Microbiome of human body:
Researchers currently studying human normal microbiota such as Escherichia coli (vitamin K
producing), lactobacilli are essential and important to the human health & these microsymbionts
lives in the gut of human with symbiotic relationship. This microbiota is going to generate
vitamins, cofactors (NADH, FADH2) and human body does not synthesize some vitamins but
these microbiota is going to synthesize essential vitamins. These microbiotas are going to digest
cellulose content in fruits and vegetables and whole grains finally improve essential nutrients to
the human body. Health digestion activity of insoluble fibres can ensure that you have a good
health. Local nutrient source: Whole grain bread possesses higher content of insoluble fiber
followed by enzymatic digestion of gut microbiota into n-butyrate. Insoluble fiber digestion into
n-butyrate mediated by coloncocci and streptococci intestinal bacterial species by enzymatic
activity.
Effect of immune system:
M cells: These are called as microfold cell and they are located within the gut epithelium of
payer’s patches. M cell functions mainly samples usual gut flora and enable movement of the gut
microbiota to basolateral side to immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract followed by response
produced by B and T lymphocytes on as usual basis. These cells are acting like border control
and enable pumping T cells and immunoglobulin-A (IgA) across gastro intestinal mucosa. These
cells enable colonizing gut microbiota on the epithelium for appropriate digestion of food bolus.
The normal microbiota is pathogenic and may induce severe effects when they migrated to
another tissue from their native place of living. Nose and mouse microbiota are such as
Staphylococcus epidermis and are nearly 100% occurrence in both nose and mouth. These
microbes are pathogenic if they move other organs. Diversified microbiota was observed and this
microbiota includes both Gram positive and Gram- negative species. Corynebacterium and
Steptococcus pyogenes are at least form 25% of nasal microbiota whereas Spirochaetes and is
highly abundant in mouth & its presence was not mentioned in OSU.
Elders often possess weakened immune system and these circumstances leading to opportunistic
viral infection and gastroinstestinal infections (fungal, protozoan) where microbiota enables
human digestion. These viral particles act as bacteriophages to invade bacterial cells to generate
more virions to propagate further infection leaving the microbiota inactive and dead. Sometimes
excess use of anti-microbial chemotherapeutic agents acts as agents to invade gut microbiota due
to inhibition of their growth via various cell-synthesizing mechanisms for example, inhibiting
cell wall synthesis of bacteria. Some antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase non- specifically including
host cells and useful microbiota result in death of useful vitamin producing microbiota.
The causes of altered microbiota in the elderly: 1. Aging,.
Microorganisms, those minuscule entities that elude the naked eye, take centre stage in Class 8 Science Chapter 2, titled "Microorganisms: Friend and Foe." This chapter delves into the intricate world of these tiny beings, exploring their dual nature as both friends and foes, with profound implications for our environment, health, and daily life.
Commonly used Microbes in Biotechnology.pptxChrisJSoguilon
Microbes are living organisms that must be amplified to be seen. Bacteria, fungus, and viruses are all examples of microbes. These tiny, living cells serve as miniature chemical factories in biotechnology and biomanufacturing, producing products such as amino acids, medicines, enzymes, and food additives.
Learn more about commonly used microbes in biotechnology in this PowerPoint!
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when colonize the gastrointestinal tract. The various microbial strains are now found to provide therapeutic effects through the metabolites they produce, digestion of dietary fibers, inhibition of pathogen adhesion, provide missing enzyme, maintaining homeostasis and also controlling brain activities which may lead to autism if disturbed.
Microbiology is the study of a variety of living things, such as bacteria, fungus, and other tiny creatures, that are not visible to the naked eye. However, these little creatures are the foundation of all life on earth.. all types of living things that are invisible to the unaided eye.
Important categories have been divided based on certain traits in the study of bacteria in food. These classifications have no taxonomic relevance.
Food technology, food safety and hygiene, food poisoning, food genomics, and, more generally,
Neutraceuticals - Probiotics, Prebiotics & SynbioticsMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
The digestive system contains heavy population of microbes. In the m.pdfRubanjews
The digestive system contains heavy population of microbes. In the mouth each ml of saliva
contains millions of bacteria. The stomach and intestines contain a few organisms because the
stomach produces hydrochloric acids and in intestines the food is rapidly moved. The large
intestine harbors several microbial populations and each gram feces contains more than 100
billion bacteria. The large intestines mainly contain anaerobic and facultative anaerobic
organisms. These bacteria are mainly involved in the enzymatic break down of food especially
the polysaccharides and synthesize the vitamins.
The health benefits imparted by Probiotic microorganisms are strain specific. No strain will
provide all proposed benefits, not even strains of the same species will be effective against
defined health conditions. As not all the desirable properties are expressed by all Probiotic micro
organisms, numerous strains with lack of pathogenicity are continuously screened and
characterized to select those with potential. Tolerance to the extreme gastrointestinal conditions
(acid, bile, enzymes, low levels of oxygen), ability to adhere to the gastrointestinal mucosa and
competitive exclusion of pathogens have been some criteria for Probiotic selection.
Mucous membranes of the body are in direct contact with the outside environment and
they are colonized by a large number of different bacteria. Through mucous membranes, the
organism is in permanent contact with different antigens. Mucous surfaces are protected by many
defense mechanisms that ensure a permanent and effective protection. They include the
production of secretory IgA, the production of mucus, cytoprotective peptides; defensins etc
Indigenous micro flora markedly affects the structure of the host mucous, its function, and the
development of the whole immune system. Protective micro flora prevents pathogens from
adhering by competi tion for substrates and places of adhesion, and they simultaneously produce
antibacterial substances and stimulate the production of specific antibodies and mucus. The early
colonization of the gut with living micro-organisms is important for the development of the gut
protection barrier. The number of immune and epithelial cells increases.
