The document discusses various types of dilemmas including: - Ethical dilemmas that force a choice between two undesirable options. - Social dilemmas that create a conflict between individual and collective interests. - Logical dilemmas (like the prisoner's dilemma) that use conditional and disjunctive statements to imply an unavoidable conclusion. The key aspects of dilemmas are that they involve difficult choices between two negative or unfavorable options with no ideal solution.

1. • “Damned if you do, damned if you don't”
• "Between Scylla and Charybdis”
• "Lesser of the two Evils”
• "Between a rock and a hard place”
• "Between the devil and the deep blue sea”
• "Out of the frying pan, into the fire"

2. Dilemma
Syed Aftab Hussain Shah

3. Etymology
• In early 1500s, English borrowed dilemma from Late Latin, which, in
turn, borrowed the word from the Greek.
• Combination of two words
Di- ‘two’
• Lemma- ‘premise’ or ‘assumption’ theme, or subject)
• Our world is filled with propositions, themes, and subjects—matters

4. • Dilemma’s ‘double proposition’ has technical meanings in rhetoric
and logic.
• In rhetoric, a dilemma is an argument that forces a person to choose
between two undesirable alternatives.
• In formal logic, a dilemma features two conditions that imply the
same conclusion, often, though not necessarily, unfavorable in
nature.

5. Prisoner’s Dilemma
• The typical prisoner's dilemma is set
up in such a way that both parties
choose to protect themselves at the
expense of the other participant.
• If A and B each betray the other, each
of them serves 2 years in prison
• If A betrays B but B remains silent, A
will be set free and B will serve 3 years
in prison (and vice versa)
• If A and B both remain silent, both of
them will only serve 1 year in prison
(on the lesser charge)

6. Ethical Dilemma
• Ethical dilemmas are situations
that challenge one's ability to
choose the most ethical course
of action and in which to obey
one would result in transgressing
another.

7. Social Dilemma
• Social dilemma is a collective
action situation in which there is
a conflict between individual
and collective interest.
• An individual profits from
selfishness unless everyone
chooses the selfish alternative,
in which case the whole group
loses.

8. • Double blind
• An emotionally distressing dilemma in communication in which an
individual (or group) receives two or more conflicting messages, and
one message negates the other.
• Extortion
• The choice between paying the extortionist and suffering an
unpleasant action

9. Chicken or egg
The chicken or the egg causality dilemma is commonly stated as "which
came first, the chicken or the egg?" To ancient philosophers, the
question about the first chicken or egg also evoked the questions of how
life and the universe in general began.
• Sophie's choice
A choice between two persons or things that will result in the death or
destruction of the person or thing not chosen. The choice is between
two unbearable options, and it's essentially a no win situation.
• Hobson's choice
• Situation in which only one thing is offered.
The two options are taking it or taking nothing. A choice between
something and nothing;
"take it or leave it.

10. • Dilemma in logic, any one of several forms of inference in
which there are two major premises of hypothetical form and a
disjunctive (“either . . . or”) minor premise.
• Example:
• "Tariffs will either reduce imports or they will not; if they
do (A), they will provide more work for home manufacturers
(B); if they don't (not-A), they will increase the revenue from
customs (C)."
• [i.e., If A, then B; and if not-A, then C.
But either A or not-A.
Therefore either B or C.]
.

11. • In logic ⊃ signifies “if . . . then”; ∨ signifies “either . . . or”.
Symbolically, therefore, a dilemma is an argument of the
form :-
A ⊃ C
B ⊃ C
A ∨ B
Therefore C.

12. • Dilemma; Syllogism that is both conditional and disjunctive.
• Conditional: The major premise is a compound conditional
proposition consisting of two or more simple conditional
propositions connected by (and) or its (equivalent).
Example:-
If A then Z; If B then Z
Either A or B
Therefore Z
• Disjunctive: The minor premise is a disjunctive proposition that
alternatively posits the antecedents or the consequents
Z OR Z
Therefore Z

13. Constructive Dilemma
• If it's gold then I'm rich and if it's
pyrite then I'm poor.
It is either gold or pyrite.
Therefore, either I'm rich or I'm poor..
• "If it rains, you'll get wet" (P→Q); and
"If it's cold, you'll shiver" (R→S).
"Either it's raining" (P), or "it's cold"
(R).
Therefore, you're either wet, or you're
shivering.
In this case, you might very well be
both wet and shivering.
• It is the inference that, if P implies Q
and R implies S and either P or R is
true, then Q or S has to be true

14. Simple Dilemma
• In the simple constructive dilemma, the conditional premise infers the same
consequent from all the antecedents presented in the disjunctive propositions.
Hence, if any antecedent is true, the consequent must be true.
Example: This form is illustrated by the reflections of a man trapped in an
upper story of a burning building.
If I jump, I shall die immediately from the fall
And if I stay I shall die immediately from the fire.
I must either jump or stay – there is no other alternative.
Therefore I shall die immediately.

15. Complex Constructive Dilemma
• In the complex constructive dilemma, the conditional premise does not infers to the same
consequent from all the antecedents presented in the disjunctive propositions.
Example:-
If I win a million dollars, I will donate it to an Hamza Foundation.
If my friend wins a million dollars, he will donate it to a wildlife fund. I win a million
dollars or my friend wins a million dollars. Therefore, either an Hamza Foundation will get a
million dollars, or a wildlife fund will get a million dollars. The dilemma derives its name
because of the transfer of disjunctive operator.

16. Destructive Dilemma
• It is also a syllogism composed of conditional and
disjunctive premises.
• The major premise is compound conditional
proposition consisting of two or more simple
conditional propositions.
• The minor premise is the disjunctive proposition which
sublates (negates) the consequents of the conditional
proposition.
• The conclusion sublates ( negate ) the antecedents of
conditional.
• General form
1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
2 .Not Y or not Z.
3. Therefore, not X or not W.

17. • If it rains (P), then you'll get wet (Q)" and "If it's
cold(R), then you'll shiver(S)"
• Either you're not wet, or you're not shivering.
• Therefore, either it's not raining, or it's not cold.
• symbolically
• 1. (P>Q).(R>S)
• 2. ~Q v ~ S
• 3. therefore ~ P v ~ S

18. Simple Destructive Dilemma
• In the simple destructive dilemma, the conditional
premise infers more than one consequent from the
same antecedent.
.
• symbolic form
• 1. (A>B).(A>C)
• 2. ~B v ~ C
• therefore 3. ~ A

19. EXAMPLE
• If I am to pass the examination, I must do two things: I will study all
night and I must also be mentally alert as I write.
• But either I will not study all night or I will not be mentally alert as I
write.
• Therefore I will not pass the examination