This document discusses reducing inequalities as outlined in UN Sustainable Development Goal 10. It notes that while laws may provide for equality, in practice extreme gaps exist between formal rights and actual equality. To address this, a 3-point framework is proposed focusing on resources, respect, and voice. Specific targets and policies are outlined to promote inclusion, equal opportunities, and reduce inequality outcomes through 2030. Barriers to achieving equality are analyzed, including lack of quality data and surveys in some countries.

1. Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities

2. ▪ Equality is not only giving equal opportunities, it is to ensure the equal outcomes.
▪ Equality before the law is crucial for gender equality but is no guarantee of equality
in practice.
▪ There is extreme gap between the formal equal right and equality in practice.
▪ For public policy of any country filling this gap is a big challenge.

3. How to fill this gap?
To address this gap, Progress proposes a 3-point framework for
action:
Resources: Redressing women’s socio-economic disadvantage
Respect: Addressing stereotyping, stigma, and violence
Voice: Strengthening women’s agency, voice and participation.

4. Targets:
10.1: By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the
population at a rate higher than the national average.
10.2: By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age,
sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status.
10.3: Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory
laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislations and policies in this regard.
10.4: Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve
greater equality.
10.5: Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen
the implementation of such regulations.

5. Continued……
▪ 10.6: Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global
international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable
and legitimate institutions.
▪ 10.7: Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through
the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies.
▪ 10.a: Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular
least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements.
▪ 10.b: Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment,
to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small
island developing States and landlocked developing countries in accordance with their national plans and
programs.
▪ 10.c: By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate
remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent.

6. Facts and figures:
▪ On average—and taking into account population size—income inequality increased by 11 per
cent in developing countries between 1990 and 2010.
▪ A significant majority of households in developing countries—more than 75 per cent of the
population—are living today in societies where income is more unequally distributed than it
was in the 1990s.
▪ Evidence shows that, beyond a certain threshold, inequality harms growth and poverty
reduction, the quality of relations in the public and political spheres and individuals’ sense of
fulfilment and self-worth.
▪ There is nothing inevitable about growing income inequality; several countries have managed
to contain or reduce income inequality while achieving strong growth performance.
▪ Income inequality cannot be effectively tackled unless the underlying inequality of
opportunities is addressed.

7. Continued…..
• In a global survey conducted by UN Development Program, policy makers from around the world
acknowledged that inequality in their countries is generally high and potentially a threat to long-term
social and economic development.
• Evidence from developing countries shows that children in the poorest 20 per cent of the populations are
still up to three times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than children in the richest quintiles.
• Social protection has been significantly extended globally, yet persons with disabilities are up to five
times more likely than average to incur catastrophic health expenditures.
• Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in the majority of developing countries, women in rural
areas are still up to three times more likely to die while giving birth than women living in urban centers.

8. Deliverables:
▪ At least 20 countries mainstream pro-poor environmental
sustainability into national and sub-national development
policies and plans.
▪ At least 20 countries report institutional changes resulting
in strengthened design and implementation and
monitoring of pro-poor and gender responsive sustainable
development policies.
▪ At least 20 countries report economic, social and
ecological benefits arising from implementation of pro-
poor environmental sustainable national development
policies and plans.
▪ National and legal advisory and coordination capacities for
mainstreaming established.
• December 2017
• December 2017
• December 2017
• December 2017

9. Continued……
Creating Sustainable Means to Empower the Vulnerable in
Rural Senegal:
▪ The overall goal of the initiative is to empower disabled
women, widows, orphans and other vulnerable within the
population in rural Senegal using sustainable means. Our
vision is to empower these groups by improving their food
and nutrition situation, access to education and medication
on a long term and strengthening their position within the
community.
PARTNERS
▪ Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the European
Union, Luxembourg, and Senegal Individuals and volunteer
in the European Union and Senegal Women networks,
community associations.
DELIVERABLES:
• Disabled women and widows have increased access
to resources and services to assure their nutrition
security, and a greater financial capacity to enhance
their income opportunities and participation in small
scale businesses. (December 2017)
• Orphans have increased access to free education and
a stable learning environment. Local schools have
improved their equipment such as personal
computers, laptops or tablets. (December 2017)
• Medical assistance has improved for the poorest
among the population. Underprivileged families have
increased access to free medication for chronic
diseases. (December 2017)
• Remote villages have improved power supply with
means of solar panels. Inequalities in access to
infrastructure are reduced. (December 2017)

