Secrets of parasites' replication unraveled
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This document discusses various topics related to DNA replication and genetic diseases. It describes how origin of replication (ORI) proteins recognize the origin of replication site to initiate DNA duplication. It also discusses alternative treatments for diseases caused by parasites like Trypanosoma brucei that cause sleeping sickness. Finally, it mentions how understanding genetic causes of diseases like Meier-Gorlin syndrome could allow for preventative genetic therapies in the future.
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extra-chromosomal-inheritance[1].pptx.pdfpdf
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Novel Compound to Halt Virus replication Identified AND Spasticity Gene Findi...
Novel Compound to Halt Virus replication Identified AND Spasticity Gene Findi...Nora Piedad Velasquez
1) A team of scientists identified a novel compound that inhibits viruses from replicating, which could lead to new drugs to block poxviruses like monkeypox.
2) Mutations in the reticulon 2 gene were found to cause a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum shaping and causing axon degeneration.
3) Identifying the specific location of genetic mutations, such as deletions in chromosomes, allows for a better understanding of disease incidence and development, aiding in potential prevention and treatment.4.4 genetic engineering & biotechnology
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA without bacteria. In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move in an electric field and are separated by size, and this technique is used in DNA profiling to determine paternity or for forensic investigations. Genetic engineering techniques like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and DNA profiling have various applications and social implications.
Lecture7,8
Pharmacogenetics refers to how genetic differences affect individuals' responses to drugs. It influences different metabolic pathways and is responsible for over 106,000 deaths annually in the US. Certain genetic mutations can determine how effectively drugs are processed in the body. Microarrays are DNA chips that allow researchers to analyze large numbers of genes simultaneously, helping to identify genetic factors influencing drug responses and diseases.
DNA REPLICATION
The document summarizes two scientific articles from ScienceDaily about recent discoveries related to cell division and DNA replication that could provide new insights into cancer. The first article discusses a discovery of a protein complex called Ska that helps anchor DNA and distribute it correctly as cells divide. Understanding this complex could help develop new anti-cancer drugs. The second article describes an international study that improves ability to predict hereditary cancer risk by better classifying genetic variants associated with Lynch syndrome. This allows more accurate genetic counseling and preventive measures for at-risk families.
Unveiling the Miracle of Life.pdf
DNA replication, the fundamental process that underpins the perpetuation of life, serves as the cornerstone of biological inheritance and the continuity of genetic information across generations. In this blog post, we embark on an illuminating journey through the intricate world of DNA replication, unraveling its mechanisms, significance, and the profound implications it holds for the perpetuation of life and the diversity of living organisms.
Presentación del plegable
The document discusses the importance of DNA replication for life and medicine. DNA replication is essential for cell division and is targeted by chemotherapy drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells. Understanding DNA replication better through research could help develop preventative treatments for diseases and improve medical knowledge.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is the process of inserting therapeutic genes into cells to prevent or cure wide range of diseases. The newly introduced genes will encode proteins and correct the deficiencies that occur in genetic diseases. Gene therapy primarily involves genetic manipulations in animals or humans to correct a disease, and keep organism in good health. It is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease and development.
Dna Repair Mechanisms
DNA repair mechanisms are indispensable for cell maintenance. The most common repair mechanisms are base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER). Deficiencies in repair can lead to diseases like cancer or myelodysplastic syndrome. Studies have found that some viruses like murine polyomavirus activate DNA damage repair proteins like ATR and MRE11 to promote viral replication. Understanding DNA repair is important for developing new treatments for diseases linked to repair deficiencies and viral infections.
Gene therapy
Gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene to replace an abnormal gene that causes a genetic disease. It can replace or inactivate mutated genes, or introduce new genes to fight disease. Common applications include treating cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, cancer, and HIV. Viral vectors like retroviruses and adenoviruses are often used to deliver genes, but they can cause immune reactions. Non-viral methods like nanoparticles, electroporation, and ultrasound show promise for safer gene delivery. Overall, gene therapy holds potential for treating many currently incurable genetic disorders and diseases.
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Secrets of parasites' replication unraveled
- 1. Carolina Jaramillo Mesa Medical student UPB ID: 00012039 Molecular biology August 6 2012
- 5. Recognition of ORI (Origin of replication) Mutation Helicase DNA unroll DNA polymerase DNA replicate Reparation of DNA Conservation and transmition of the DNA
- 7. Trypanosoma brucei it’s a parasite type kinetoplastia, wich have the mtDNA encapsulated in the mithocondrion with many copies of the mitochondrial genome. This parasite cause African sleeping sickness. Taken from: http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/about- microbiology/introducing-microbes/protozoa
- 8. Taken from: http://www.parasitemuseum.com/trypanosome/ DNA Copy the Daughter DNA circles cells polymerase information
- 9. Relationship with replicating kDNA DNA polymerase ID molecules Experiment Localization of DNA Inmunofluorescence polymerase ID
- 10. This parasites cant be eradicate with antibiotics by the complex mitochondrial genome and the only way to kill them is using toxics. This research proposed a alternative treatments more effectivs and less agresives.
- 12. Meier-Gorlin syndrome : it is characterized for severe growth defects, skeletal abnormalities and small brain size. Taken from http://abbottgenetics.wordpress.com/2009/03/09/ why-the-littlest-angel-was-so-little-by-bryan-cooke/
- 13. ORC recognize the ORI to start the DNA replication and coordinate that the genetic material duplicate just once. Also ensure the correct duplication of the genetic material through centrosome. Taken from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/dna-replication-current- advances/the-silencing-face-of-dna-replication-gene-repression-mediated-by- dna-replication-factors
- 14. pre-RC Regulation of DNA the recognize the replicaction ORI centrosome alteration of the Orc1-encoding Reduplication of cell cycle and gene is mutated the centrosome cell signaling
- 15. Knowing the causes of the disease allow us treat this mutation before its expression, through genetic therapy with the objective to prevent the damage and in a future decrease the number of kids with Meier Gorlin syndrome. Taken from: http://www.fedaes.es/FOLLFA/B14-TERA.htm
- 17. This research expose us alternative treatments to diseases as complicated as those caused by parasites, African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis and understand the cellular processes that take place in these diseases.
- 18. The genetic diseases have increased with the pass of the years, they are misunderstood because the cause of them are unknown in the most part of cases and the treatment are very limited, so as a doctors is very important inform about this diseases and exposed our patients the alternatives treatments and the explain them all about this diseases. Taken from: http://www.sitiosespana.com/notas/2010/mayo/oligof renia.htm
- 19. MARTINEZ, Lina; Biologia molecular, Vol 6. ed. UPB, 2011. Paginas 74-81. Secrets of Parasites' Replication Unraveled; Sciencedaily; july 9 2012; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012 /07/120710141940.htm Protein Involved in DNA Replication, Centrosome Regulation Linked to Dwarfism, Small Brain Size; Sciencedaily; July 31 2012; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012 /07/120731200628.htm