Probiotics also used in the prevention of H. pylori infection in animal models. The Probiotic
strains used in yoghurt BB-12 and La5 (AB-yoghurt) eradicate the colonization of H. pylori. The
L. salivarius acts against H. pylori infection in mouse. The gut disorders inflammatory bowel
disease – Pouchitis , Crohns disease caused by gut bacteria was prevented using VSL#3 which
contains four Lactobacillus species, three Bifidobacterium species and Streptococcus salivarius
species, that inhibits colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gut.
Probiotics help in assimilating cholesterol levels. Dairy products containing L.
acidophilus reduces cholesterol deposition in the body. Probiotic bacteria can ferment
indigestible carbohydrates and produce.
The human microbiome comprises of collective genome of all the microbes residing at various sites in the human body and consisting of communities of a variety of microorganisms, including Eukaryotes, Archaea, Bacteria and the virus that reside in the different body habitat including the skin, the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract etc. We acquire these bacteria during birth and the first year of life, and they live with us throughout our lives.
The human microbiota helps us to keep healthy, but sometimes these bacteria can also be harmful. We need to take good care of our microbiota to avoid the development of some diseases, such as obesity and asthma. We should eat healthy foods that contribute to the development of a healthy microbiota. The study of the human microbiome is important, and it gives an in-depth understanding of the interplay between humans and its indigenous microbiota. This gives valuable insight into further research studies in optimizing these organisms to combating life-threatening diseases.
Role of microbiology in pharmaceutical and food industrySasmitaDas27
This is all about how microbes has both positive and negative effects on our food industry and in pharmaceutical products . The essentiality of microbes.
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the sa.pdfarccreation001
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the same cell. Cell secretes the
harmone that binds to autocrine receptors of the same cell.
3) Ras binds to steroid harmones is a false statement.
Solution
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the same cell. Cell secretes the
harmone that binds to autocrine receptors of the same cell.
3) Ras binds to steroid harmones is a false statement..
More Related Content
Similar to Microbiome of human bodyResearchers currently studying human norm.pdf
Microorganisms, those minuscule entities that elude the naked eye, take centre stage in Class 8 Science Chapter 2, titled "Microorganisms: Friend and Foe." This chapter delves into the intricate world of these tiny beings, exploring their dual nature as both friends and foes, with profound implications for our environment, health, and daily life.
Commonly used Microbes in Biotechnology.pptxChrisJSoguilon
Microbes are living organisms that must be amplified to be seen. Bacteria, fungus, and viruses are all examples of microbes. These tiny, living cells serve as miniature chemical factories in biotechnology and biomanufacturing, producing products such as amino acids, medicines, enzymes, and food additives.
Learn more about commonly used microbes in biotechnology in this PowerPoint!
Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when colonize the gastrointestinal tract. The various microbial strains are now found to provide therapeutic effects through the metabolites they produce, digestion of dietary fibers, inhibition of pathogen adhesion, provide missing enzyme, maintaining homeostasis and also controlling brain activities which may lead to autism if disturbed.
Microbiology is the study of a variety of living things, such as bacteria, fungus, and other tiny creatures, that are not visible to the naked eye. However, these little creatures are the foundation of all life on earth.. all types of living things that are invisible to the unaided eye.
Important categories have been divided based on certain traits in the study of bacteria in food. These classifications have no taxonomic relevance.
Food technology, food safety and hygiene, food poisoning, food genomics, and, more generally,
Neutraceuticals - Probiotics, Prebiotics & SynbioticsMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
The digestive system contains heavy population of microbes. In the m.pdfRubanjews
The digestive system contains heavy population of microbes. In the mouth each ml of saliva
contains millions of bacteria. The stomach and intestines contain a few organisms because the
stomach produces hydrochloric acids and in intestines the food is rapidly moved. The large
intestine harbors several microbial populations and each gram feces contains more than 100
billion bacteria. The large intestines mainly contain anaerobic and facultative anaerobic
organisms. These bacteria are mainly involved in the enzymatic break down of food especially
the polysaccharides and synthesize the vitamins.
The health benefits imparted by Probiotic microorganisms are strain specific. No strain will
provide all proposed benefits, not even strains of the same species will be effective against
defined health conditions. As not all the desirable properties are expressed by all Probiotic micro
organisms, numerous strains with lack of pathogenicity are continuously screened and
characterized to select those with potential. Tolerance to the extreme gastrointestinal conditions
(acid, bile, enzymes, low levels of oxygen), ability to adhere to the gastrointestinal mucosa and
competitive exclusion of pathogens have been some criteria for Probiotic selection.
Mucous membranes of the body are in direct contact with the outside environment and
they are colonized by a large number of different bacteria. Through mucous membranes, the
organism is in permanent contact with different antigens. Mucous surfaces are protected by many
defense mechanisms that ensure a permanent and effective protection. They include the
production of secretory IgA, the production of mucus, cytoprotective peptides; defensins etc
Indigenous micro flora markedly affects the structure of the host mucous, its function, and the
development of the whole immune system. Protective micro flora prevents pathogens from
adhering by competi tion for substrates and places of adhesion, and they simultaneously produce
antibacterial substances and stimulate the production of specific antibodies and mucus. The early
colonization of the gut with living micro-organisms is important for the development of the gut
protection barrier. The number of immune and epithelial cells increases.