10. Graphs:

12. Partners:
▪ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (UNDESA)
▪ United Nation Development Programs. (UNDP)
▪ United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (UNICEF)
▪ United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries,
Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States. (UNOHRLLS)

13. Global Picture:
▪ Gender gaps are wide and persistent: three quarters of men are in the labor
force, compared to only half of women.
▪ Women in Sweden and France can expect to earn 31 per cent less than men;
this figure is 49 per cent for women in Germany and 75 per cent for women in
Turkey.
▪ In Brazil, the doubling of the minimum wage narrowed the gender pay gap by
9 percentage points.
▪ In EU countries with family-friendly policies, women’s employment rates are
significantly higher than in countries without such support.
▪ In Rwanda, as a result of gender-sensitive land reform, women are 17
percentage points more likely to be regarded as joint landowners.

15. Case of Pakistan:
▪ Pakistan ranks last in women participation in the work force among SAARC countries. –Oxfam
Studies.
▪ Women comprise 42 percent of the total family labor.
▪ Their output has never been accounted for or incorporated in national statistics.
▪ According to government figures, the female labor participation rate is 18 percent, compared to 75
percent of men.
▪ According to Human Development in South Asia 2010/2011: the share of the female labor force in
the total agricultural labor force in Pakistan since 1980 has increased to 30 percent.
▪ Agriculture may have the highest number of females working in this sector but 80 percent of these
women are regarded as unpaid family workers.
▪ Between the provinces, Sindh is the most deprived.

16. How inequality is measured in Pakistan?
According to Mustafa Talpur,
▪ There is no independent research organization to collect and analyze the data on household income.
▪ The only source is the household survey carried out by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics but it has its
own limitations.
▪ Carrying surveys on income inequality are often difficult.
▪ They are often suspect, incomplete and often replete with inaccuracies.

17. Inequality through tax reforms:
▪ In Pakistan, in 2013-14, nearly Rs 500,000,000,000 were lost due to tax exemptions. This is more
than 1.5 times the total education budget of Pakistan (Oxfam report March 2015).
▪ At the global level, Oxfam has calculated that a tax of just 1.5 per cent on the wealth of the world’s
billionaires, if implemented directly after the financial crisis, could have saved 23 million lives in the
poorest 49 countries by providing them with money to invest in healthcare.
▪ Out of 1,169 parliamentarians, only 1,040 have filed tax returns for the Fiscal Year (FY) 2013-2014
according to the Parliamentarians Tax Directory (PTD) by the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR).
▪ Umar Cheema, working in The News who founded the CIRP to improve journalistic standards in
Pakistan, says tax compliance in Pakistan is pathetically low and what's even more unfortunate is
that the average Pakistani does not even know or care about it and clearly reflects on the people
they elect.

18. Had the government tackled the hydra of inequality?
▪ According to SDPI’s deputy executive director, Dr Vaqar Ahmed, the government can reduce
inequality.
▪ Prices came down due to reduced oil and commodities prices –A good sign for poor and will reduce
income inequalities.
▪ However, the consumption inequalities and horizontal inequalities persists.
▪ He termed schemes for the youth as “Disaster” and “Poorly planned and executed”.

19. Recommendations:
There is no simple formula to reduce or end the poor-rich gap but certain steps can be
taken to address inequality.
▪ Household surveys –Quality surveys should be carried out so that policy decisions are
accurate and relevant.
▪ Inflation should be controlled as it increases poverty and inequality.
▪ Taxation –Structural weakness in the tax system, Reduce indirect taxes.
▪ Create microcredit opportunities.
▪ Enforce minimum wage.
▪ Create vocational skills centers.
▪ Free quality schooling till Matriculation.
▪ Greater progress will be made through programs that promote empowerment.

21. References:
▪ http://www.dawn.com/news/1178703
▪ http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/chapter1/
▪ http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/chapter2/
▪ http://www.globalgoals.org/global-goals/reduced-inequalities/
▪ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
▪ http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/inequality/
▪ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=10491
▪ www.twitter.com ( #GlobalGoals )