Sciences of Europe - Features of Rhododendron caucasicum floragenesis

No 91 (2022)
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CONTENT
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Aghayeva E.
RHODODENDRON CAUCASICUM PALL.
FLORAGENESIS ............................................................3
Vardanyan Z., Bairamyan L.,
Sahakyan G., Mkhitaryan H.
BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF THE ORGANS OF
SAMBUCUS NIGRA L. DEPENDING ON GROWTH
CONDITIONS................................................................7
EARTH SCIENCES
Kholina T., Bekerov A.
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL RESOURCES OF GUBA DISTRICT
(AZERBAIJAN) ............................................................11
ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Chitakova D., Radev R.
CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE COMMISSION
FOR CONSUMER PROTECTION IN BULGARIA............15
Rustambekov G.
NATIONAL ECONOMIC INTERESTS AS A FACTOR OF
SOCIALLY ADAPTED DEVELOPMENT..........................21
HISTORICAL SCIENCES
Jafarova E.
ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ZOOMORPHIC PLOTS ON
MEDIEVAL CERAMICS OF SHIRVAN...........................25
JURIDICAL SCIENCES
Akhmetova N., Serikbaeva S.
CODIFICATION WORK IN RUSSIA ON KAZAKH LEGAL
CUSTOM IN THE 19TH CENTURY...............................32
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Yancheva S., Buchvarov E., Bivolarski I.
VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS – CAUSE FOR A TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT..................................................................37
Buruaiană S., Guțan D.
CLINICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
INDOLENT NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMAS...............40
Bayramov Y., Alieva E.,
Mehmani I., Babayev E., Ashrafov D.
FEATURES OF ADAPTATİON TO COMPLETE
REMOVABLE LAMELLAR DENTURES..........................42
Shevchenko A., Syusyuka V., Krut` Y.,
Kyryliuk A., Deynichenko O., Onopchenko S.
PRETERM LABOR IN MODERN OBSTETRICS ..............45
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Mukanova R., Iskakova G.
CRITERION ASSESSMENT AS A NEW APPROACH OF
ASSESSMENT IN A MODERN SCHOOL .......................52
Kulmagambetova S., Kitym G.
EFFECTIVENESS OF USING COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING A
FOREIGN LANGUAGE AT THE SENIOR STAGE OF
SECONDARY SCHOOL ................................................58
Kismetova G., Mashzhanova A.
TЕСNOLOGY OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AS A
WAY OF DEVELOPING EDUCATIONAL AND COGNITIVE
ACTIVITIES IN ENGLISH LESSONS...............................62
Kulmagambetova S., Tolegen A.
USING A COGNITIVE APPROACH IN TEACHING
FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN GRADES 9-11 ....................65
Dzhusubalieva D., Utetleuova A.
METHODS OF FORMATION OF REFLEXIVE AND
DEVELOPING COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS IN
FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS USING WEB
TECHNOLOGIES .........................................................68
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Cozac E.
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR
FORECASTING INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
MARKETS...................................................................72
Blahopoluchna A., Liakhovska N.,
Povorozniuk I., Barvinok N.
HACCP SYSTEM IN THE RESTAURANT INDUSTRY ......76

Sciences of Europe # 91, (2022) 3
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
ФЛОРАГЕНЕЗ RHODODENDRON CAUCASICUM PALL
Агаева Э.З.
Гянджинский Государственный Университет, г. Гянджа
доцент
RHODODENDRON CAUCASICUM PALL. FLORAGENESIS
Aghayeva E.
Gandja State Universitety,
Ganja, Associate Professor
АННОТАЦИЯ
Современная флора зарослей кав-казского рододендрона состоит из видов са-мого различного гене-
зиса и возраста. Эти виды являются в основном плиоценовыми мигрантами, многие из которых прошли
процесс видообразования в условиях высо-когорий Кавказа. Дальнейшая тенденция развития зарослей -
это обеднение флори-стического состава и сокращение ареала, которое наблюдается в направлении с се-
вера на юг и с запада на восток.