Probiotics also used in the prevention of H. pylori infection in animal models. The Probiotic
strains used in yoghurt BB-12 and La5 (AB-yoghurt) eradicate the colonization of H. pylori. The
L. salivarius acts against H. pylori infection in mouse. The gut disorders inflammatory bowel
disease – Pouchitis , Crohns disease caused by gut bacteria was prevented using VSL#3 which
contains four Lactobacillus species, three Bifidobacterium species and Streptococcus salivarius
species, that inhibits colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gut.
Probiotics help in assimilating cholesterol levels. Dairy products containing L.
acidophilus reduces cholesterol deposition in the body. Probiotic bacteria can ferment
indigestible carbohydrates and produce.
The human microbiome comprises of collective genome of all the microbes residing at various sites in the human body and consisting of communities of a variety of microorganisms, including Eukaryotes, Archaea, Bacteria and the virus that reside in the different body habitat including the skin, the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract etc. We acquire these bacteria during birth and the first year of life, and they live with us throughout our lives.
The human microbiota helps us to keep healthy, but sometimes these bacteria can also be harmful. We need to take good care of our microbiota to avoid the development of some diseases, such as obesity and asthma. We should eat healthy foods that contribute to the development of a healthy microbiota. The study of the human microbiome is important, and it gives an in-depth understanding of the interplay between humans and its indigenous microbiota. This gives valuable insight into further research studies in optimizing these organisms to combating life-threatening diseases.
Role of microbiology in pharmaceutical and food industrySasmitaDas27
This is all about how microbes has both positive and negative effects on our food industry and in pharmaceutical products . The essentiality of microbes.
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the sa.pdfarccreation001
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the same cell. Cell secretes the
harmone that binds to autocrine receptors of the same cell.
3) Ras binds to steroid harmones is a false statement.
Solution
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the same cell. Cell secretes the
harmone that binds to autocrine receptors of the same cell.
3) Ras binds to steroid harmones is a false statement..
Volatility Distillation separates out different .pdfarccreation001
Volatility Distillation separates out different components based on their physical
properties. Density, boiling point, vapor pressure, and condensation point are used to separate the
components by exploiting these different properties. Volatillity is how likely the component is to
react, which does not effect the distillation process. Source(s): I\'m a petroleum engineer
Solution
Volatility Distillation separates out different components based on their physical
properties. Density, boiling point, vapor pressure, and condensation point are used to separate the
components by exploiting these different properties. Volatillity is how likely the component is to
react, which does not effect the distillation process. Source(s): I\'m a petroleum engineer.
The first one has Van der Waals interactions sinc.pdfarccreation001
The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar.
The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren\'t
really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls
electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the
strongest intermolecular forces.
Solution
The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar.
The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren\'t
really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls
electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the
strongest intermolecular forces..
Supersaturated actually. There is more solvent th.pdfarccreation001
Supersaturated actually. There is more solvent than there is of the solute and thus
the solute (KNO3) will be dissolved fully leaving excess H20.
Solution
Supersaturated actually. There is more solvent than there is of the solute and thus
the solute (KNO3) will be dissolved fully leaving excess H20..
In optics, a virtual image is an image in which t.pdfarccreation001
In optics, a virtual image is an image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the
object always diverge. It will appear to converge in or behind the optical device (i.e., a mirror). A
simple example is a flat mirror where the image of oneself is perceived at twice the distance
from oneself to the mirror. That is, if one is half a meter in front of the mirror, one\'s image will
appear to be at a distance of 1 meter away (or half a meter inside or behind the mirror). Because
the rays never really converge, one cannot project a virtual image. By contrast, a real image is an
image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the object pass through a single point. It is
easiest to observe real images when projected on an opaque screen. A screen is not necessary for
the image to form.[
Solution
In optics, a virtual image is an image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the
object always diverge. It will appear to converge in or behind the optical device (i.e., a mirror). A
simple example is a flat mirror where the image of oneself is perceived at twice the distance
from oneself to the mirror. That is, if one is half a meter in front of the mirror, one\'s image will
appear to be at a distance of 1 meter away (or half a meter inside or behind the mirror). Because
the rays never really converge, one cannot project a virtual image. By contrast, a real image is an
image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the object pass through a single point. It is
easiest to observe real images when projected on an opaque screen. A screen is not necessary for
the image to form.[.
1) Political orientation and ideas are the main reasons behind count.pdfarccreation001
1) Political orientation and ideas are the main reasons behind countries wealth. A strong
leadership had led Japan to become major economic power after world war II. Its alliance with
America also helped it a great deal in acheiving its developed status,
2) The countries which emphasised socialism are very poor even today, Countries that shifted to
capitalism have more oppurtunities and joined the free world of trade and commerce. Some
socialistic countries do enjoy high standard of living, but there are very few examples.
Countries like China and India got rid of socialism and they are enjoying the benefits already,
One of the remarkable countries which did this in short time was south korea, which today is one
of the richest nations on this planet. ( It changed from communism to capitalism). Government
policies largely affect well being of nation.
Right now the world is in a very dangerous time, most of the world\'s supply chains are linked to
China, Chinese economy is sailing into troubled waters, If the Chinese economy fails at this
time, we will see a very different world with a new system of international trade.
Solution
1) Political orientation and ideas are the main reasons behind countries wealth. A strong
leadership had led Japan to become major economic power after world war II. Its alliance with
America also helped it a great deal in acheiving its developed status,
2) The countries which emphasised socialism are very poor even today, Countries that shifted to
capitalism have more oppurtunities and joined the free world of trade and commerce. Some
socialistic countries do enjoy high standard of living, but there are very few examples.
