝀D = 450 Btu/lb 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 XF XD XW
- 18. Solution (4) a. If R=1.25 Rmin, How many theoretical plates are required? Feed is neither saturated liquid nor saturated vapor so Rmin is got by trial and error. From graph: 𝑸𝒎𝒊𝒏 ′ = 800 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝐼𝑏 𝑸𝒎𝒊𝒏 ′ = 𝒉𝑫 + 𝟏 + 𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝝀𝑫 𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0.556 R = 1.25 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.708 𝑸′ = 𝒉𝑫 + 𝟏 + 𝑹 𝝀𝑫 = 864 Btu/Ib 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 XF XD XW Q’mi n
- 19. Solution (4) b. If total condenser of duty 106 BTU/h is used. How many theoretical plates are required? 𝑸′ = 𝒉𝑫 + 𝑸𝑪 𝑫 = 96.12 + 106 676.92 = 1573.4 Btu/Ib Using hf and Q’ get the overall operating line, then calculate the required theoretical plates c. What are the reboiler duties in all cases? By knowing the flowrate of residue determine Qr