The document provides details about several famous battleships:
- The Bismarck, a German battleship that engaged in a battle with British battleships Hood and Prince of Wales in 1941, sinking Hood.
- The Mary Rose, a Tudor navy battleship that sank in the Solent Strait off the coast of England in 1545 during an engagement with the French due to being top heavy and unstable. Over 400 lives were lost.
- USS Nimitz, a US nuclear-powered aircraft carrier that has served in the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Sidra incident, the Iran hostage crisis, and Operation Desert Storm since being commissioned in 1975. It has undergone multiple deployments and renovations.
Sea power session 4-glorious revolution and beachy head for pdfJim Powers
The Second Hundred Years War begins as the Glorious Revolution aligns England and the Netherlands against Louis xiv under the same monarch William iii of Orange. Revised version
The document summarizes the extensive preparations by the Allied forces for the D-Day landings in Normandy in June 1944. It describes how the Allies chose Normandy as the target location and began training and assembling troops and equipment as early as 1942. Over 7,000 ships were gathered to transport soldiers, weapons, and supplies across the English Channel. Troops underwent special beach landing training, while the Allies worked to conceal the true target location from the Germans. On June 6, 1944, after bombing campaigns softened German defenses, the massive amphibious invasion began across five beaches in Normandy, marking a major turning point in the war.
The document provides an overview of battles throughout human history, including definitions, characteristics, factors, types, and naming conventions. It discusses how battles have evolved from disorganized mobs to highly disciplined lines of troops in different eras. Key points include:
- A battle is a conflict between two opposing armed forces seeking to achieve military objectives. It is a component of larger military campaigns and wars.
- Factors that influence battle outcomes include the number and quality of troops, weapons/armor, terrain, leadership, and discipline.
- There are different types of battles including encounters, attrition, breakthroughs, encirclements, and annihilations.
- Battles have been fought on land, sea
The Allied invasion of Normandy, known as Operation Overlord, began on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) with the largest amphibious invasion in history. More than 160,000 troops from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free France landed along a 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast of northern France. The invasion was commanded by American General Dwight Eisenhower and British General Bernard Montgomery. It resulted in a resounding Allied victory, securing the beachhead and beginning the liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control.
The Allied invasion of Normandy began on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) when 45,000 Allied troops landed on beaches near Bayeux, France. The invasion was necessary for the Allies to invade mainland Europe after Germany occupied much of Western Europe. Despite heavy casualties especially at Omaha Beach, Allied forces were able to establish a foothold in Normandy through strong leadership and eventually liberated Paris. Over 100,000 men lost their lives in the Battle of Normandy before the Germans were defeated.
The Normandy landings, also known as D-Day, involved the largest amphibious invasion in history where Allied forces stormed five beaches along the coast of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944 to liberate France from German occupation. Over 150,000 Allied troops were landed by sea and air in a complex operation that involved naval bombardments, airborne assaults, and infantry divisions storming the beaches despite heavy fortifications and casualties on Omaha beach. The landings were a turning point that helped the Allies defeat Germany the following year and end World War 2 in Europe.
The document provides details about several famous battleships:
- The Bismarck, a German battleship that engaged in a battle with British battleships Hood and Prince of Wales in 1941, sinking Hood.
- The Mary Rose, a Tudor navy battleship that sank in the Solent Strait off the coast of England in 1545 during an engagement with the French due to being top heavy and unstable. Over 400 lives were lost.
- USS Nimitz, a US nuclear-powered aircraft carrier that has served in the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Sidra incident, the Iran hostage crisis, and Operation Desert Storm since being commissioned in 1975. It has undergone multiple deployments and renovations.
Sea power session 4-glorious revolution and beachy head for pdfJim Powers
The Second Hundred Years War begins as the Glorious Revolution aligns England and the Netherlands against Louis xiv under the same monarch William iii of Orange. Revised version
The document summarizes the extensive preparations by the Allied forces for the D-Day landings in Normandy in June 1944. It describes how the Allies chose Normandy as the target location and began training and assembling troops and equipment as early as 1942. Over 7,000 ships were gathered to transport soldiers, weapons, and supplies across the English Channel. Troops underwent special beach landing training, while the Allies worked to conceal the true target location from the Germans. On June 6, 1944, after bombing campaigns softened German defenses, the massive amphibious invasion began across five beaches in Normandy, marking a major turning point in the war.
The document provides an overview of battles throughout human history, including definitions, characteristics, factors, types, and naming conventions. It discusses how battles have evolved from disorganized mobs to highly disciplined lines of troops in different eras. Key points include:
- A battle is a conflict between two opposing armed forces seeking to achieve military objectives. It is a component of larger military campaigns and wars.
- Factors that influence battle outcomes include the number and quality of troops, weapons/armor, terrain, leadership, and discipline.
- There are different types of battles including encounters, attrition, breakthroughs, encirclements, and annihilations.
- Battles have been fought on land, sea
The Allied invasion of Normandy, known as Operation Overlord, began on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) with the largest amphibious invasion in history. More than 160,000 troops from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Free France landed along a 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast of northern France. The invasion was commanded by American General Dwight Eisenhower and British General Bernard Montgomery. It resulted in a resounding Allied victory, securing the beachhead and beginning the liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control.
The Allied invasion of Normandy began on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) when 45,000 Allied troops landed on beaches near Bayeux, France. The invasion was necessary for the Allies to invade mainland Europe after Germany occupied much of Western Europe. Despite heavy casualties especially at Omaha Beach, Allied forces were able to establish a foothold in Normandy through strong leadership and eventually liberated Paris. Over 100,000 men lost their lives in the Battle of Normandy before the Germans were defeated.
The Normandy landings, also known as D-Day, involved the largest amphibious invasion in history where Allied forces stormed five beaches along the coast of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944 to liberate France from German occupation. Over 150,000 Allied troops were landed by sea and air in a complex operation that involved naval bombardments, airborne assaults, and infantry divisions storming the beaches despite heavy fortifications and casualties on Omaha beach. The landings were a turning point that helped the Allies defeat Germany the following year and end World War 2 in Europe.
The 177 men of the Kieffer commandos were the only French troops to participate in the D-Day landings. The Third Reich had built extensive fortifications along the Atlantic Wall from Spain to Norway. Allied forces gathered troops, weapons, and ships in England before launching the invasion, which involved paratroopers dropping behind enemy lines and amphibious landings across five beaches in Normandy: Sword, Juno, Gold, Omaha, and Utah. Artificial harbors were constructed at St. Laurent-sur-Mer and Arromanches to supply the invasion forces after they established a foothold in Normandy.
Teaching Bible and History half-time, creating during the other half, and during the "third half" studying history and the Bible. Hi! My name is Pete. I am really into my project of creating sound-less PowerPoint presentations of US History, intended for the classroom teacher, the parents of home-schoolers, or the historically obsessed. It takes time to create the lessons, but it’s fun for this old retired teache. I find that narrations are too difficult to fit my lessons. The teacher or viewer should control the speed of the video, stopping/pausing where necessary to amplify, correct, discuss, or criticize. There will be a huge set of lessons on World War II events in depth. There will be a huge set of lessons on the Bible. I trust you will enjoy the lessons as much as I did creating them. Q and A are inserted throughout for fun or annoyance, hopefully for teaching moments and discussions. Should be great for the high school classroom or the home-schoolers. But, I like reading/viewing my own stuff, I think it’s good, I learn….or recall more history with every viewing. Watch for the battles like the first, Island Hopping-the war in the Pacific (WWII).
The document summarizes planning for the D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. It describes how Allied forces were concerned about heavy casualties due to the strength of German defenses. The invasion involved elaborate planning including rehearsals and deception tactics. On D-Day, thousands of Allied troops landed along the Normandy coast after airborne units were dropped behind enemy lines and bombers softened up German positions, although the airborne landings encountered difficulties. The massive amphibious invasion was the largest such operation in history.
This one has a personal connection for me. I wrote my MA thesis on one of the key players. I took our younger son, Bob, to see the site and the Allied cemetery. All the futility and sadness of WW I is brought to sharp focus in this story.
D-Day on June 6, 1944 was the largest seaborne invasion in history and a turning point in World War II. Over 150,000 Allied troops landed across five beaches in Normandy, France in an effort to liberate Europe from German occupation. It marked the beginning of months of intense fighting as the Allies pushed into France and eventually Germany itself. While the invasion resulted in over 425,000 casualties on both sides, it succeeded in establishing a strong foothold for the Allies in continental Europe.
Peter h. oppenheimer from the spanish civil war to the fall of france - luft...RareBooksnRecords
The document discusses lessons learned by the German Luftwaffe from its Condor Legion's involvement in the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. Key lessons included the development of new fighter formations like the Rotte and Schwarm tactics, the difficulty of accurate bombing, the importance of close coordination between air and ground forces for effective ground support, and the need for improved navigational aids for night and poor weather bombing. While providing invaluable training, some lessons were interpreted erroneously by the Luftwaffe, but overall the experience in Spain established foundations that Germany drew on at the start of World War II.
In this briefing, we take a look at the B-17 before and during World War II. The briefing has been prepared for a ceremony in the Summer of 2013 for a bomber crew shot down over France on July 4, 1943
The document provides an overview of the mission and strategies of US Navy ships. It discusses the three key elements of US national military strategy: peacetime engagement, deterrence and conflict prevention, and fighting and winning wars. Navy ships carry out peacetime engagement by deploying globally to promote stability. Deterrence involves placing combat power in strategic locations to discourage aggression. Navy ships must always maintain readiness to fight and win wars. The document also reviews ship terminology and structural components to familiarize the reader with Navy ship operations and design.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and including D-Day on June 6, 1944. It discusses how the Allies gained control of Italy and the plans for Operation Overlord to launch the invasion of German-occupied northwest Europe from the UK. It describes the extensive Atlantic Wall fortifications built by Germany along the French coast and the criteria for selecting the Normandy beaches as the landing site for the largest amphibious invasion in history.
On June 6, 1944, over 160,000 Allied troops stormed five beaches along the Normandy coastline in Nazi-occupied northern France, marking the largest seaborne invasion in history. Codenamed Operation Overlord, the D-Day invasion involved airborne drops and naval bombardments to support the infantry soldiers landing on the heavily fortified beaches, where over 9,000 Allied troops were killed or wounded that day. However, the invasion succeeded in gaining a foothold for the Allies in continental Europe and helped turn the tide of World War II against Nazi Germany.
In 1916, the last great line battle of the First World War. Now the naval war will concentrate on Britain's vital shipping and the U-boat war against it.
Decisive changes in weapons, technology and warfare World War I and World W...Nombre Apellidos
Presentation aiming to understand all decisive changes in warfare technology, that happened between World War I (1914 - 1918) and World War II (1939 - 1945), analyzing its historical impact and relevance.
This document discusses military tactics and strategies from ancient to modern times. It covers 35 tactics/strategies from figures such as Sun Tzu, Hannibal, Napoleon, and others. It describes key tactics like blitzkrieg, ambush, and fortifications. The document also references 5 sources and includes links to 3 animated videos demonstrating changes in military approaches over the years.
On June 6, 1944, over 160,000 Allied troops stormed five beaches along the coast of Normandy, France, known as D-Day, launching the largest seaborne invasion in history. The objective was to secure the coastline and mobilize troops to liberate France from German control. Despite heavy casualties especially at Omaha Beach, the Allies were able to establish a foothold in Normandy by day's end. While the cost was high with over 9,000 troops killed or wounded, over 100,000 soldiers began advancing across Europe to defeat Nazi Germany. D-Day marked a major turning point in World War 2 towards Allied victory.