Countries like China and India got rid of socialism and they are enjoying the benefits already,
One of the remarkable countries which did this in short time was south korea, which today is one
of the richest nations on this planet. ( It changed from communism to capitalism). Government
policies largely affect well being of nation.
Right now the world is in a very dangerous time, most of the world\'s supply chains are linked to
China, Chinese economy is sailing into troubled waters, If the Chinese economy fails at this
time, we will see a very different world with a new system of international trade..
Molarity = moles volume in L Molarity = 0.0342.pdfarccreation001
Molarity = moles / volume in L Molarity = 0.0342/8.39 Molarity = 0.004076 M
solution Now use the Ka equation to calculate the [H+] of the solution: Ka for CH3COOH =
1.8*10^-5 Ka = [H+] / [CH3COOH] 1.8*10^-5 = [H+]²/ 0.004076 [H+]² = (1.8910^-5) * (
0.004076 [H+]² = 7.34*10^-8 [H+] = 2.71*10^-4 pH = -log [H+] pH = -log 2.71*10^-4 pH =
3.57
Solution
Molarity = moles / volume in L Molarity = 0.0342/8.39 Molarity = 0.004076 M
solution Now use the Ka equation to calculate the [H+] of the solution: Ka for CH3COOH =
1.8*10^-5 Ka = [H+] / [CH3COOH] 1.8*10^-5 = [H+]²/ 0.004076 [H+]² = (1.8910^-5) * (
0.004076 [H+]² = 7.34*10^-8 [H+] = 2.71*10^-4 pH = -log [H+] pH = -log 2.71*10^-4 pH =
3.57.
The tracheal system in insects and gills in fishes are both helps th.pdfarccreation001
The surprising revelation the quiz gave about races was that races are have not been around in
the world since ever. They are a result of ideas developed in different cultures through-out
modern history. Basically there are no scientific rules defining a race. For eg. if people
differentiate in races based on skin colour and practice racism, it is absolutely wrong because
skin colour is not sufficient to determine a person\'s race, culture or susceptibility to disease. it
might be just an indication of the geographical origin of that person.
If we observe the genetic composition of africans, asians and europeans, most of their DNA is
the same but africans have several other novel genes. There is no set of genes that specify a race.
Genetic diversity between people is much more detailed than how people definne races.
An idea which cannot be proved with logic and science and which does not follow any specified
rules should not be considered as real. Racism is a result of mentality of people considering one
skin colour or one culture better than the other. It has always been and is still a huge cause of
discrimination in the world leading to mental stress in a large number of people. Racism is no
measure of a person\'s capabilities and awareness should be spread through the world to diminish
this form of discrimination.
You can add your own ideas and let me know how much this helped! :)
Solution
The surprising revelation the quiz gave about races was that races are have not been around in
the world since ever. They are a result of ideas developed in different cultures through-out
modern history. Basically there are no scientific rules defining a race. For eg. if people
differentiate in races based on skin colour and practice racism, it is absolutely wrong because
skin colour is not sufficient to determine a person\'s race, culture or susceptibility to disease. it
might be just an indication of the geographical origin of that person.
If we observe the genetic composition of africans, asians and europeans, most of their DNA is
the same but africans have several other novel genes. There is no set of genes that specify a race.
Genetic diversity between people is much more detailed than how people definne races.
An idea which cannot be proved with logic and science and which does not follow any specified
rules should not be considered as real. Racism is a result of mentality of people considering one
skin colour or one culture better than the other. It has always been and is still a huge cause of
discrimination in the world leading to mental stress in a large number of people. Racism is no
measure of a person\'s capabilities and awareness should be spread through the world to diminish
this form of discrimination.
You can add your own ideas and let me know how much this helped! :).
The answer is D. ChemoorganoheterotrophCow is a chemoorganohetero.pdfarccreation001
The answer is: D. Chemoorganoheterotroph
Cow is a chemoorganoheterotroph. Cows are heterotrophswhich depend on organic matter for
carbon and electron source.
Solution
The answer is: D. Chemoorganoheterotroph
Cow is a chemoorganoheterotroph. Cows are heterotrophswhich depend on organic matter for
carbon and electron source..
The A and B chains of human insulin are cloned in separate plasmids .pdfarccreation001
The A and B chains of human insulin are cloned in separate plasmids in separate E.coliand are
kept under the appropriate E.coli transcription and translation signals.
Answer: option 1 and 3.
Solution
The A and B chains of human insulin are cloned in separate plasmids in separate E.coliand are
kept under the appropriate E.coli transcription and translation signals.
Answer: option 1 and 3..
Question 1How many parameters does a default constructor haveAn.pdfarccreation001
Question 1
How many parameters does a default constructor have?
Ans) It never has any
Explanation:
The default constructor doesn’t have any parameters.Thats why it is also called as Zero-
Argumented constructor.
Even The default constructor doesn’t return anything even void also.
___________________________________________________________________
Question 2
Which of the following statements is true about the class shown below?
class Quiz1A
{
private int[] array = new int[10];
public int[] getArray()
{
return array;
}
}
Ans) It is immutable
Explanation:
Here the getArray() method is not doing any operations inside it.It just returning an array.So it is
also called as getter method.
______________________________________________________________________
Question 3
A method that is associated with an individual object is called __________.
Ans) an instance method
Explanation:
For every class we can create many objects.If we want to call a method on object, we have to call
a method by using the reference of it.That method is confined to that object only.
______________________________________________________________________
Question 4
Given the declaration Circle[] x = new Circle[10], which of the following statement is most
accurate?
Ans) x contains a reference to an array and each element in the array can hold a reference to a
Circle object.
Explanation:
This array will hold the references of Circle class objects.It will not store objects.