ABSTRACT
The modern flora of the Caucasian rhododendron thickets consists of species of very different genesis and
age. These species are mainly Pliocene migrants, many of which underwent the process of speciation in the con-
ditions of the high mountains of the Caucasus. A further trend in the development of thickets is the depletion of
the floristic composition and the reduction of the area, which is observed in the direction from north to south and
from west to east.
Ключевые слова: флорогенез, история флоры Кавказа, Rhododendron caucasicum, эндемики, флора.
Keywords: floragenesis, history of Caucasian flora, Rhododendron caucasicum, endemic species, flora.
The history of Caucasian flora is closely con-
nected with the history of the Caucasus itself, on the
one hand, and the history of neighboring regions, which
significantly influenced its formation, on the other. The
peculiarity of this history is that the flora of Caucasian
cover plants as a physical-geographical unit appeared
at a time of considerable development, and its entire
paleoflora is considered to come from the southern and
northern coasts of Tethys as a result of invasion of flo-
ristic elements against the background of climate
change and physical-geographical environment. can be
done.
The history of flora of the Caucasus is better de-
veloped in the works of A.A.Grossheim [2, 3] and is
traced back to the beginning of the third period. Against
this background, the suspicion of individual phytoce-
nosis flora, especially the highland history, is of inter-
est. One of such phytocenoses is rhodoretums - Rhodo-
dendron caucasicum shrubs, whose floristic composi-
tion includes 270 species of tubular plants [9].
Rh.caucasicum shrubs, it is important to consider
migration routes, climatic conditions and orogenetic
movements at different times, as we are talking about
the floragenesis of highland flora, which developed un-
der approximately the same conditions as today. The
history of Rh.caucasicum is undoubtedly of interest in
connection with the development of a model of
floragenesis of shrubs. It can be considered that the an-
cestors of the Leiorhodion subfamily of Caucasian rho-
dodendrons diverged long before entering the Cauca-
sus. AI Galushko's point of view [1], which is more rel-
evant in this regard, is that Rh.caucasicum Asian Rh.
They have a common ancestor with Aureum, and this
ancestor was not a forest-dwelling, but a highland mes-
ophile. We imagine the history of the species as fol-
lows: in the depths of the third period, probably in the
Eocene, when relations between the Caucasus and East
Asia were established, the invasion of species from the
ancient Himalayan generative center of rhododendrons
also occurred in the northern and northwestern direc-
tions. In North America, Europe and Central Asia, on
the one hand, and in the Himalayas and tropical Asia,
the northwest wave was weaker in proportion to mod-
ern species. Along with this wave, three representatives
of the Leiorodion hemisphere reached the southern
children of the Tethys and the Caucasus, who were ini-
tially distinguished not only morphologically but also
ecologically; Rh. The ancestor of the ponticum is more
thermophilic, spreading to the lower forest belts, within
the tropical flora along the south coast of Tethys to the
west. Here he later became Rh. Baeticum has been
transformed. Rh. ungernii, Rh. smirnovii ancestors also
lived in the forest, but more cryophilic, directed to the
upper forest belts, Rh. The ancestor of the Caucasus is
oriented to the open mountain areas. The latter is more
widespread than the others and was the most cryophilic.
Due to different ecologies, these ancient species were
the second center of the formation of different moun-
tain belts during the Pontic drought. Rh. Its existence
as a species of caucasicum most likely began in the
Lower Pliocene in Asia Minor and was completed in
the maple century. Its complete structure was formed
under the influence of intensified epigenogenesis in the

4 Sciences of Europe # 91, (2022)
continental arid, semiarid and cold climates of the Cau-
casus during this period [1]. Rh. caucasicum had the
ability to form shrubs by vegetative propagation. Here
the microclimate regime was easier to maintain, as well
as humidity was provided. Living together in the form
of shrubs was beneficial to the species because it was
environmentally friendly. From this time Rh. caucasi-
cum began to spread in the Greater Caucasus. This is
the time in the mountains of East Asia Rh. caucasicum
from a common ancestor Rh. aureum is formed.