The Normandy Invasion was a massive military operation launched on June 6, 1944 by Allied forces. Over 5,000 ships and 11,000 planes were involved in transporting over 150,000 troops across the English Channel to five beaches in Normandy, France. It faced heavy German resistance from fortified defensive positions along the coast. While the invasion resulted in over 9,000 casualties on D-Day alone, it succeeded in securing a beachhead in Normandy and marked a major turning point in World War 2, ultimately leading to the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany.
The last presentation for this part of the USN's rise to the leading maritime power. The period 1919-1945 was treated earlier in the posts titled USN in WW II. Next I plan to take the story from 1945.
The document outlines the U.S. military structure and chain of command. It begins with the Constitution giving Congress power over the military and the President as Commander-in-Chief. It then details the roles of key officials like the Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, service secretaries, and commanders. It also covers the missions and organization of the different military branches and how naval fleets, units, and shore establishments are structured and work together to defend the nation.
The document provides a summary of the Royal Australian Navy's activities over 5 years of fighting in World War 2 on every ocean. It details how the RAN fleet was mobilized after war was declared and began operations including hunting German raiders in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean. As the war progressed, RAN ships saw extensive action in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and against Italy. After Japan entered the war, RAN ships fought in battles off Singapore, the Java Sea, and in defending Australia from Japanese attack. Throughout the war, RAN ships and sailors displayed great bravery and played a vital role in Allied operations across multiple theaters of war.
The 7th U-boat Flotilla was formed in Kiel, Germany in 1938 to operate the newest Type VIlB U-boats. It was named after World War I U-boat commander Bernd Wegener. After Germany's defeat in WWI, the navy was limited in size but German naval experts secretly continued developing new U-boat designs and prototypes were built with foreign assistance. Adolf Hitler came to power in the 1930s and sought to undo restrictions from the Treaty of Versailles. An Anglo-German agreement in 1935 allowed Germany to build U-boats again. The 7th Flotilla's Type VIlB boats represented the fruition of Germany's two decades of clandestine naval rearmament following
Marlabs’ solutions and services help retailers leverage data to make decisions that can help improve customer experience, operational efficiency and reduce costs. Our customizable solutions—IT and infrastructure, portal development and other Web based solutions, data warehouse enhancement, and automated inventory management—provide operational efficiency, productivity and cost savings.
The document discusses an innovative leadership course that aims to develop leaders, transform organizations, and create sustainability through a field-tested approach. It focuses on defining innovative leadership, assessing participants' leadership styles and skills, and providing tools to build awareness, resilience, and behaviors needed for effective leadership alignment within organizations. The goal is to evolve traditional leadership approaches for increasingly complex modern contexts.
The 177 men of the Kieffer commandos were the only French troops to participate in the D-Day landings. The Third Reich had built extensive fortifications along the Atlantic Wall from Spain to Norway. Allied forces gathered troops, weapons, and ships in England before launching the invasion, which involved paratroopers dropping behind enemy lines and amphibious landings across five beaches in Normandy: Sword, Juno, Gold, Omaha, and Utah. Artificial harbors were constructed at St. Laurent-sur-Mer and Arromanches to supply the invasion forces after they established a foothold in Normandy.
Teaching Bible and History half-time, creating during the other half, and during the "third half" studying history and the Bible. Hi! My name is Pete. I am really into my project of creating sound-less PowerPoint presentations of US History, intended for the classroom teacher, the parents of home-schoolers, or the historically obsessed. It takes time to create the lessons, but it’s fun for this old retired teache. I find that narrations are too difficult to fit my lessons. The teacher or viewer should control the speed of the video, stopping/pausing where necessary to amplify, correct, discuss, or criticize. There will be a huge set of lessons on World War II events in depth. There will be a huge set of lessons on the Bible. I trust you will enjoy the lessons as much as I did creating them. Q and A are inserted throughout for fun or annoyance, hopefully for teaching moments and discussions. Should be great for the high school classroom or the home-schoolers. But, I like reading/viewing my own stuff, I think it’s good, I learn….or recall more history with every viewing. Watch for the battles like the first, Island Hopping-the war in the Pacific (WWII).
The document summarizes planning for the D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. It describes how Allied forces were concerned about heavy casualties due to the strength of German defenses. The invasion involved elaborate planning including rehearsals and deception tactics. On D-Day, thousands of Allied troops landed along the Normandy coast after airborne units were dropped behind enemy lines and bombers softened up German positions, although the airborne landings encountered difficulties. The massive amphibious invasion was the largest such operation in history.
This one has a personal connection for me. I wrote my MA thesis on one of the key players. I took our younger son, Bob, to see the site and the Allied cemetery. All the futility and sadness of WW I is brought to sharp focus in this story.
D-Day on June 6, 1944 was the largest seaborne invasion in history and a turning point in World War II. Over 150,000 Allied troops landed across five beaches in Normandy, France in an effort to liberate Europe from German occupation. It marked the beginning of months of intense fighting as the Allies pushed into France and eventually Germany itself. While the invasion resulted in over 425,000 casualties on both sides, it succeeded in establishing a strong foothold for the Allies in continental Europe.
Peter h. oppenheimer from the spanish civil war to the fall of france - luft...RareBooksnRecords
The document discusses lessons learned by the German Luftwaffe from its Condor Legion's involvement in the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939. Key lessons included the development of new fighter formations like the Rotte and Schwarm tactics, the difficulty of accurate bombing, the importance of close coordination between air and ground forces for effective ground support, and the need for improved navigational aids for night and poor weather bombing. While providing invaluable training, some lessons were interpreted erroneously by the Luftwaffe, but overall the experience in Spain established foundations that Germany drew on at the start of World War II.
In this briefing, we take a look at the B-17 before and during World War II. The briefing has been prepared for a ceremony in the Summer of 2013 for a bomber crew shot down over France on July 4, 1943
The document provides an overview of the mission and strategies of US Navy ships. It discusses the three key elements of US national military strategy: peacetime engagement, deterrence and conflict prevention, and fighting and winning wars. Navy ships carry out peacetime engagement by deploying globally to promote stability. Deterrence involves placing combat power in strategic locations to discourage aggression. Navy ships must always maintain readiness to fight and win wars. The document also reviews ship terminology and structural components to familiarize the reader with Navy ship operations and design.
The document summarizes key events leading up to and including D-Day on June 6, 1944. It discusses how the Allies gained control of Italy and the plans for Operation Overlord to launch the invasion of German-occupied northwest Europe from the UK. It describes the extensive Atlantic Wall fortifications built by Germany along the French coast and the criteria for selecting the Normandy beaches as the landing site for the largest amphibious invasion in history.
On June 6, 1944, over 160,000 Allied troops stormed five beaches along the Normandy coastline in Nazi-occupied northern France, marking the largest seaborne invasion in history. Codenamed Operation Overlord, the D-Day invasion involved airborne drops and naval bombardments to support the infantry soldiers landing on the heavily fortified beaches, where over 9,000 Allied troops were killed or wounded that day. However, the invasion succeeded in gaining a foothold for the Allies in continental Europe and helped turn the tide of World War II against Nazi Germany.
In 1916, the last great line battle of the First World War. Now the naval war will concentrate on Britain's vital shipping and the U-boat war against it.
Decisive changes in weapons, technology and warfare World War I and World W...Nombre Apellidos
Presentation aiming to understand all decisive changes in warfare technology, that happened between World War I (1914 - 1918) and World War II (1939 - 1945), analyzing its historical impact and relevance.
This document discusses military tactics and strategies from ancient to modern times. It covers 35 tactics/strategies from figures such as Sun Tzu, Hannibal, Napoleon, and others. It describes key tactics like blitzkrieg, ambush, and fortifications. The document also references 5 sources and includes links to 3 animated videos demonstrating changes in military approaches over the years.
On June 6, 1944, over 160,000 Allied troops stormed five beaches along the coast of Normandy, France, known as D-Day, launching the largest seaborne invasion in history. The objective was to secure the coastline and mobilize troops to liberate France from German control. Despite heavy casualties especially at Omaha Beach, the Allies were able to establish a foothold in Normandy by day's end. While the cost was high with over 9,000 troops killed or wounded, over 100,000 soldiers began advancing across Europe to defeat Nazi Germany. D-Day marked a major turning point in World War 2 towards Allied victory.
The Normandy Invasion was a massive military operation launched on June 6, 1944 by Allied forces. Over 5,000 ships and 11,000 planes were involved in transporting over 150,000 troops across the English Channel to five beaches in Normandy, France. It faced heavy German resistance from fortified defensive positions along the coast. While the invasion resulted in over 9,000 casualties on D-Day alone, it succeeded in securing a beachhead in Normandy and marked a major turning point in World War 2, ultimately leading to the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany.
The last presentation for this part of the USN's rise to the leading maritime power. The period 1919-1945 was treated earlier in the posts titled USN in WW II. Next I plan to take the story from 1945.
The document outlines the U.S. military structure and chain of command. It begins with the Constitution giving Congress power over the military and the President as Commander-in-Chief. It then details the roles of key officials like the Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, service secretaries, and commanders. It also covers the missions and organization of the different military branches and how naval fleets, units, and shore establishments are structured and work together to defend the nation.
The document provides a summary of the Royal Australian Navy's activities over 5 years of fighting in World War 2 on every ocean. It details how the RAN fleet was mobilized after war was declared and began operations including hunting German raiders in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean. As the war progressed, RAN ships saw extensive action in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and against Italy. After Japan entered the war, RAN ships fought in battles off Singapore, the Java Sea, and in defending Australia from Japanese attack. Throughout the war, RAN ships and sailors displayed great bravery and played a vital role in Allied operations across multiple theaters of war.
The 7th U-boat Flotilla was formed in Kiel, Germany in 1938 to operate the newest Type VIlB U-boats. It was named after World War I U-boat commander Bernd Wegener. After Germany's defeat in WWI, the navy was limited in size but German naval experts secretly continued developing new U-boat designs and prototypes were built with foreign assistance. Adolf Hitler came to power in the 1930s and sought to undo restrictions from the Treaty of Versailles. An Anglo-German agreement in 1935 allowed Germany to build U-boats again. The 7th Flotilla's Type VIlB boats represented the fruition of Germany's two decades of clandestine naval rearmament following
Marlabs’ solutions and services help retailers leverage data to make decisions that can help improve customer experience, operational efficiency and reduce costs. Our customizable solutions—IT and infrastructure, portal development and other Web based solutions, data warehouse enhancement, and automated inventory management—provide operational efficiency, productivity and cost savings.
The document discusses an innovative leadership course that aims to develop leaders, transform organizations, and create sustainability through a field-tested approach. It focuses on defining innovative leadership, assessing participants' leadership styles and skills, and providing tools to build awareness, resilience, and behaviors needed for effective leadership alignment within organizations. The goal is to evolve traditional leadership approaches for increasingly complex modern contexts.
Mamo pracuj w NOKII! Małgorzata Czaplińska o tym dlaczego wartomamopracuj
W trakcie spotkania #MamoPracuj w IT we Wrocławiu Małgorzata Czaplińska opowiadała dlaczego praca w IT jest ciekawa, ba nawet idealna dla kobiet a szczególnie mam ;-)
The document outlines six key elements of an effective detective story: 1) The detective must have unique traits to stand out. 2) The crime, such as murder or theft, must be serious enough to warrant investigation. 3) The criminal must be as clever as the detective to challenge them. 4) All suspects, including the criminal, must be introduced early. 5) All clues discovered must also be available to the reader. 6) When explained, the solution must seem logical and obvious based on the clues and fit together like a puzzle.
Remote monitoring: Direction for ResearchMarc Lange
Remote monitoring will happen! Integrating ICT in health care is about progress and who can stop the progress?
Also, patients are about to demand for it. Have in mind their current interest for mHealth and note that in a large number of trials, the feedback received from patients and their carer is positive: they feel more secure when receiving feedback on the data they sent remotely and if attention has been paid to educate them in interpreting the data they are sending, they can become a full partner of the care team!