______________________________________________________________________
Question 5
What is the output of the program shown below?
public class Quiz1B
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Count count = new Count();
int times = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
increment(count, times);
System.out.println(\"times = \" + times + \" count = \" + count.times);
}
public static void increment(Count count, int times)
{
count.times++;
times++;
}
}
class Count
{
int times;
public Count()
{
times = 1;
}
}
Ans) times = 100 count = 101
Explanation:
This for loop in the main method will be executed for 100 times.So the value of the variable of
main method times will increased by 1 for each iteration.As the initial value of times is 0 and
finally it will become 100.after 100 iterations
As the initial value of instance variable of Count class is 1.After 100 iterations its value will
become 101
______________________________________________________________________
Question 6
When calling a method with an object argument, ___________ is passed.
Ans) the reference of the object
Explanation:
We have to pass the reference of an object as argument while calling.not the copy or objects
contents or else.
______________________________________________________________________
Question 7
Which of the following is not a property of a constructor?
Ans) The name of a constructor can be chosen by the programmer
Explanation:
We can overload the constructor.
The constructor is called and executed when we are creating an object by using new.
Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazils south-east coast. It i.pdfarccreation001
Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazil\'s south-east coast. It is one of Brazil\'s largest
settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people. The population of Rio de
Janeiro has grown for a number of reasons. Natural Increase is one reason for its growth (this is
when the birth rate is higher than the death rate). The population has also grown as the result of
urbanisation. The has been caused by rural to urban migration. Millions of people have migrated
from Brazil\'s rural areas to Rio de Janeiro. 65% of urban growth is a result of migration. This is
caused by a variety of push and pull factors.
The rapid growth of Rio de Janeiro\'s population has led to a severe shortage of housing.
Millions of people have been forced to construct their own homes from scrap materials such as
wood, corrugated iron and metals. These areas of temporary accommodation are known as
favelas in Brazil. The conditions associated with favelas are very poor. Often families have to
share one tap, there is no sewerage provision, disease is common and many people are
unemployed.
Favelas are located on the edge of most major Brazilian cities. They are located here for a
number of reasons. Firstly, this is the only available land to build on within the city limits.
Secondly, industry is located on the edge of the cities. Many people need jobs therefore they
locate close to factories. Some of these settlements may be 40 or 50 km from the city centre (on
the edge of the city), along main roads and up very steep hillsides.
Causes of urban growth;
Although the process of urbanisation happens in both MEDCs(more economically developed
countries)and LEDCs,(less economically developed countries) the fastest-growing cities in the
world are in LEDCs.
The reasons for the growth of urban areas include:
There are many problems associated with the rapid growth. These include unplanned housing
(squatter settlements/shanty towns), dealing with urban waste, pollution and stress on the
infrastructure and the city\'s services.
Shanty towns/sqatter settlements;
The fact that cities in LEDCs are growing rapidly means that conditions can be poor. There are
often great inequalities within LEDC urban areas and they are even more pronounced in LEDCs.
Some of the worst conditions are found in the shanty towns on the edge of the city, near the
CBD(convention on biological diversity) or along main transport routes. They tend to be
unplanned and are often illegal. Houses are self-built using basic materials and shanty towns
have few services.
Shanty town residents face many problems on a daily basis.
Problems in shanty towns/squatter settlements
this is how the squatter settlements effects the urban geography of brazil
Solution
Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazil\'s south-east coast. It is one of Brazil\'s largest
settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people. The population of Rio de
Janeiro has grown for a number of reasons. Natural Increase is one .
Othello.java
package othello;
import core.Game;
import userInterface.OthelloUi;
public class Othello {
// main is \"static\" because it\'s going to be called by the java interpreter
// before any objects are created, thus, it does not need to be in an
// instance of the Othello class to be called, it can simply be called
// whenever.
public static void main(String[] args) {
Game game = new Game();
OthelloUi othelloUi = new OthelloUi(game);
}
}
OthelloUi.java
package userInterface;
import core.Game;
import userInterface.GameUi;
import userInterface.BoardUi;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class OthelloUi extends JFrame {
private Game game;
private GameUi gameUi;
private BoardUi boardUi;
public OthelloUi(Game game) {
this.game = game;
// Create components and put them in JFrame upon class
// instantiation.
initComponents();
}
private void initComponents() {
this.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(600, 600));
this.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(600, 600));
// This is done to close the actual application once the
// UI is closed via X.
this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
gameUi = new GameUi();
boardUi = new BoardUi();
// By default, JFrame uses BorderLayout as its LayoutManager,
// which is responsible for managing how UI components are placed
// within framses/panels.
this.add(gameUi, BorderLayout.NORTH);
this.add(boardUi, BorderLayout.CENTER);
this.setVisible(true);
}
}
GameUi.java
package userInterface;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
public class GameUi extends JPanel {
public GameUi() {
// Creates components and puts them in the JPanel on
// instantiation.
initComponents();
}
private JLabel nameOne;
private JLabel nameTwo;
private JLabel scoreOne;
private JLabel scoreTwo;
private void initComponents() {
// Set dimensions for JPanel.
this.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200, 100));
this.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(200, 100));
// Label components.
nameOne = new JLabel(\"Player One\");
nameTwo = new JLabel(\"Player Two\");
scoreOne = new JLabel(\"0\");
scoreTwo = new JLabel(\"0\");
nameOne.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(100, 50));
nameTwo.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(100, 50));
scoreOne.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(100, 50));
scoreTwo.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(100, 50));
// JPanel uses FlowLayout layout manager, which adds components
// left to right in a row, until it runs out of space and creates
// a new row.
this.add(nameOne);
this.add(scoreOne);
this.add(nameTwo);
this.add(scoreTwo);
}
}
BoardUi.java
package userInterface;
import core.Constants;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
public class BoardUi extends JPanel {
private JButton[][] board;
private BoardListener listener;
public BoardUi() {
initComponents();
}
private voi.