The ability to form shrubs in the upper open belts
of the mountains is still Rh. caucasicum was character-
istic of the Himalayan ancestor, from whom he inher-
ited this trait [7]. These ancestral shrubs were also ac-
companied by neighboring species that now cover the
rhododendrons. We do not know anything about the
Himalayan neighbors of these shrubs, but during migra-
tion in the Caucasus, some components could migrate
with rhododendrons. Traces of the initial floristic com-
position Rh. should be sought in older parts of the cau-
casicum area. Such and more parts of the Savshet
Mountains belong to them, where the climatic condi-
tions have changed less since the third period. Here, in
our opinion, these ancient migrants could have been
preserved in a modified form. Rh in modern flora. In-
dividual representatives of the caucasicum shrubs re-
mained. These are the descendants of ancient flora spe-
cies that had ties to East Asia. One of them is found in
rhododendron cenoses - Epigaea gualtherioides, which
forms the Eastern connections, the second - in the Him-
alayas. utilis near Betula medwedewii. Together with
the ancestors of rhododendrons, most species migrated
to the Caucasus region of East Asia from the ancestors
of the species Oxyodonthae, which grows in the Hima-
layas and China, and the species Ilex colchica, which
belongs to the subsection. Laurocerassus is a member
of the southern branch of the Poltava flora, which is re-
lated in Southeast Asia officinalis; Ribes biebersteinii
with western Asian ties; as well as other representatives
of the ancient flora Sorbus boiesieri, Hypericum ino-
dorum, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Ruscus colchicus
forms. Rh. Other species that accompany the ancient
shrubs of the Caucasian ancestor have either not been
preserved at all or have been so transformed that they
have lost their connection and it is difficult to trace their
kinship ties. Thus, in the upper Miocene, in tropical cli-
mates, the ancestor Rh. The praecaucasicum shrubs
covered the areas of the Pontic drought, and their flora
was represented by numerous species in East Asian re-
lations. The closest to this ancestral shrub in terms of
floristic composition are the rodaretums of Mount La-
zistan. At the beginning of the Pliocene, the wave of
mesophilic flora, which formed during the Japhethic
Peninsula (in its western part), is directed in the moun-
tain flora within them. Primary shrubs extend from the
Suran belt to the Greater Caucasus to the west and east
along the main belt. At the same time under the influ-
ence of cold climates Rh. The formation is completed
as a species of caucasicum. During this period, the
Greater Caucasus became a mountain range, with the
formation of an endemic nucleus based on migration in
its highlands. Because the endemism of Caucasian spe-
cies is associated with low mountain flora, most Cau-
casian endemics form Western Asia, or Europe-Asia
Minor connections. Rh. The caucasicum area occupied
the southern macroslope of the Greater Caucasus, the
Suram belt, the Ajar-Imeriti and trialet belts, the
Chavshet, the Arsiya, the Lazistan, and the neighboring
belts. Due to the onset of climate change in the direction
of cooling, the primary shrubs became thinner due to
the breakdown of Lazistan taxa. The area from Erica-
ceae to South Kakheti [3] Rh. ponticum and Rh. remain
in the luteum. Betula medwedewii, Paeonia steveniana,
Cyclamen parviflorum come from flora. Through open
migration on the open plateau, the Caucasus passes bo-
real elements from western Europe and East Asia to the
Aegean and the Balkans, which are part of the rhodo-
dendron shrubs. This time it is already in the Caucasus
Polystichum lonchitis and Selaginella helvetica [3], ex-
ist, and most likely Arctostaphylos caucasica, Blechum
spicant, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Selaginella selagi-
noides, Lycopodium clavatum and others. At the same
time Vaccinium uliginosum, V. myrtillus, Rhodococ-
cum vitis-idaea migrated to the Caucasus and became
its shrub components, as well as Dryas caucasica,
which became extinct due to subsequent warming and
the fact that the mountain ranges of Asia Minor and
Acar-Imereti are more cryophilic species due to the ab-
sence of high mountains. These species are important
components of rhododendron shrubs, and other ceno-
ses emerged from them. Simultaneously with boreali-
zation, flora shrubs such as Sorbus velutina, S. albovii,
Arafoe aromatica, Daphne alboviana, Euphorbia eu-
geniae, Cyclamen colchicum are enriched in Abkhazian
root species. As a result, in the Middle Pliocene (Kim-
mer century). The Caspian Sea basin is drying up, des-
ertification is intensifying, and as a result, rhododen-
dron habitats in the Suram Range are being cut off. area
is reduced. Due to the ascent, rhododendron shrubs in-
clude many high mountain subalpine species.