Finally, remote monitoring services – combined with self-care – offer strategic opportunities to modernise health care systems by enabling them to become more proactive, better empower patients and citizens and, in the end, use health care resources more efficiently.
To identify future directions for research, this lecture will consider remote monitoring from three viewpoints: what evidence is still needed, how best to support decision making in favour of doing remote monitoring, and how best to support the deployment of remote monitoring in routine care. Results and lessons learned from two European Commission co-financed projects, Renewing Health and United4Health , will be used to illustrate the messages.
The Navy's role in the Civil War concluded. The last major ports of the Confederacy are closed. The war in the East ends as the South is ruined economically.
Big Data Expo 2015 - Hortonworks Common Hadoop Use CasesBigDataExpo
When evaluating Apache Hadoop organizations often identifiy dozens of use cases for Hadoop but wonder where do you start? With hundreds of customer implementations of the platform we have seen that successful organizations start small in scale and small in scope. Join us in this session as we review common deployment patterns and successful implementations that will help guide you on your journey of cost optimization and new analytics with Hadoop.
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle, which describes the continuous movement and storage of water between the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, soils and land. Water is evaporated from oceans and land surfaces, transported by winds, condensed into rain or snow clouds, and precipitated back onto the Earth where it collects in streams, rivers and lakes before returning to the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is powered by solar energy and influences climate patterns and variability across different timescales. It is an important process linking the water, energy and carbon cycles.
This document discusses strategies for scaling HBase to support millions of regions. It describes Yahoo's experience managing clusters with over 100,000 regions. Large regions can cause problems with tasks distribution, I/O contention during compaction, and scan timeouts. The document recommends keeping regions small and explores enhancements made in HBase to support very large region counts like splitting the meta region across servers and using hierarchical region directories to reduce load on the namenode. Performance tests show these changes improved the time to assign millions of regions.
Web Content Management - Services OverviewGokul Alex
WCM is a set of tools and technologies designed to manage the web content lifecycle from authoring to publication. It provides features like templates, access control, scalability, easy editing of content, and workflow management to facilitate efficient production of webpages. There are different types of WCM platforms that can generate pages offline before publication, online on demand, or use a hybrid approach. A WCM reference architecture includes the lifecycle from content creation to delivery across channels.
Use of Jira Confluence as Project Management ToolJipin Nakarmi
This document provides an overview of the Jira and Confluence tools. It describes Jira as a customizable issue tracking system that can be used to manage projects, bugs, and software development. Confluence is described as an enterprise wiki for collaboration and knowledge sharing. The document outlines some of the key features of Jira, including workflows, dashboards, and the GreenHopper agile plugin. It also lists some potential uses for Confluence, like requirements gathering. Finally, it discusses benefits like more maintainable code, early bug detection, and better estimating through the use of these tools.
Admiral Nelson and the Battle of TrafalgarPeter Hammond
The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 was a decisive British naval victory over the combined French and Spanish fleets. Lord Nelson employed innovative tactics by breaking the enemy line and raking their ships with devastating broadsides from British ships manned by highly trained crews. Despite being outnumbered, the Royal Navy prevailed due to superior seamanship and gunnery. Nelson was fatally wounded during the battle but the decisive defeat ended Napoleon's plans to invade Britain and established British naval supremacy for the rest of the 19th century.
We Shall Fight on the Beaches June 4, 1940House of C.docxcelenarouzie
We Shall Fight on the Beaches
June 4, 1940
House of Commons
The position of the B. E.F had now become critical As a result of a most skillfully conducted retreat and German errors, the bulk of the British Forces reached the Dunkirk bridgehead. The peril facing the British nation was now suddenly and universally perceived. On May 26, "Operation Dynamo "--the evacuation from Dunkirk began. The seas remained absolutely calm. The Royal Air Force--bitterly maligned at the time by the Army--fought vehemently to deny the enemy the total air supremacy which would have wrecked the operation. At the outset, it was hoped that 45,000 men might be evacuated; in the event, over 338,000 Allied troops reached England, including 26,000 French soldiers. On June 4, Churchill reported to the House of Commons, seeking to check the mood of national euphoria and relief at the unexpected deliverance, and to make a clear appeal to the United States.
From the moment that the French defenses at Sedan and on the Meuse were broken at the end of the second week of May, only a rapid retreat to Amiens and the south could have saved the British and French Armies who had entered Belgium at the appeal of the Belgian King; but this strategic fact was not immediately realized. The French High Command hoped they would be able to close the gap, and the Armies of the north were under their orders. Moreover, a retirement of this kind would have involved almost certainly the destruction of the fine Belgian Army of over 20 divisions and the abandonment of the whole of Belgium. Therefore, when the force and scope of the German penetration were realized and when a new French Generalissimo, General Weygand, assumed command in place of General Gamelin, an effort was made by the French and British Armies in Belgium to keep on holding the right hand of the Belgians and to give their own right hand to a newly created French Army which was to have advanced across the Somme in great strength to grasp it.
However, the German eruption swept like a sharp scythe around the right and rear of the Armies of the north. Eight or nine armored divisions, each of about four hundred armored vehicles of different kinds, but carefully assorted to be complementary and divisible into small self-contained units, cut off all communications between us and the main French Armies. It severed our own communications for food and ammunition, which ran first to Amiens and afterwards through Abbeville, and it shore its way up the coast to Boulogne and Calais, and almost to Dunkirk. Behind this armored and mechanized onslaught came a number of German divisions in lorries, and behind them again there plodded comparatively slowly the dull brute mass of the ordinary German Army and German people, always so ready to be led to the trampling down in other lands of liberties and comforts which they have never known in their own.
I have said this armored scythe-stroke almost reached Dunkirk-almost but not quite. Boulogne a.
The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 was a decisive British naval victory over the combined French and Spanish fleets. Lord Nelson employed innovative tactics by breaking the enemy line of battle and raking their ships with devastating broadsides from his own ships. Despite being outnumbered, Nelson's well-trained crews defeated the enemy, securing British naval supremacy for the rest of the century. This victory prevented Napoleon's planned invasion of Britain and allowed British trade to flourish globally, establishing Britain as an economic superpower.
USN in WW II, session vi, The Allied Offensive Against North AfricaJim Powers
The three part amphibious attack on Vichy French North Africa. America's first projection of land power in the Atlantic. Using doctrine developed by the USN and USMC in the '30s, we still had many lessons to learn as we prepared for the Big One, 6 Jun 44.
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the MedJim Powers
In many ways this battle is the turning point in the European Theater. The story is a real cliffhanger. I also use the visual material in my Annapolis textbook to demonstrate the interpretation of charts and graphs.
The document discusses the French capture of Minorca during the Seven Years' War. It describes how the French assembled ships and troops at Toulon to launch a diversionary attack on Minorca that became their main operation. The French landed on Minorca in mid-April 1756 and drove the British garrison into the fort at Port Mahon. The British sent Admiral Byng with ships to relieve Minorca, but his instructions were complicated by other potential contingencies. The French were ultimately able to take control of Minorca from the British.
The Anglo-French struggle for empire continues. The last of Louis xiv's wars of aggression. Marlborough and Prince Eugene on land and the Royal Navy at sea bring France to the peace table. Revised
1 Winston Churchill (1874-1965) Speech 4 June 1940,.docxcroftsshanon
1
Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
Speech 4 June 1940, House of Commons
From the moment that the French defenses at Sedan and on the Meuse were broken at the end of
the second week of May, only a rapid retreat to Amiens and the south could have saved the British
and French Armies who had entered Belgium at the appeal of the Belgian King; but this strategic
fact was not immediately realized. …
However, the German eruption swept like a sharp scythe around the right and rear of the Armies
of the north. Eight or nine armored divisions, each of about four hundred armored vehicles of
different kinds, but carefully assorted to be complementary and divisible into small self-contained
units, cut off all communications between us and the main French Armies. It severed our own
communications for food and ammunition, which ran first to Amiens and afterwards through
Abbeville, and it shore its way up the coast to Boulogne and Calais, and almost to Dunkirk. Behind
this armored and mechanized onslaught came a number of German divisions in lorries, and behind
them again there plodded comparatively slowly the dull brute mass of the ordinary German Army
and German people, always so ready to be led to the trampling down in other lands of liberties and
comforts which they have never known in their own.
…Thus it was that the port of Dunkirk was kept open. When it was found impossible for the Armies
of the north to reopen their communications to Amiens with the main French Armies, only one
choice remained. It seemed, indeed, forlorn. The Belgian, British and French Armies were almost
surrounded. Their sole line of retreat was to a single port and to its neighboring beaches. They
were pressed on every side by heavy attacks and far outnumbered in the air.
….The enemy attacked on all sides with great strength and fierceness, and their main power, the
power of their far more numerous Air Force, was thrown into the battle or else concentrated upon
Dunkirk and the beaches. Pressing in upon the narrow exit, both from the east and from the west,
the enemy began to fire with cannon upon the beaches by which alone the shipping could approach
or depart. They sowed magnetic mines in the channels and seas; they sent repeated waves of hostile
aircraft, sometimes more than a hundred strong in one formation, to cast their bombs upon the
single pier that remained, and upon the sand dunes upon which the troops had their eyes for shelter.
Their U-boats, one of which was sunk, and their motor launches took their toll of the vast traffic
which now began. For four or five days an intense struggle reigned. All their armored divisions-
or what Was left of them-together with great masses of infantry and artillery, hurled themselves in
vain upon the ever-narrowing, ever-contracting appendix within which the British and French
Armies fought.
Meanwhile, the Royal Navy, with the willing help of countless merchant seamen, strain.
The Battle of Trafalgar was a decisive naval victory for the British Royal Navy over the combined fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy on October 21, 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar in Spain. The battle resulted in a loss of 22 ships for the Franco-Spanish fleet without any British ships lost. British Admiral Lord Nelson aboard HMS Victory led the British fleet to victory over the 33 French and Spanish ships of the line commanded by French Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve. Nelson was fatally wounded during the battle, but the Royal Navy was able to defeat the enemy fleet within three hours, securing British naval supremacy for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars.
After The Armada The Resilience And Resurgence Of The Spanish Monarchy Durin...Tye Rausch
This document is a student paper analyzing the resilience of the Spanish monarchy during the Anglo-Spanish War following the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. It includes an introduction outlining Spain's vast empire in the 16th century and the growing tensions with England that led to war. The first chapter examines how, despite the Armada's defeat, Spain was able to recover its naval power through rearmament and technological development, moving away from Mediterranean galley warfare to ships suited for the Atlantic. Overall, the document argues that Spain adapted its naval capabilities and remained a formidable sea power after its high-profile loss to England.
The document discusses naval warfare during World War 1, which took place globally in every ocean. It describes early German raider successes like the SMS Emden in the Indian Ocean. It also discusses major battles like Germany's defeat of British cruisers off Chile and Britain's subsequent victory over Germany at the Falkland Islands. The blockade strategies of both sides are outlined, as well as the large naval encounter at the Battle of Jutland. Germany turned to submarine warfare with U-boats, launching an unrestricted campaign in 1917 against merchant ships from any nation. New convoy tactics and technology like depth charges helped turn the tide for the Allies. Naval losses were enormous, with over 57,000 British and Commonwealth casualties
1) The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 was a decisive naval battle between British forces led by Admiral Horatio Nelson and the combined French and Spanish fleets under Admiral Villeneuve.
2) Through innovative tactics, Nelson was able to break the enemy line and defeat the larger Franco-Spanish fleet, establishing British naval supremacy.
3) The defeat destroyed Napoleon's plan to invade Britain and forced him to shift to economic warfare instead of direct military confrontation, securing Britain's control of the seas for over a century.