1.Types of Computer Information SystemsThere are four basic type.pdfarccreation001
1.
Types of Computer Information Systems
There are four basic types of computer-based information Systems:
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Record day-to-day transactions such as customer orders, bills, inventory.
Helps supervisors by generating databases needed for other information Systems.
Examples: recording customer orders, bills, inventory levels, and production output.
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Summarizes the detailed data of the transaction processing system.
Produces standard reports for middle-level managers.
Examples: Production schedule and budget summaries.
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Draws on the detailed data of the transaction processing system.
Provides a flexible tool for middle-level managers for analysis.
Examples: Analyzing the effects of events such as strikes, rising interest rates, etc.
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Presents information in a very highly summarized form.
Combines the internal data from TPS and MIS with external data.
Helps top-level managers oversee operations and develop strategic plans.
Examples: Introducing new products, starting a company wide cost control program, etc.
2. Benifits:
1. Enabling better and faster decision making
By delivering relevant information at the time of need through structure, search, subscription,
syndication, and support, a knowledge management environment can provide the basis for
making good decisions. Collaboration brings the power of large numbers, diverse opinions, and
varied experience to bear when decisions need to be made. The reuse of knowledge in
repositories allows decisions be based on actual experience, large sample sizes, and practical
lessons learned.
2. Making it easy to find relevant information and resources
When faced with a need to respond to a customer, solve a problem, analyze trends, assess
markets, benchmark against peers, understand competition, create new offerings, plan strategy,
and to think critically, you typically look for information and resources to support these
activities. If it is easy and fast to find what you need when you need it, you can perform all of
these tasks efficiently.
3. Reusing ideas, documents, and expertise
Once you have developed an effective process, you want to ensure that others use the process
each time a similar requirement arises. If someone has written a document or created a
presentation which addresses a recurring need, it should be used in all future similar situations.
When members of your organization have figured out how to solve a common problem, know
how to deliver a recurring service, or have invented a new product, you want that same solution,
service, and product to be replicated as much as possible. Just as the recycling of materials is
good for the environment, reuse is good for organizations because it minimizes rework, prevents
problems, saves time, and accelerates progress.
4. Avoiding redundant effort
No one likes to spend time doing something over again. But they do so all the .
Na2SeO3 ---> 2 Na+ + SeO32-
0.08 0.16 0.08
SeO32- + H2O <---> HSeO3- + OH-
0.08 0 0
-x x x
0.08-x x x
Kb2 = Kw/Ka2 = 1E-14/(4.8E-9)
Kb2 = 0.21E-5
0.21E-5 = x2/(0.08-x)
x = 4.1E-4
HSeO3- + H2O <---> H2SeO3 + OH-
4.1E-4 0 0
-y y y
4.1E-4 - y y y
Kb1 = Kw/Ka1
Kb1 = 1E-14/(2.4E-3) = 0.42E-11
The second hydrolysis constant is much smaller than the first, so we can the assume that the first
step dominates.
[H+]*[OH-]=1E-14
[H+]*4.1E-4=1E-14
[H+] = 0.24E-10
pH = 10.6
Ok?
Solution
Na2SeO3 ---> 2 Na+ + SeO32-
0.08 0.16 0.08
SeO32- + H2O <---> HSeO3- + OH-
0.08 0 0
-x x x
0.08-x x x
Kb2 = Kw/Ka2 = 1E-14/(4.8E-9)
Kb2 = 0.21E-5
0.21E-5 = x2/(0.08-x)
x = 4.1E-4
HSeO3- + H2O <---> H2SeO3 + OH-
4.1E-4 0 0
-y y y
4.1E-4 - y y y
Kb1 = Kw/Ka1
Kb1 = 1E-14/(2.4E-3) = 0.42E-11
The second hydrolysis constant is much smaller than the first, so we can the assume that the first
step dominates.
[H+]*[OH-]=1E-14
[H+]*4.1E-4=1E-14
[H+] = 0.24E-10
pH = 10.6
Ok?.
It is an important to understand the early stages of reproduction. W.pdfarccreation001
It is an important to understand the early stages of reproduction. When, the egg and sperm unite
to form a zygote, each of the parents supply the zygote with half of the chromosomes necessary
for a full set.
The zygote, which is a single cell, then begins to reproduce itself by the cellular division process
called mitosis, this stage is called morula and the new cells are called elastomers.
When enough cells have been produced (the number varies from species to species), cell
differentiation begins to take place. The first differentiation appears to be when the blastocyst is
formed, which is an almost hollow sphere with a cluster of cells inside; and the differentiation
appears to be between the cells inside, which become the fetus, and the cells outside, which
become the fetal membranes and placenta.
However, the process is not entirely understood at the present time and there is some variation
between species; so it is difficult to pinpoint the onset of differentiation, which some scientists
believe occurs during blastomere division.
The purpose of this ability of a single blastomere to produce an entire embryo is probably to
defence the process of embryo development against the destruction of any of the blastomeres. In
theory, it should be possible to produce an entire embryo from each blastomere (and blastomeres
are generally totipotent from the four to eight cell stage), but in practice it is usually only
possible to produce two embryos.
That is why this procedure is generally referred to as embryo splitting rather than cloning;
although both terms refer to the same thing (cloning is the production of genetically identical
embryos, which is a direct result of embryo splitting).