The French and Indian War was a bloody conflict between 1754-1763 over territorial claims in North America between the British and French, with their respective colonial militias and Native American alliances. Though the French initially had success, the tide turned when the British began adapting strategies for frontier warfare and gained more Native American support. The war culminated in a pivotal 1759 British victory at Quebec under General Wolfe that effectively ended French control of Canada. As a result of their defeat, the French ceded nearly all of their North American lands to the British in the 1763 Treaty of Paris. While ending direct French influence, the war strained British-Native American relations and further soured the relationship between the British colonies and the crown
The war at sea played a major role in World War 1 and evolved significantly over the course of the war. New technologies like submarines, mines, and torpedoes introduced unpredictable threats and made naval warfare more unpredictable. While great sea battles between large surface fleets were expected, the submarine came to dominate naval warfare, with Germany becoming a master of submarine technology. The British maintained control of key trade routes through use of blockades and their larger naval fleet, though the German submarine campaigns had some successes in sinking merchant ships. Over time, both sides developed countermeasures like depth charges, Q-ships, and ultimately the convoy system to combat the submarine threat.
The document provides background information on D-Day and the Normandy landings during World War 2. It discusses the Allied armies that participated in the invasion including the US, UK, Canada and others. It describes Operation Overlord which was the code name for the Battle of Normandy, and details the causes of the landings, those responsible for planning and leading the operation, the number of troops and casualties involved, and the Allied strategy and defenses employed by Axis forces. The summary concludes with the results and consequences of D-Day, which marked a major turning point in the liberation of Europe from Nazi occupation.
France joins the war on the side of the Americans in 1778 after providing them secret aid for two years. Vergennes, the French foreign minister, saw this as an opportunity to weaken Britain by depriving them of their North American colonies and trade. While Turgot warned against intervention that could damage French finances, Vergennes and others were eager to take revenge on Britain for losses in the Seven Years War. The stage was set for direct naval conflict between France and Britain in support of their respective allies in the American War of Independence.
Overview of trench warfare in WWI with effects it had on the war and the soldiers involved. At the end, it includes an assignment for students to practice writing a "primary" document.
The document summarizes the conquest of New France by Britain during the Seven Years War (French and Indian War) from 1756-1763. It outlines the strengths and weaknesses of both the French and British forces. The French had a large professional army but small population in New France, while the British had a large population in the 13 colonies but they were subsistence farmers with no unity. The document also describes key events that led to the British push into the Ohio River Valley and eventual Treaty of Paris that ceded New France to Britain, helping to create Canada as a bilingual nation and contributing to the evolution of the British Empire in North America.
Sea power 2 session 10-decline and fall of the French EmpireJim Powers
1) Pitt, the British Prime Minister, died in January 1806 after sacrificing his health to lead Britain against Napoleon. His death left a void, as his opponent Fox recognized.
2) Fox became Foreign Secretary and initiated peace talks with France, but Napoleon's increasing control over Europe and hostility towards Britain ended any chances for peace. Fox died six months later, realizing the depths of Napoleon's opposition.
3) At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon and the Russian Czar Alexander agreed to divide influence in Europe between France and Russia, with other countries expected to align with them. This threatened to give Napoleon control of naval forces that could challenge British sea power.
Similar to Sea power session 5-barfleur and la hogue (19)
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General ObservationsJim Powers
The introduction to this twenty-two part series on nineteenth century Europe, 1815-1914. It also describes the college textbook which I have chosen to illustrate and annotate.
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848Jim Powers
Beginning with the Vienna settlement, 1814-15, we follow the efforts of the Concert of Europe to preserve the peace and prevent revolutionary disturbances.
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
This document summarizes political developments in Eastern Europe from 1815-1848, focusing on Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It describes how absolutism dominated these states and led to repression of revolutionary and liberal ideas. In Russia, Tsar Alexander I initially promised reforms but failed to deliver, and repression increased under Nicholas I and his minister Arakcheyev. Serfdom remained the dominant economic system, stifling development and leading to peasant revolts. Absolutism sought to maintain control and resist new ideas, as philosophers like de Maistre argued, but change was occurring beneath the surface that would challenge this control.
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
This document provides an overview of the economic and social organization of France following the Napoleonic era. It discusses how the French Revolution permanently changed France by abolishing the feudal system and creating a more centralized state. Economically, France modernized its agriculture and industries like textiles expanded, while socially the nobility's power declined and the middle class rose politically. The majority of French people remained rural farmers or urban workers who faced difficult living and working conditions.
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromiseJim Powers
This document provides an overview of economic and social conditions in Great Britain following the Napoleonic Wars from 1815 to 1848. It describes the postwar economic depression, the enclosure movement that displaced many rural workers, rising social unrest and violence between 1815-1819 due to high unemployment and poverty. It also discusses the conservative government under Lord Liverpool that took a repressive approach to dealing with unrest rather than reform, and moderate reformers like William Cobbett who advocated for making parliament more representative through legal means.
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General ObservationsJim Powers
Between 1850-1871, industrial production in Europe saw unprecedented growth. The application of machinery to coal mining doubled French coal production and tripled Germany's in ten years. This drove growth in metallurgy, with the introduction of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes doubling European iron and steel production by 1860. Transportation was also revolutionized through new technologies like screw propellers and compound engines, as well as infrastructure projects like the Suez Canal. Overall, this period saw Europe in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and rapid economic expansion.
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean warJim Powers
The document summarizes the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the causes of the Crimean War in the 19th century. It discusses how the revolutions of 1848 weakened the Concert by introducing a new generation of statesmen who were less inclined to restraint and compromise in diplomacy. The Crimean War was briefly fought from 1853 to 1856 between Russia on one side, and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia on the other. The war resulted from Russia's ambitions to gain territories from the declining Ottoman Empire, and was one of the final conflicts of the Concert system of international relations established after the Napoleonic Wars.
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66Jim Powers
Now we look at the question which had faced Germans since the great upheaval of 1848, should Germany be unified with or without the Austrian Empire. It will be decided in the Seven Weeks War.
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871Jim Powers
We conclude Part Two of this mid-century survey with Great Britain from Palmerston to Gladstone, Russia under Alexander II, and the showdown between France and Germany.
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic Jim Powers
The French Republic from humiliating defeat, the Paris Commune, and the end of royalism to republican success and three crises, to the coming of the Great War.
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second ReichJim Powers
The document discusses the political structure and development of Germany from 1871 to 1914. It describes how Germany under Bismarck and Wilhelm II had a pseudo-constitutional system where parliamentary processes existed but real power was held by unelected authorities. Under Bismarck from 1871-1890, political parties emerged but had limited power. Wilhelm II's rule from 1890-1914 saw economic growth but a turn toward absolutism that failed to adapt to rising democratic ideals in Europe. This pseudo-constitutional system ultimately contributed to Germany's defeat in World War I.
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and TurkeyJim Powers
The document discusses political and social developments in Central and Southeast Europe from 1871-1914. It focuses on the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, describing the rise of nationalist parties in both the Austrian and Hungarian parts. It also examines the Balkan states of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and the declining Ottoman Empire's role in the Balkans. Key figures and events discussed include the Christian Social Party in Austria, Zionism founder Theodor Herzl, and tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan states that contributed to World War I.
The document discusses economic conditions in Imperial Russia between 1871-1914. It notes that while industry grew during this period, led by the textile and metallurgical industries supporting railway expansion, it did not grow enough to relieve pressure from agricultural overpopulation. Agriculture continued to struggle with low yields due to outdated practices, lack of credit, and the continuation of the commune system. Efforts at reform were sporadic and aimed more at relieving misery temporarily rather than enacting fundamental change, for fear of alienating the landed classes. The condition of the peasantry continued to be one of deepening poverty.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
3. The related naval battles of Barfleur and La Hogue took place
between 29 May and 4 June New Style (NS), 1692.… The first
action took place near Barfleur and is also known as Battle of
Tourville; later actions were at Cherbourg and Saint-Vaast-la-
Hougue in the Cotentin peninsula, Normandy, France. It was the
decisive naval battle • of the Nine Years' War, known to the British
as the War of the English Succession.—Wikipedia
5. More Lessons
The Battle of Beachy Head, 1690
steel engraving by Jean AntoineTheodore Gudin, 1690
6. The Rise of English Sea Power
“Early in the War of the English Succession (1689-97) the Toulon fleet eluded English
vigilance and united with the Brest fleet while English naval forces were divided in several
ways. As a result in June 1690 the Comte de Tourville with 74 French ships challenged the
Anglo-Dutch Channel force of 57 under Lord Torrington. The English admiral skillfully evaded
action, arguing that in the circumstances he should maintain his force as a ‘fleet-in-being’ until
his detached squadrons could rejoin. But on peremptory orders from the Crown Torrington
reluctantly accepted the French challenge and was overwhelmed in the Battle of Beachy Head.
Two years later in the Battle of Barfleur, the situation was almost exactly reversed. This time a
united Allied fleet defeated the Brest fleet under Tourville while the French Med fleet was far
away at Toulon….
“During the Wars of the English and Spanish Succession [1702-12]. English tacticians
revived the old formalist-meleeist controversy. The new melee school interested itself
particularly in the problem of how to bring more of one’s guns against fewer of the enemy’s
guns at some selected point in the enemy’s line—in short, how to mass on the enemy…. ”
The Challenge of France
Sea Power, p. 36.
7.
8. The Rise of English Sea Power
“…on the enemy. The obvious means, assuming one had the wind, was to decrease intervals
between one’s ships and bring the massed force against part of the enemy’s line.• The
objections to this simple form of massing was that the enemy would always elude of counteract
it. If one massed anywhere but on his rear, he could bring his rear ships forward on their
original course and offset the advantage. If one massed on his rear he had three choices: he
could make a simultaneous reversal of course and bring forward his new rear, he could double
back and put his attacker’s van between two fires, or he could escape merely by putting his
helm over and falling off down wind.•
“To prevent the enemy from reversing course or abandoning the field of battle, one would
have to maneuver some of one’s ships to the far side of his line. This could be achieved by the
special forms of massing known as doubling and breaking. Doubling consisted of steering one’s
ships to both sides of the enemy van or rear. Breaking or ‘breaking the line,’ attained the same
effect by thrusting part of one’s column through the enemy column. Both maneuvers put the
enemy between two fires.7 …. ”
The Challenge of France
op. cit., pp. 36-39.________
7 The doubler or breaker had of course to accept the risk of hitting his own ships on the far side of the enemy line..
9. The Rise of English Sea Power
“…on the enemy. The obvious means, assuming one had the wind, was to decrease intervals
between one’s ships and bring the massed force against part of the enemy’s line.• The
objections to this simple form of massing was that the enemy would always elude of counteract
it. If one massed anywhere but on his rear, he could bring his rear ships forward on their
original course and offset the advantage. If one massed on his rear he had three choices: he
could make a simultaneous reversal of course and bring forward his new rear, he could double
back and put his attacker’s van between two fires, or he could escape merely by putting his
helm over and falling off down wind.•
“To prevent the enemy from reversing course or abandoning the field of battle, one would
have to maneuver some of one’s ships to the far side of his line. This could be achieved by the
special forms of massing known as doubling and breaking. Doubling consisted of steering one’s
ships to both sides of the enemy van or rear. Breaking or ‘breaking the line,’ attained the same
effect by thrusting part of one’s column through the enemy column. Both maneuvers put the
enemy between two fires.7 …. ”
The Challenge of France
op. cit., pp. 36-39.________
7 The doubler or breaker had of course to accept the risk of hitting his own ships on the far side of the enemy line..
10. The Rise of English Sea Power
“…between two fires. In the area of the doubling or breaking he would be outgunned perhaps
as much as two to one. The guns on his formerly disengaged sides would probably be secured
and the gunports closed, and even if he managed to get these guns into action, he could not
carry enough gunners to keep up anything like continuous fire with both broadsides. A fleet
planning to break the enemy’s line however might enter battle with all guns shotted and run out
and thus be prepared to fire one double broadside while passing through.
“The Battles of Beachy Head and Barfleur threw the meleeist innovations into disrepute. At
Beachy Head, the outnumbered allies massed on the French rear, whereupon the French van
doubled back on the allied van and crushed it.…. ”
The Challenge of France
op. cit., p. 39.
11. The Rise of English Sea Power
“…between two fires. In the area of the doubling or breaking he would be outgunned perhaps
as much as two to one. The guns on his formerly disengaged sides would probably be secured
and the gunports closed, and even if he managed to get these guns into action, he could not
carry enough gunners to keep up anything like continuous fire with both broadsides. A fleet
planning to break the enemy’s line however might enter battle with all guns shotted and run out
and thus be prepared to fire one double broadside while passing through.
“The Battles of Beachy Head and Barfleur threw the meleeist innovations into disrepute. At
Beachy Head, the outnumbered allies massed on the French rear, whereupon the French
van doubled back on the allied van and crushed it.• At Barfleur, the French attempted to
mass on the allied rear, but their line was so stretched out elsewhere with long intervals
between ships that the allies were able to break through the French center. Evidently, unless one
had overwhelming superiority in numbers, any attempt to mass, double, or break so shortened
or stretched out one’s line that the enemy could easily break through or double around the ends.
Every thrust seemed to invite a counter thrust…. ”
The Challenge of France
op. cit., p. 39.
17. Padfield, p. 141.
“In 1691 the English and Dutch allies had numerically the stronger fleet, though the
French were convinced, not without reason, that class for class their ships were better.
Edward Russell,• succeeding the disgraced Torrington, got to sea in early June with orders
to destroy the enemy inside Brest. He was delayed by head winds, and Tourville,•
reinstated in command, sailed before he could make this improbable attempt. Tourville’s
orders were to cruise in the mouth of the Channel to keep open communications with
Ireland and deter an allied assault on the French coast—without, however engaging a
superior fleet—meanwhile attacking allied trade, in particular a returning Med convoy. His
subsequent evasive maneuvering from the Scilly Isles to Biscay, termed the campaign du
large, was a masterly demonstration of the effects of a ‘fleet in being’ by absorbing all
Russell’s attention and drawing him out of the Channel, he prevented a descent on the
French mainland and allowed privateer squadrons from Dunkirk and Saint-Malo to prey
on allied trade;….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
18. “…allied trade; and, while he missed the Med ships, he caught a W Indian convoy.•
“The negative aspect was more apparent at Louis’ court: French supply ships had got
through to Ireland, but so had William’s…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 141-142.
19. “…allied trade; and, while he missed the Med ships, he caught a W Indian convoy.•
“The negative aspect was more apparent at Louis’ court: French supply ships had got
through to Ireland, but so had William’s; the Catholic rebellion had collapsed,• and James
had fled back to France. Moreover, the spectacle of a powerful French fleet deliberately
avoiding battle had not impressed a nobility dedicated to martial glory.• Ponchartrain,
Tourville and the navy were subjected to further bitter attacks. Similarly in England and
the United Provinces Russell • was impugned for failing to bring the French to action or to
protect trade.
“FOR THE 1692 campaign Louis again changed his strategy. Convinced by reports from
English Jacobites that, if James were to land in England with sufficient force, many who
were disenchanted with William and Mary’s government would join him, he determined to
launch an invasion….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 141-142.
20. “…an invasion. His plans called for some twenty regiments [1 regiment=2 4-500-man
battalions=800-1,000 men; so 20 regt. = 16-20,000] of Irish and French infantry to
assemble with transport shipping at the fishing port of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue • on the NE
corner of the Cherbourg peninsula, cavalry at Le Havre, while the Toulon, Rochefort and
Brest divisions of the fleet combined early,….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 142.
21. “…an invasion. His plans called for some twenty regiments [1 regiment=2 4-500-man
battalions=800-1,000 men; so 20 regt. = 16-20,000] of Irish and French infantry to
assemble with transport shipping at the fishing port of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue • on the NE
corner of the Cherbourg peninsula, cavalry at Le Havre, while the Toulon, Rochefort and
Brest divisions of the fleet combined early, entered the Channel, and escorted the troop
transports across from La Hougue before a Dutch contingent could join the English fleet.
The key to success would be speed, for once the Dutch did join, the allied fleet would be
so much stronger that the project would be doomed.
“The timetable was impossibly tight and more suited to military than naval affairs.
Adverse winds and storms delayed the Toulon squadron under d’Estrées • as it attempted
to beat out through the Strait of Gibraltar; two ships were lost and much damage was
suffered by the rest, while at Brest and Rochefort it proved impossible to draft enough men
for all the ships….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 142.
22. op. cit., p. 142.
“…all the ships.
“At the same time, William was planning an invasion of Normandy. With the forces
released from Ireland, he hoped to strike behind Louis’ armies on the frontiers to break a
stalemate that had developed on land from the Netherlands to Spain. He, too, urged the fleet
forward, in order to make the landing before the French fleet could combine and dispute the
passage. In April, however, captured documents and prisoners’ testimony revealed the
extent of Louis’ plans and he swung to the defensive: leading Jacobites were arrested,
Catholics were ordered to move ten miles from London, soldiers were deployed above
Portsmouth, trained bands and militia were alerted, and the efforts to get English and
Dutch warships to sea early were driven forward with even greater urgency; the need now
was to unite before the French fleet could combine to cover James’ invasion.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
23. op. cit., pp. 142-143.
“…cover James’ invasion.
“In the race to get to sea first, it became clear to Louis that he could not win if Tourville
waited until his whole fleet was concentrated and manned. He therefore ordered him to sail
with as many ships as he had—even if the enemy were reported outside in superior force—
proceed to La Hougue, escort the invasion force across to Torbay, then return to attach the
remaining divisions to his flag off Brest. The orders were desperate enough, depending as
they did on an unlikely chain of favorable wind changes; they were rendered as potentially
disastrous as the instructions Mary had sent Torrington before Beachy Head by a later
instruction that, if Tourville should meet the enemy on his way to La Hougue, he was
to engage whatever their strength and fight them hard. The reasoning was that, even if
he were defeated, the allied fleet would be so damaged it would be unable to dispute the
passage of the invasion transports. In reality, if both main fleets were forced to retire to
repair damages, the lightest allied squadron would be able to prevent a landing. below
Ponchartrain’s signature, Louis wrote, ‘I add this word in my own hand to this instruction
in order to tell you that what it contains is my will and I wish it to be exactly followed’.
…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
24. “…be exactly’ followed’.
“It was also made clear to Tourville that if he postponed his departure or failed in any
way to follow the King’s instructions he would be replaced. Summoning his flag officers,
he told them they already stood accused of prudence; they must not lay themselves open to
charges of cowardice. Like so many of his successors, he was betrayed by a military caste
with little understanding of the unpredictability of sea fighting.
“He sailed on 29 April with only thirty-seven ships of the line, leaving Chateau-Renault
behind to complete the manning of another twenty. Delayed by easterlies, it was 15 May
before he had worked up-Channel as far as Plymouth, where he was fined by parts of the
Rochefort squadron under Vilette-Mursay.• This brought his total to forty-four ov the line
—little over half his potential strength. D’Estrées with the Toulon squadron was still far to
the S..…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 143.
25. op. cit., pp. 143-144.
“…to the S.
“Meanwhile the winds which had headed him had allowed the Dutch squadron to cross
the North Sea and anchor in the Downs.• Russell in the 100-gun Britannia had passed them
under full sail, leading the main body of the English fleet down from the Gull stream, the
narrow northern passage inside the Goodwin Sands; it was a risky short-cut with three-
deckers, justified only by the urgency of his orders…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
26. op. cit., pp. 143-144.
“…to the S.
“Meanwhile the winds which had headed him
had allowed the Dutch squadron to cross the
North Sea and anchor in the Downs.• Russell in
the 100-gun Britannia had passed them under full
sail, leading the main body of the English fleet
down from the Gull stream, the narrow northern
passage inside the Goodwin Sands; it was a risky
short-cut with three-deckers, justified only by the
urgency of his orders and his faith in his faith in
his experienced chief pilot and navigator, termed
‘master of the fleet,’ John Benbow.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
27. op. cit., pp. 143-144.
“…to the S.
“Meanwhile the winds which had headed him
had allowed the Dutch squadron to cross the North
Sea and anchor in the Downs.• Russell in the 100-
gun Britannia had passed them under full sail,
leading the main body of the English fleet down
from the Gull stream, the narrow northern passage
inside the Goodwin Sands; it was a risky short-cut
with three-deckers, justified only by the urgency
of his orders and his faith in his faith in his
experienced chief pilot and navigator, termed
‘master of the fleet,’ John Benbow.• As the
Britannia ran by to depart from the southern
entrance and bear away through the Strait of
Dover into the Channel, the Dutch, under
Lieutenant Admiral Philips Almonde,• weighed
and followed.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
28. op. cit., pp. 143-144.
“…to the S.
“Meanwhile the winds which had headed him had allowed the Dutch squadron to cross
the North Sea and anchor in the Downs.• Russell in the 100-gun Britannia had passed them
under full sail, leading the main body of the English fleet down from the Gull stream, the
narrow northern passage inside the Goodwin Sands; it was a risky short-cut with three-
deckers, justified only by the urgency of his orders and his faith in his faith in his
experienced chief pilot and navigator, termed ‘master of the fleet,’ John Benbow.• As the
Britannia ran by to depart from the southern entrance and bear away through the Strait of
Dover into the Channel, the Dutch, under Lieutenant Admiral Philips Almonde,• weighed
and followed. By 12 May, while Tourville was still beating up past the Lizard
[southernmost point of Cornwall, western entrance to the Channel],.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
29.
30. op. cit., pp. 143-144.
“…to the S.
“Meanwhile the winds which had headed him had allowed the Dutch squadron to cross
the North Sea and anchor in the Downs.• Russell in the 100-gun Britannia had passed them
under full sail, leading the main body of the English fleet down from the Gull stream, the
narrow northern passage inside the Goodwin Sands; it was a risky short-cut with three-
deckers, justified only by the urgency of his orders and his faith in his faith in his
experienced chief pilot and navigator, termed ‘master of the fleet,’ John Benbow.• As the
Britannia ran by to depart from the southern entrance and bear away through the Strait of
Dover into the Channel, the Dutch, under Lieutenant Admiral Philips Almonde,• weighed
and followed. By 12 May, while Tourville was still beating up past the Lizard
[southernmost point of Cornwall, western entrance to the Channel],• Russell had reached
the Isle of Wight and added two detached English divisions to his flag, bringing his strength
up to at least eighty-two of the line. he waited until 18 May, when his scouting frigates
brought him firm intelligence of the enemy off Portland, then sailed southward, finding the
French fleet early the following morning N of Pointe de Barfleur at the NE corner of the
Cherbourg peninsula.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
31. “…the Cherbourg peninsular.
“Tourville was running before a light south-westerly in a cruising formation of six
columns when Russell’s sails were sighted over the horizon to leeward through an early
mist. He made the signal for line of battle on the starboard tack, to head southward in the
same direction as the allies, and called a council of war, lying to to receive his flag officers.
By the time they had seated themselves in gilded chairs around the table in the Soleil
Royal’s exquisitely furnished and hung great cabin the mist had dispersed to reveal the
whole allied fleet stretching into the distance and twice their own strength.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 144.
32. “…the Cherbourg peninsular.
“Tourville was running before a light south-westerly in a cruising formation of six
columns when Russell’s sails were sighted over the horizon to leeward through an early
mist. He made the signal for line of battle on the starboard tack, to head southward in the
same direction as the allies, and called a council of war, lying to to receive his flag officers.