Interestingly enough, although the embryos produced from separated blastomeres usually have
fewer cells than a normal embryo, the resulting offspring fall within the normal range of size for
the species.
Another interesting embryonic manipulation is the creation of chimaeras. These are formed by
uniting two different gametes, so that the embryo has two distinct cell lineages. Chimaeras do
not combine the genetic information of both lineages in each cell. Instead, they are a patchwork
of cells containing one lineage or the other. For this reason, the offspring of chimaeras are from
one distinct genotype or the other, but not from both.
Thus chimaeras are not useful for creating new animal populations beyond the first generation.
However, they are extremely useful in other contexts. For instance, while embryo division as
described above is limited in the number of viable embryos that can be produced, chimaeras can
be used to increase the number.
After the blastomeres are separated, they can be combined with blastomeres of a different
genetic lineage. It has been found that with the additional tissue, the survival rate of the new
embryos is more favorable. For some reason only a small percentage of the resulting embryos are
chimaeric; this is thought to be because on.
Let the normal gene be represented by P, and the two mutations be re.pdfarccreation001
Let the normal gene be represented by P, and the two mutations be represented by p# and p*.
Given that the plant is p#p*, and that the two mutations seggregate independently. Therefore, the
gametes p# and p* will be obtained in equal frequencies (1:1). Upon self-cross, the genotypes
obtained will be:
p#
p*
p#
p#p#
(1)
p#p*
(1)
p*
p#p*
(1)
p*p*
(1)
In the table given above, it can be seen that p#p* appears twice (1 + 1 = 2), whereas p#p# and
p*p* appear only once (1).
Since, both the mutations are recessive, three phenotypes would be obtained in the ratio:
mutant 1 : normal : mutant 2 :: 1:2:1
Three genotypes will be obtained in the ratio:
p#p# : p#p* : p*p* :: 1:2:1
p#
p*
p#
p#p#
(1)
p#p*
(1)
p*
p#p*
(1)
p*p*
(1)
Solution
Let the normal gene be represented by P, and the two mutations be represented by p# and p*.
Given that the plant is p#p*, and that the two mutations seggregate independently. Therefore, the
gametes p# and p* will be obtained in equal frequencies (1:1). Upon self-cross, the genotypes
obtained will be:
p#
p*
p#
p#p#
(1)
p#p*
(1)
p*
p#p*
(1)
p*p*
(1)
In the table given above, it can be seen that p#p* appears twice (1 + 1 = 2), whereas p#p# and
p*p* appear only once (1).
Since, both the mutations are recessive, three phenotypes would be obtained in the ratio:
mutant 1 : normal : mutant 2 :: 1:2:1
Three genotypes will be obtained in the ratio:
p#p# : p#p* : p*p* :: 1:2:1
p#
p*
p#
p#p#
(1)
p#p*
(1)
p*
p#p*
(1)
p*p*
(1).
Imagine you are an Information Systems Security Officer for a medium.pdfarccreation001
Imagine you are an Information Systems Security Officer for a medium-sized financial services
firm that has operations in four (4) states (Virginia, Florida, Arizona, and California). Due to the
highly sensitive data created, stored, and transported by your organization, the CIO is concerned
with implementing proper security controls for the LAN-to-WAN domain. Specifically, the CIO
is concerned with the following areas:
Protecting data privacy across the WAN
Filtering undesirable network traffic from the Internet
Filtering the traffic to the Internet that does not adhere to the organizational acceptable use
policy (AUP) for the Web
Having a zone that allows access for anonymous users but aggressively controls information
exchange with internal resources
Having an area designed to trap attackers in order to monitor attacker activities
Allowing a means to monitor network traffic in real time as a means to identify and block
unusual activity
Hiding internal IP addresses
Allowing operating system and application patch management
The CIO has tasked you with proposing a series of hardware and software controls designed to
provide security for the LAN-to-WAN domain. The CIO anticipates receiving both a written
report and diagram(s) to support your recommendations.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:
Use MS Visio or an open source equivalent to graphically depict a solution for the provided
scenario that will:
filter undesirable network traffic from the Internet
filter Web traffic to the Internet that does not adhere to the organizational AUP for the Web
allow for a zone for anonymous users but aggressively controls information exchange with
internal resources
allow for an area designed to trap attackers in order to monitor attacker activities
offer a means to monitor network traffic in real time as a means to identify and block unusual
activity
hide internal IP addresses
Identify the fundamentals of public key infrastructure (PKI).
Describe the manner in which your solution will protect the privacy of data transmitted across
the WAN.
Protecting data privacy across the WAN
Filtering undesirable network traffic from the Internet
Filtering the traffic to the Internet that does not adhere to the organizational acceptable use
policy (AUP) for the Web
Having a zone that allows access for anonymous users but aggressively controls information
exchange with internal resources
Having an area designed to trap attackers in order to monitor attacker activities
Allowing a means to monitor network traffic in real time as a means to identify and block
unusual activity
Hiding internal IP addresses
Allowing operating system and application patch management
Solution
Imagine you are an Information Systems Security Officer for a medium-sized financial services
firm that has operations in four (4) states (Virginia, Florida, Arizona, and California). Due to the
highly sensitive data created, stored, and transported by your organization, the CIO is concern.