By the time they had seated themselves in gilded chairs around the table in the Soleil
Royal’s exquisitely furnished and hung great cabin the mist had dispersed to reveal the
whole allied fleet stretching into the distance and twice their own strength.•
“No tactical skill could hope to overcome such odds. They had the weather gage, and
thus the choice of whether or not to fight, and at what range. All believed they should
avoid action. But Tourville, like Torrington in the similar but less hopeless situation on the
eve of Beachy Head, showed them his instructions and the King’s handwritten injunction to
obey them to the letter. It left him no choice; besides, all knew that their courage had been
questioned at Court.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 144.
33. “…the Cherbourg peninsular.
“Tourville was running before a light south-westerly in a cruising formation of six
columns when Russell’s sails were sighted over the horizon to leeward through an early
mist. He made the signal for line of battle on the starboard tack, to head southward in the
same direction as the allies, and called a council of war, lying to to receive his flag officers.
By the time they had seated themselves in gilded chairs around the table in the Soleil
Royal’s exquisitely furnished and hung great cabin the mist had dispersed to reveal the
whole allied fleet stretching into the distance and twice their own strength.•
“No tactical skill could hope to overcome such odds. They had the weather gage, and
thus the choice of whether or not to fight, and at what range. All believed they should
avoid action. But Tourville, like Torrington in the similar but less hopeless situation on the
eve of Beachy Head, showed them his instructions and the King’s handwritten injunction to
obey them to the letter. It left him no choice; besides, all knew that their courage had been
questioned at Court.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 144.
34. “…questioned at Court. No doubt Tourville told them to stretch the length of the enemy line
by leaving gaps between the divisions as they bore down, and warned the commanders of
the van and rear to hold up to the wind to avoid being doubled. As they departed he shook
each by the hand. No sooner than they were back aboard their own ships than he put out the
signal for battle and steered down for the center of the allied formation.
“Russell was lying to as Tourville began his approach. The allied line was not quite
formed; in particular, the rear squadron under Sir John Ashby •.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 144-145.
35. “…questioned at Court. No doubt Tourville told them to stretch the length of the enemy line
by leaving gaps between the divisions as they bore down, and warned the commanders of
the van and rear to hold up to the wind to avoid being doubled. As they departed he shook
each by the hand. No sooner than they were back aboard their own ships than he put out the
signal for battle and steered down for the center of the allied formation.
“Russell was lying to as Tourville began his approach. The allied line was not quite
formed; in particular, the rear squadron under Sir John Ashby • straggled downwind, the
result of a signal to him to tack which Russell had made when the French were first sighted
in the early morning, heading north-westerly. He had boats in the water to tow the great
ships upwind. Now, as the enemy bore down, Russell signaled the Dutch van squadron to
stretch ahead of the French van and tack to gain the wind. But the leading French division,
under the Marquis de Nesmond, lasked southerly with all sails set to foil the maneuver.
Long gaps opened between the French divisions as he did so, for the van squadron
numbered only fourteen of the line against twenty-six Dutch.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 144-145.
Sir John Ashby
later made admiral
1646-1693
RN from 1665. At Beachy Head, Vice Admiral of the Red.
At Barfleur/La Hougue, Admiral of the Blue. 1690 on,
served on the Navy Board as controller of storekeepers
accounts
no image available
36. “…questioned at Court. No doubt Tourville told them to stretch the length of the enemy line
by leaving gaps between the divisions as they bore down, and warned the commanders of
the van and rear to hold up to the wind to avoid being doubled. As they departed he shook
each by the hand. No sooner than they were back aboard their own ships than he put out the
signal for battle and steered down for the center of the allied formation.
“Russell was lying to as Tourville began his approach. The allied line was not quite
formed; in particular, the rear squadron under Sir John Ashby • straggled downwind, the
result of a signal to him to tack which Russell had made when the French were first sighted
in the early morning, heading north-westerly. He had boats in the water to tow the great
ships upwind. Now, as the enemy bore down, Russell signaled the Dutch van squadron to
stretch ahead of the French van and tack to gain the wind.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 144-145.
37. “…questioned at Court. No doubt Tourville told them to stretch the length of the enemy line
by leaving gaps between the divisions as they bore down, and warned the commanders of
the van and rear to hold up to the wind to avoid being doubled. As they departed he shook
each by the hand. No sooner than they were back aboard their own ships than he put out the
signal for battle and steered down for the center of the allied formation.
“Russell was lying to as Tourville began his approach. The allied line was not quite
formed; in particular, the rear squadron under Sir John Ashby • straggled downwind, the
result of a signal to him to tack which Russell had made when the French were first sighted
in the early morning, heading north-westerly. He had boats in the water to tow the great
ships upwind. Now, as the enemy bore down, Russell signaled the Dutch van squadron to
stretch ahead of the French van and tack to gain the wind. But the leading French division,
under the Marquis de Nesmond, lasked southerly with all sails set to foil the maneuver.
Long gaps opened between the French divisions as he did so, for the van squadron
numbered only fourteen of the line against twenty-six Dutch.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 144-145.
38. “…twenty-six Dutch.
“The opposing centers were as unequal: sixteen French ships mounting 1,150 guns
against twenty-seven or more English mounting in excess of 2,000 guns. Despite this,
Tourville closed resolutely under topsails as if determined to leave no question of any kind
about his courage, holding his fire until within close range, as did the English lines. By
1100 he had pressed in to ‘musket shot’—200 yards or less perhaps.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 144-145.
39. “…twenty-six Dutch.
“The opposing centers were as unequal: sixteen French ships mounting 1,150 guns
against twenty-seven or more English mounting in excess of 2,000 guns. Despite this,
Tourville closed resolutely under topsails as if determined to leave no question of any kind
about his courage, holding his fire until within close range, as did the English lines. By
1100 he had pressed in to ‘musket shot’—200 yards or less perhaps.• As at Beachy Head,
he had three three-deckers grouped about the Soleil Royal. He brought this powerful
phalanx against Russell, the Soleil Royal rounding up on the Britannia’s windward
quarter, the 84-gun Conquérant on the quarter of her next ahead, the 96-gun St Andrew,•
commanded by Marlborough’s younger brother, George Churchill,.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 144-145.
41. “…twenty-six Dutch.
“The opposing centers were as unequal: sixteen French ships mounting 1,150 guns
against twenty-seven or more English mounting in excess of 2,000 guns. Despite this,
Tourville closed resolutely under topsails as if determined to leave no question of any kind
about his courage, holding his fire until within close range, as did the English lines. By
1100 he had pressed in to ‘musket shot’—200 yards or less perhaps.• As at Beachy Head,
he had three three-deckers grouped about the Soleil Royal. He brought this powerful
phalanx against Russell, the Soleil Royal rounding up on the Britannia’s windward
quarter, the 84-gun Conquérant on the quarter of her next ahead, the 96-gun St Andrew,•
commanded by Marlborough’s younger brother, George Churchill,• while astern of the
French flagship the 84-gun St Philippe and 90-gun Admirable opposed the 96-gun
London. With the sea barely ruffled by dying breezes, all three tiers of gun-port lids were
up; the great guns beneath erupted in smoke and darts of flame: round shot flew in pairs
between the floating fortresses, plowing through the massy oak sides, launching showers
of splinters across the decks, smashing flesh and bone, gouging masts, snapping rigging,
tearing holes in canvas.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 144-145.
42. “…holes in canvas.
“This was the thunderous epicenter of the battle. Elsewhere in the center, as in the van,
the line was broken by long gaps as Vilette-Mursay commanding the leading division and
the Marquis de Langeron in the rear sought to extend their few ships the length of the
enemy squadrons and hold up into the wind. In the rear the English still trailed somewhat
to leeward so that only the leading divisions were engaged.
“By noon an English fourth rate of fifty guns ahead of Churchill’s St Andrew had been
crippled and forced to drop down to leeward, andTourville’s flagship was so damaged
aloft she had boats down to tow her out of the line to repair damages. Soon afterwards the
light airs of the morning gave way to a steadier breeze which veered into the NW. It was
the turning point: the change in wind direction gave the allies opportunity to put
their helms down and steer through the large gaps between the French divisions.
Clowdesley Shovell.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 145.
43. “…holes in canvas.
“This was the thunderous epicenter of the battle. Elsewhere in the center, as in the van,
the line was broken by long gaps as Vilette-Mursay commanding the leading division and
the Marquis de Langeron in the rear sought to extend their few ships the length of the
enemy squadrons and hold up into the wind. In the rear the English still trailed somewhat
to leeward so that only the leading divisions were engaged.
“By noon an English fourth rate of fifty guns ahead of Churchill’s St Andrew had been
crippled and forced to drop down to leeward, andTourville’s flagship was so damaged
aloft she had boats down to tow her out of the line to repair damages. Soon afterwards the
light airs of the morning gave way to a steadier breeze which veered into the NW. It was
the turning point: the change in wind direction gave the allies opportunity to put
their helms down and steer through the large gaps between the French divisions.
Clowdesley Shovell • led the rear division of the center through to gain the wind of the
French center.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 145.
44. “…the French center, separating
Tourville from his rear squadron
under Louis Gabaret,• while the
leading division of the English rear
under Richard Carter led through to
windward of Gabaret, cutting him
off from his rearmost division under
Panetié,• who had fallen some way
astern in his efforts to extend the
line. In the van, the Dutch forced the
French up into the wind and cut off
the leader, the 68-gun Bourbon.• The
French van then tacked back to the
support of their embattled and now
doubled center, allowing the leading
Dutch under van der Putte to gain
their wind and tack on them.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 145-147.
45. “…tack on them.
“Tourville was now in a desperate situation, his line utterly broken into divisional
groupings everywhere caught between fire from both sides, and ofter raked from ahead or
astern, surrounded by overwhelmingly superior numbers, his once magnificent flagship
pierced and shattered alow and aloft, her decks strewn with wrack and torn bodies and
stained with blood, her hold filling from holes about the waterline. His seconds, particularly
the Admirable, were in a similar state, as were several of their opponents; but more of the
allied ships were scarcely damaged, and the two English rear divisions had not yet been in
action. At this point, as so often during great fleet battles, the wind began to die. By
four o’clock it had fallen to a flat calm and a thick mist had risen, cutting off ship from ship.
Tourville started to tow northward.• Russell, anxious he might be cheated of what seemed
certain victory, wrote brief instructions to ‘Use all possible means to tow your ship into the
line of battle during this calm,’ and sent it by boat to all commanders; in the thick mist it is
doubtful if it reached any but the nearest….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 147.
46. “…but the’ nearest.
“At about five a breeze sprang up from the east, dispersing the mist. The French set all
the sail they could to escape northward,• and Russell ordered a general chase. Shovell
and Carter, both now to leeward of the main body of the French about Tourville and
blocking their route downwind, renewed the action,• but as Tourville tried to force his way
through them the breeze died and mist rolled up again. Tourville now sent boats N and S
among his ships instructing them to anchor. He was apparently reminded of this device of
Torrington’s in a note from Vilette-Mursay. It was not so successful on this occasion. The
tide had begun to flood and, as the French brought up to their cables with all sails set,
Shovell’s and Carter’s divisions which had been to leeward should have drifted easterly
through and past them. However, Shovell managed to get an instruction to his ships in time
for all except one to let go an anchor before passing into the enemy; the one ship which
failed to do so was raked by broadside after broadside and severely mauled before she
drifted clear, as were several of Carter’s ships, Carter himself was mortally wounded….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 147.
Ibid.
47. “…was mortally wounded.
“Through the evening, sporadic breezes sprang up from the E, shifting the curtains of
mist and allowing the two so far unengaged divisions of the English rear under Sir John
Ashby and George Rooke • to sail and tow into action against the French main body.
Shovell also sent fireships down on the tide, causing the Soleil Royal and several of her
consorts to cut their cables. They anchored again when the danger was past.
“Later the undamaged French rear divisions moved down against Shovell.• Fearing he
would be overwhelmed when the tide turned, allowing the whole French fleet to fall upon
his few ships, Shovell ordered his captains to cut their cables. They drifted through the
French grouping, some almost touching yards as they passed, suffering severely from the
enemy fire, but causing equal damage with their own broadsides before passing clear into
the allied lines. This marked the last series of engagements as the evening closed in with
impenetrable fog….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 147-148.
49. “…with impenetrable fog.
“Tourville weighed soon after one that night, directly the ebb began, and attempted to
escape down-Channel, aided in the early hours by light breezes from the E. By the time the
fog had dispersed sufficiently for the allies to sight his sails, he was hull down over the
horizon.• Russell had the signal for general chase flying and pursued for the rest of that day,
the 20th, the Dutch in the lead, both sides anchoring when the tide turned against them.
“A few of the French had taken their own escape route—five of the van division under
Nesmond and one other S to the invasion anchorage at La Hougue;• Gabaret and three
consorts N across the Channel—but thirty-four were grouped around Tourville, with the
Dutch following closely and the English stretched out astern. This French main body was
slowed by the more damaged ships, in particular the Soleil Royal, which had taken in so
much water from holes and leaks she was barely manageable; in case it became necessary
to sacrifice her, Tourville shifted his flag after dark to Vilette-Mursay’s Ambitieux. Among
the English, Shovell shifted his flag to one of his seconds, the 70-gun Kent….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 148.
50. “…the 70-gun Kent.
“The chase continued westward with the ebb in the early hours of the next morning, the
21st, the French rounding Cap de la Hague at the NW corner of the Cherbourg peninsula
before being forced to anchor by the onset of the flood and winds from the W. Tourville was
determined to elude his pursuers by steering through the notoriously dangerous race
between the cape and the island of Alderney—judging that Russell would not dare to follow
with his great ships—but his new flagship, Ambitieux, was one of a group of thirteen,
including the Soleil Royal and other more damaged larger ships, which dragged their
anchors and were forced to cut cables and run. They were carried eastward • so rapidly that
they passed the Dutch and some of the English before these could react. Russell ordered his
squadron to pursue, and was joined by several from the Blue squadron; others from the
Blue, including the admiral, Ashby, remained to support the Dutch against the twenty-one
French vessels still at anchor ahead….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 148-149.
51. “…at anchor ahead.
“Of those running eastward, three put about as they reached the open roadstead of
Cherbourg; the Soleil Royal, her almost equally crippled second, Ambitieux, and one of
Gabaret’s seconds, the 76-gun Triumphant. It seemed as if they would attempt to beat back
against the wind, but the pursuit was too close and all three ran themselves ashore. The
following morning they were burned by a force commanded by Russell’s vice
admiral,• Sir Ralph Delavall.
“Tourville continued eastward with the other ten,• rounding Pointe de Barfleur and
steering down to the invasion port, La Hogue, where he joined two of the ships which had
made straight there after the battle; the other four under Nesmond, had since run eastward to
attempt an escape up-Channel and north about around Scotland into the Atlantic. The
twelve ships with Tourville now moored in two groups of six, each close under a fort
commanding the anchorage, while their pursuers came to anchor in the offing….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 149.
52. “…in the offing.
“Next day Russell deputed Shovell to take command of the smaller ships of the line,
frigates and fireships, and sail in to a position from where he could launch an attack on the
moored enemy. After completing the necessary preparations and orders, Shovell, who had
been wounded by a splinter during the battle, became too ill to continue.• His place was
taken by Rooke, vice admiral of the Blue squadron. After a preliminary bombardment in the
morning of the 23rd, Rooke sent in armed boats under cover of a fireship against the
northern group of ships lying under the lesser of the forts. Initial resistance collapsed as the
boats reached the ships and sailors started scrambling up the sides and starting fires. before
the end of the day all six had been set ablaze….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
Ibid.
53.
54. “…been set ablaze.
“Next morning Rooke launched a similar assault on the southern group. Troops from
James’ invasion force lining the spur enclosing the harbor and behind the parapets of the
fort at its end fired fusillades as the flotilla approached, but from too great a range to halt
the advance.• James himself was watching from a vantage point above, and as the boats
reached the moored ships he is said to have exclaimed to his companions,’Ah, none but my
brave English could do so brave an action!’ As before, all six enemy were put to the torch,
together with a smaller warship with them. Afterwards Rooke, directing operations from his
barge flying his vice admiral’s flag at the bow, re-formed the boats together with two
unexpended fireships and led them inside the harbor, where the invasion transports lay.
These were burned—all but a few at the inner end, which had dried out and could not be
reached by boat….”
Ah
op. cit., pp. 149-150.
55. “…reached by boat.
“Such was the blazing, exploding epilogue to Barfleur. It was the greatest English
naval victory to date. Together with those burned at Cherbourg, fifteen French ships of the
line had been destroyed, including the fleet flagship and most of the other flagships and
seconds. Apart from fireships, no allied vessels had been lost, and English casualties in the
final phases at Cherbourg and La Hougue had been minimal.….”
op. cit., p. 150.
56. “…reached by boat.
“Such was the blazing, exploding epilogue to Barfleur. It was the greatest English
naval victory to date. Together with those burned at Cherbourg, fifteen French ships of the
line had been destroyed, including the fleet flagship and most of the other flagships and
seconds. Apart from fireships, no allied vessels had been lost, and English casualties in the
final phases at Cherbourg and La Hougue had been minimal.•
“For the rest, the twenty-one ships anchored off Cap de la Hague on the 21st had
escaped the Dutch and Ashby by navigating through the Alderney race, guided by a Breton
sailor who had been pressed into naval service; thence they had found safety in the rock-
bound harbor of Saint-Malo….•
“It was the end of any prospect of invasion, and for James, broken with remorse for
the losses Louis had sustained on his behalf, the end of his attempts to regain the
Crown.• Yet Louis, true father of the defeat, took such pride in the glorious way his ships
had borne down on the enemy and fought against impossible odds he rewarded Tourville
with the baton of a marshal of France….”
op. cit., p. 150.
57. “…marshal of France.
“The allies, after the euphoria of victory, made no better use of their command of the
Channel than had the French after Beachy Head. The troops and transports for the invasion
of Normandy had been dispersed; when an expeditionary force was gathered and dispatched
with the fleet to Saint-Malo to destroy the French warships gathering there, disagreements
between the naval and military commanders there prevented an attempt. Then William,
leading the allied army in the Netherlands,• called for an attack on Dunkirk from the sea to
aid his campaign, but the port proved too strong and little was gained….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 150-151.
58. “…marshal of France.
“The allies, after the euphoria of victory, made no better use of their command of the
Channel than had the French after Beachy Head. The troops and transports for the invasion
of Normandy had been dispersed; when an expeditionary force was gathered and dispatched
with the fleet to Saint-Malo to destroy the French warships gathering there, disagreements
between the naval and military commanders there prevented an attempt. Then William,
leading the allied army in the Netherlands,• called for an attack on Dunkirk from the sea to
aid his campaign, but the port proved too strong and little was gained.•
“Meanwhile Ponchartrain, unable to pursue a battle-fleet strategy; turned to the guerre
de course, sending out small squadrons of fast warships to prey on allied shipping and
leasing frigates to private syndicates known as armateurs, who fitted out privateers as a
business enterprise. Almost twice as many privately armed corsairs sailed from Saint-Malo
that summer as in previous years, and they claimed 200 prizes—a figure never achieved
before or subsequently. Dunkirk and Ostend reaped similarly rich harvests as Jean Bart,
Claude de Forbin and other heroes of French legend preyed in groups on lightly protected
convoys or lone merchant ships in the Channel and the North Sea….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 150-151.
59. “…the North Sea.
“It was not the end of Louis’ battle-fleet hopes. Eleven new first rates, six second rates
and six third rates slipped down French ways over the course of that year and the next, more
than replacing the losses of Barfleur/La Hougue and bringing theoretical fleet strength up to
ninety of the line. Moreover, Louis still planned in terms of battle-fleet victory. In the event,
the campaign the following year, 1693, hinged on a vast allied convoy for the Med.
Intelligence from English Jacobites revealed that the allied fleet would cover the convoy
only as far as Ushant.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 151.
60.
61. “…the North Sea.
“It was not the end of Louis’ battle-fleet hopes. Eleven new first rates, six second rates
and six third rates slipped down French ways over the course of that year and the next, more
than replacing the losses of Barfleur/La Hougue and bringing theoretical fleet strength up to
ninety of the line. Moreover, Louis still planned in terms of battle-fleet victory. In the event,
the campaign the following year, 1693, hinged on a vast allied convoy for the Med.
Intelligence from English Jacobites revealed that the allied fleet would cover the convoy
only as far as Ushant.• Tourville was consequently ordered to sail early from Brest and lie
in wait to the S. By this means he captured or sank over ninety mainly Dutch and German
vessels with cargoes worth more than a million pounds, leaving others blockaded in Iberian
ports and continuing his pursuit into the Med, where he remained. Since the allied main
fleet stayed off Brest until forced back to Torbay by the inevitable spread of sickness, there
was no fleet action that year. Yet again, perversely, allied fleet command in the Channel and
western approaches failed to protect trade from serious losses and disruption; Dunkirk
squadrons enjoyed a record haul, capturing as many prizes as in all previous campaigns of
the war together.” op. cit., p. 151.
63. “THE END OF the campaigning season of 1693 saw the turning point of the naval war, and
indeed of the war as a whole, since William and Louis began secret peace soundings. These
decisive shifts were the result of financial exhaustion. Having spent prodigiously over six
years of conflict across the continent and surrounding seas, both monarchs were not only
deep in debt, but faced difficulties in raising more money.
“For Louis, this problem derived chiefly from his previous extraordinarily costly wars
against the united Provinces and Spain, when he had cleared his debts by the sale of titles
and offices—many hereditary—carrying salaries or annuities and exempt from taxation.
This had locked him into permanent payments absorbing a large proportion of his revenue.
More insidiously, with such large classes of nobles, officers and the clergy exempt from
direct taxation, the tax burden fell heavily on the rest of the populace, engaged in trade,
industry and agriculture, so tending to depress and discourage investment in the • wealth-
making sectors Colbert had been at pains to encourage….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 151-152.
64. “…pains to encourage.
“Louis had continued his system in the present war; those who had made money in
commerce or industry were only too eager to buy office and the social cachet it conferred.
So successful financiers, merchants and entrepreneurs were constantly seduced from
productive to administrative or judicial work, not only depriving the wealth-making sectors
of leaders but also creating additional layers of officialdom whose regulations hampered
active business. Moreover, tax collection was complicated by regional immunities and
revenue boundaries….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 152.
65.
66. “…pains to encourage.
“Louis had continued his system in the present war; those who had made money in
commerce or industry were only too eager to buy office and the social cachet it conferred.
So successful financiers, merchants and entrepreneurs were constantly seduced from
productive to administrative or judicial work, not only depriving the wealth-making sectors
of leaders but also creating additional layers of officialdom whose regulations hampered
active business. Moreover, tax collection was complicated by regional immunities and
revenue boundaries • which encouraged large-scale internal smuggling, and the collectors
were not royal officials but employees of private syndicates of financiers—known as tax
farmers—whose methods were arbitrary rather than fair or efficient. besides being weighed
down by what amounted to the permanent debt of his previous wars, Louis was thus denied
by a chaotic and manifestly unjust tax system [sound familiar, anyone?] the revenue he
might have raised from his populous country….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 152.
67. “…his populous country.