Each water molecule has 4 hydrogen bonds holding .pdfarccreation001
Each water molecule has 4 hydrogen bonds holding it in the solid phase. These are
the bonds that are broken when the water sublimes (converts from solid to gas). Therefore, the
H-bond energy is 11.9kcal/4 = 2.98 kcal/bond
Solution
Each water molecule has 4 hydrogen bonds holding it in the solid phase. These are
the bonds that are broken when the water sublimes (converts from solid to gas). Therefore, the
H-bond energy is 11.9kcal/4 = 2.98 kcal/bond.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Microbiome of human bodyResearchers currently studying human norm.pdf
1. Microbiome of human body:
Researchers currently studying human normal microbiota such as Escherichia coli (vitamin K
producing), lactobacilli are essential and important to the human health & these microsymbionts
lives in the gut of human with symbiotic relationship. This microbiota is going to generate
vitamins, cofactors (NADH, FADH2) and human body does not synthesize some vitamins but
these microbiota is going to synthesize essential vitamins. These microbiotas are going to digest
cellulose content in fruits and vegetables and whole grains finally improve essential nutrients to
the human body. Health digestion activity of insoluble fibres can ensure that you have a good
health. Local nutrient source: Whole grain bread possesses higher content of insoluble fiber
followed by enzymatic digestion of gut microbiota into n-butyrate. Insoluble fiber digestion into
n-butyrate mediated by coloncocci and streptococci intestinal bacterial species by enzymatic
activity.
Effect of immune system:
M cells: These are called as microfold cell and they are located within the gut epithelium of
payer’s patches. M cell functions mainly samples usual gut flora and enable movement of the gut
microbiota to basolateral side to immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract followed by response
produced by B and T lymphocytes on as usual basis. These cells are acting like border control
and enable pumping T cells and immunoglobulin-A (IgA) across gastro intestinal mucosa. These
cells enable colonizing gut microbiota on the epithelium for appropriate digestion of food bolus.
The normal microbiota is pathogenic and may induce severe effects when they migrated to
another tissue from their native place of living. Nose and mouse microbiota are such as
Staphylococcus epidermis and are nearly 100% occurrence in both nose and mouth. These
microbes are pathogenic if they move other organs. Diversified microbiota was observed and this
microbiota includes both Gram positive and Gram- negative species. Corynebacterium and
Steptococcus pyogenes are at least form 25% of nasal microbiota whereas Spirochaetes and is
highly abundant in mouth & its presence was not mentioned in OSU.
Elders often possess weakened immune system and these circumstances leading to opportunistic
viral infection and gastroinstestinal infections (fungal, protozoan) where microbiota enables
human digestion. These viral particles act as bacteriophages to invade bacterial cells to generate
more virions to propagate further infection leaving the microbiota inactive and dead. Sometimes
excess use of anti-microbial chemotherapeutic agents acts as agents to invade gut microbiota due
to inhibition of their growth via various cell-synthesizing mechanisms for example, inhibiting
cell wall synthesis of bacteria. Some antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase non- specifically including
host cells and useful microbiota result in death of useful vitamin producing microbiota.
The causes of altered microbiota in the elderly: 1. Aging, cancer; 2. Obseity and bowel disorder;
2. 3. Gastric atrophy, malnutrition; 4. Altered immunity & increased intestinal transit times;
Solution
Microbiome of human body:
Researchers currently studying human normal microbiota such as Escherichia coli (vitamin K
producing), lactobacilli are essential and important to the human health & these microsymbionts
lives in the gut of human with symbiotic relationship. This microbiota is going to generate
vitamins, cofactors (NADH, FADH2) and human body does not synthesize some vitamins but
these microbiota is going to synthesize essential vitamins. These microbiotas are going to digest
cellulose content in fruits and vegetables and whole grains finally improve essential nutrients to
the human body. Health digestion activity of insoluble fibres can ensure that you have a good
health. Local nutrient source: Whole grain bread possesses higher content of insoluble fiber
followed by enzymatic digestion of gut microbiota into n-butyrate. Insoluble fiber digestion into
n-butyrate mediated by coloncocci and streptococci intestinal bacterial species by enzymatic
activity.
Effect of immune system:
M cells: These are called as microfold cell and they are located within the gut epithelium of
payer’s patches. M cell functions mainly samples usual gut flora and enable movement of the gut
microbiota to basolateral side to immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract followed by response
produced by B and T lymphocytes on as usual basis. These cells are acting like border control
and enable pumping T cells and immunoglobulin-A (IgA) across gastro intestinal mucosa. These
cells enable colonizing gut microbiota on the epithelium for appropriate digestion of food bolus.
The normal microbiota is pathogenic and may induce severe effects when they migrated to
another tissue from their native place of living. Nose and mouse microbiota are such as
Staphylococcus epidermis and are nearly 100% occurrence in both nose and mouth. These
microbes are pathogenic if they move other organs. Diversified microbiota was observed and this
microbiota includes both Gram positive and Gram- negative species. Corynebacterium and
Steptococcus pyogenes are at least form 25% of nasal microbiota whereas Spirochaetes and is
highly abundant in mouth & its presence was not mentioned in OSU.
Elders often possess weakened immune system and these circumstances leading to opportunistic
viral infection and gastroinstestinal infections (fungal, protozoan) where microbiota enables
human digestion. These viral particles act as bacteriophages to invade bacterial cells to generate
more virions to propagate further infection leaving the microbiota inactive and dead. Sometimes
excess use of anti-microbial chemotherapeutic agents acts as agents to invade gut microbiota due
to inhibition of their growth via various cell-synthesizing mechanisms for example, inhibiting
3. cell wall synthesis of bacteria. Some antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase non- specifically including
host cells and useful microbiota result in death of useful vitamin producing microbiota.
The causes of altered microbiota in the elderly: 1. Aging, cancer; 2. Obseity and bowel disorder;
3. Gastric atrophy, malnutrition; 4. Altered immunity & increased intestinal transit times;