“The position had been exacerbated by dislocation of trade caused by allied naval
squadrons and English, Zeeland, Spanish and Barbary privateers; even trade within the
country was affected, since poor [land] communications meant that many goods were sent
by sea around the coast. In addition, bad harvests in 1691 and 1692 were followed in
1693 by a worse failure, threatening famine. The allies attempted to stop grain entering
the country with a twin policy of maritime blockade and the purchase of Baltic supplies.
They were not entirely successful, but prices rose to such an extent that French peasants and
urban workers, always close to a subsistence level, were left with no purchasing money
after they had bought bread; so recession deepened and unemployment and bankruptcies
spread, further lowering tax yields….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
Ibid.
68. “…lowering tax yields.
“In this critical situation, Louis was
forced to cut expenditure drastically. The
navy was an obvious target. For years the
battle fleet had been criticized for its vast
expense and uselessness; recently France’s
most distinguished military engineer,
Sébastien de Vauban,…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 152-153.
69. “…lowering tax yields.
“In this critical situation, Louis was forced to cut expenditure drastically. The navy was
an obvious target. For years the battle fleet had been criticized for its vast expense and
uselessness; recently France’s most distinguished military engineer,• Sébastien de Vauban,
who had Louis’ ear, had proposed moving to a single-minded concentration on guerre de
course. His plan involved reducing the battle fleet to half its present strength and dispersing
it in three squadrons at Dunkirk, Brest and Toulon to support the private war against trade,
meanwhile encouraging armateurs by various incentives including the relaxation of duties
on the sale of captured enemy goods. Vauban argued that it was the wealth England and
Holland derived from their sea trade that kept the armies of the Grand Alliance in the
field against France; consequently the destruction of that trade was the surest, indeed the
only way to destroy the alliance and force a satisfactory peace….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 152-153.
70. “…a satisfactory peace.
“The strategy was shot through with the flaws that had bedeviled Elizabethan attempts at
state-private ventures and reduced Charles II’s navy to impotence against the Dutch.
Moreover, it failed to address the problem of preserving or building up France’s own wealth
by sea trade; it was simply predatory. The naval intendant at Brest penned a memorandum
in favor of grand fleet strategy in the spirit of Colbert and Bonrepaus, but feeling at Court
was too deeply hostile to the navy, too indifferent to the needs of trade and industry, and the
financial crisis was too pressing for such arguments to be heard. Over the next two years
expenditure on the fleet—excluding the galley service—was almost halved from 29
million livres (£ 1.7 million) in 1693 to 14.6 million (£ 860,000) in 1695; fleet strength fell
in a similar proportion. The army, meanwhile, was maintained at full strength….”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 153.
71. “…at full strength.
“William’s financial problems were of a different kind. The English Channel and the
inability of English monarchs to borrow on any scale had saved the country from prolonged
engagement in the wars that had ravaged continental Europe and forced Louis into his cycle
of future obligations and diminishing tax base. There were fewer salaried Crown servants in
the whole of England than in the single province of Normandy, and taxation per head was a
quarter to a third of that in France; as importantly, it fell on all classes and was seen to do
so. Apart from William’s immediate need for money to pay off James’ naval debt—soon
forthcoming from his supporters in the London financial community—he had begun his
mission to curb the French king with a virtually clean fiscal slate.
“His difficulties stemmed chiefly from Parliament. James had lost his Crown because
he had been suspected of maneuvering towards an absolute monarchy in the style of Louis.
William had been welcomed as guarantor of English—parliamentary—liberties. Members
of Parliament, perceiving they had contributed to their impotence under James by granting
him a permanent income…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
Ibid.
72. “…a permanent income from various tax and customs yields, were resolved not to repeat
the mistake: William was made to apply to Parliament even for his ordinary revenue. This
not only kept him in financial dependence but ensured the regular convening of Parliament,
which gave opportunity for scrutiny of his every transaction and future intention.
“Parliament also sought to prevent the growth of permanent taxation and the state
apparatus necessary for its collection and distribution; consequently the sums granted
William were raised by taxes or duties for limited periods only—usually three years.
Land tax was preferred to indirect (excise) taxes on commodities, since it affected the
Members own pockets and would consequently be reduced or repealed at the first
opportunity; moreover, it was collected locally by the gentry, not by Crown tax collectors.
The determination to limit and control William extended to underfunding his war
expenditure deliberately, forcing him to borrow to make up the difference, so increasing his
dependence by saddling him with interest payments from his ordinary revenue. These
heroic efforts to prevent what would now be called big government and deficit financing…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 153-154.
73. “…and deficit financing in the Dutch style—referred to disparagingly by the landed
interests as ‘running the country head over heels in debt’—were quite incompatible with
the conduct of a great European war, and resulted in 1693 and 1694 in major financial
crises.
“The solution—plain in retrospect, and plain to William’s Dutch advisors and many
others then—was to spread the extraordinary expenditure of war over a longer term. The
first tentative step in this direction was taken in January 1693, with the sale of life
annuities at rates of interest up to 14 %, the payments being guaranteed by Parliament on
the yields of additional duties on beer, vinegar and imported drink. It was not a success,
and was followed in march 1694 by a sale of 100,000 ten-pound lottery tickets, the
winners receiving annual sums for a period of sixteen years, again guaranteed by
Parliament on specific additional duties and taxes.
However, the crucial move towards long-term borrowing was taken that summer,
1694, when subscribers to a loan of £1,200,000 were incorporated as the Bank of
England.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 154.
74.
75.
76. “… Bank of England. Attempts to form such a bank on the model of the Bank of
Amsterdam had failed under Charles II and James II because sound finance was
impossible under arbitrary rule by royal prerogative. The difference now was that William
was observing constitutional restraints and loans were guaranteed not by the Crown
but by Parliament, so forming not a royal but a ‘national’ debt.
“The critical importance of the political changes was appreciated by the English
moneyed interest and foreign observers alike: the leading Dutch political writer Ericus
Walten suggested that since the ‘Glorious Revolution’ there was no great gap between the
political systems of England and the United Provinces, both being under an ‘eminent head’
who scrupulously observed the constitutional limits of his authority, which was the essence
of stable and responsible government.
“The foundation of the Bank was a logical development, particularly under the extreme
pressures of war. Naturally it met bitter opposition in a Parliament dedicated to preventing
the growth of government. The landed classes [who wished to preserve ‘squirearchy,’ the
rule by country squires] particularly saw the Bank as a mechanism for harnessing the
financial community which stood to gain from war to an administration intent on
waging war…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 154-155.
77. “… on waging war, and feared the inevitable escalation of public debt and taxes to service
the debt. Their apprehensions hereto be justified beyond their worst fears. It is a measure
of the strength of the merchant/financial interest that the fierce opposition failed. It is
an indication also of the dilemma facing all traditionalists: William's the guarantor of their
liberties and religion, yet in protecting them he had to increase borrowing, hence the power
of the financial interest. Or, as it is put in recent study of this turning point in English
history, the cost of defense against Louis was the creation of a state which threatened
the traditional vision of English society and politics, and ‘one of the major political
concerns of the period was how to steer a safe course between preserving the regime and
avoiding its excesses.’
“The influence of the merchant interest can be seen as clearly in parliamentary debates
about the losses caused by the French war against trade, particularly after the destruction of
of the Med convoy. Attempts were made to interfere in the detailed organization of
convoys. These failed, but many more warships of the fourth and fifth rates suitable as
escorts were laid down in the succeeding years,…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 155.
78. “… the succeeding years, and continuing parliamentary agitation led in 1696 to the
formation of the Board of Trade to liaise between merchants and the Admiralty on the
sailing and protection of convoys. [then referred to as the ‘Lords of Trade,’ its particular
other interest was the colonies. It would evolve into the Colonial Office in 1768 during the
American ‘disturbances’]. That year [1696] the sum voted for the navy rose to over two and
a half million pounds—more than double French naval expenditures.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 155-156.
79. “… the succeeding years, and continuing parliamentary agitation led in 1696 to the
formation of the Board of Trade to liaise between merchants and the Admiralty on the
sailing and protection of convoys. [then referred to as the ‘Lords of Trade,’ its particular
other interest was the colonies. It would evolve into the Colonial Office in 1768 during the
American ‘disturbances’]. That year [1696] the sum voted for the navy rose to over two and
a half million pounds—more than double French naval expenditures.•
“So the two principal naval protagonists veered in opposite directions. Louis in financial
crisis had little choice but to sacrifice his fleet;.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 155-156.
80. “… the succeeding years, and continuing parliamentary agitation led in 1696 to the
formation of the Board of Trade to liaise between merchants and the Admiralty on the
sailing and protection of convoys. [then referred to as the ‘Lords of Trade,’ its particular
other interest was the colonies. It would evolve into the Colonial Office in 1768 during the
American ‘disturbances’]. That year [1696] the sum voted for the navy rose to over two and
a half million pounds—more than double French naval expenditures.•
“So the two principal naval protagonists veered in opposite directions. Louis in financial
crisis had little choice but to sacrifice his fleet;• William was moved by concern for trade
protection to increase his and develop alongside the battle fleet stronger, more professional
escort and patrol/blockade forces amounting virtually to a second fleet. The merchant/
financial interest which provided the means was calling the tune, as it had in the great
days of the United Provinces, Venice and other historic maritime powers. Indeed,
England was on the way to becoming, if she had not already become, a true maritime
power.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., pp. 155-156.
81. “… true maritime power,
“As if to mark the transformation, in the same summer as the foundation of the Bank of
England, 1694, and using the funds thus made available by the subscribers,• Russell led the
allied fleet, headed by eight three-deckers, into the Med, shutting up the reduced French
combined fleet in Toulon. By wintering at Cadiz instead of returning home, Russell continued to
command the middle sea throughout the campaigning season of 1695, freeing allied trade,
cutting French trade to a trickle, and stopping supplies reachingFrench forces advancing on
Barcelona • —so symbolizing for allies, neutrals and enemies the might of maritime powers.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 156.
82. “… true maritime power,
“As if to mark the transformation, in the same summer as the foundation of the Bank of
England, 1694, and using the funds thus made available by the subscribers,• Russell led the
allied fleet, headed by eight three-deckers, into the Med, shutting up the reduced French
combined fleet in Toulon. By wintering at Cadiz instead of returning home, Russell continued to
command the middle sea throughout the campaigning season of 1695, freeing allied trade,
cutting French trade to a trickle, and stopping supplies reachingFrench forces advancing on
Barcelona • —so symbolizing for allies, neutrals and enemies the might of maritime powers.
“It was the first time an English main fleet had entered the Med, the first time the great
ships had not been laid up for the winter. The effort and expense of sending out naval stores,
supplies, dockyard officials and workers to Cadiz indicated a new level of financial and
administrative competence. Russell’s cruises on the southern European flank attested a new
scale of military and diplomatic leverage. The beginnings of Dutch financial methods had
enabled England to take up her much heralded, hitherto disappointed, role as a major European
power. Meanwhile the former supreme maritime power, the United Provinces, confined to
a junior naval partnership, was being bled on land by continuous defensive campaigns on
its southern-Netherlands frontier.…”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
op. cit., p. 156.
83. “… southern-Netherlands frontier.
“The peace negotiations which had begun towards the end of 1693 were concluded and
signed at Ryswick near the Hague in September 1697. Louis restored all the territory his
armies had won, renounced claims to the Spanish Netherlands, allowed the United
Provinces to garrison the border fortresses, and recognized William as king of England,
Scotland and Ireland and his heirs as successors; he also cancelled the ruinous import duties
that had persuaded the Dutch regents to support William’s plans for a grand alliance against
him. satisfactory as it appeared, the treaty was no more than a truce of exhaustion. None
of the questions concerning French territorial or colonial ambitions and the conflicting
economic compulsions of the maritime powers had been settled. They were to be fought out
through the next century.”
7
Barfleur/La Hougue,
1692
Ibid.
And that’s another several stories…
jbp