In the western and central parts of the Greater Cau-
casus, it rises and penetrates the northern macro. In the
Caucasus, two secondary reproduction centers of mes-
ophilic species are formed. In the West Caucasus (Col-
chis) and Ponti (Lazistan). In the first, rhododendron
shrubs form colchic endemics, which include Sorbus
velutina, S. subfusca, Kemulariella caucasica, Anetilla
aurea, Arafoe aromatica, Cyclamen colchicum, in the
second - Lasepitium affine, Chaerophyllum astrantiae,
Epigaea gualtherioides, and finally, Rh. ungernii and
Rh. are divided into smirnovii types. During this period
of intensified aridification, the bushes rose and adopted
new components. These are Aconitum nasutum, Poa
iberica, Geranium ptilostemon, G. gymnocaulon, Aco-
nitum confertiflorum, Adenostyles plathyphylloides,
Anemonastrum fasciculatum, Aquilegia caucasica,
Astrantia maxima, Bistorta carnea, Bupleurina poly-
phyllum, Gentile, Bupleurum polyphyllum, Gent
Daphne glomerata and Primula amoena. Near the end
of the Pliocene, the highest altitude in the Caucasus was
2,500-3,000 m above sea level. There was a belt, the
vegetation has a modern character [12]. In the Achae-
menid Age, the Manechen Strait was restored, an ener-
getic uplift took place, in the Apperon Age, the Strait

disappeared again, the Aegean collapsed, and the west-
ern route of migration of mesophilic highland elements
was cut off.
The glacial periods of the Pleistocene caused the
exchange of flora elements between different mountain
systems. In the risk phase, the Caucasus rose an average
of 1,000 m. However, even in the maximum phase of
glaciation, Rh. Caucasicum areas were united in the
Greater and Lesser Caucasus, because in the Lesser
Caucasus there are no shrubs of Caucasian endemic
species, and vice versa.
Thus, the glacial periods of the Pleistocene did not
significantly change the flora of the shrubs. However,
transformation took place in different areas of the rho-
dodendron's range, and the shrubs changed on the basis
of the pure Caucasus. These are Potentilla elatior, Rosa
boissieri, Sorbus albovii, S. subfusca, S. velutina, Hy-
pericum xylosteifolium, Cyclamen colchicum. Vaccin-
ium uliginosum did not exist among the bushes in the
Greater Caucasus. The reason for this, it seems to us, is
that this species is tall, and when it migrates from the
small Caucasus rhododendron, its short Vaccinium
myrtillus and Rhodococcum vitis-idaea, which are
completely covered with rhododendrons and do not live
in another environment. For this species, V.P.Maleyev
[12] suggests an earlier, Upper Pliocene form of pene-
tration into the Lesser Caucasus.
Most researchers believed that there was a direct
route of migration of boreal elements to the Caucasus
during periods of maximum glaciation. Two possible
directions were noted: the road from the north to the
plain of Ergenya-Stavropol plateau-Elbrus [1] and from
the east to the small hills of Gazakh - Mugodjar - Cas-
pian "Pleistocene forest-steppe" development strip
[11].
It was also suggested that boral species could not
be exchanged between the corners of the northern con-
tinental glaciers in the Caucasus, and that boreal ele-
ments preceded the Caucasus. In other words, the bo-
real influence on the Caucasian flora should have be-
longed entirely to the Pliocene, and the Arctic-Alpine
elements were formed on the basis of more ancient an-
cestral species [14]. An important argument in support
of this view is the existence of lacunae (anomalies of
non-existence), especially in the flora of the Caucasus,
important components of the Pleistocene forest-steppe
complex Larix, Pinus sect. The absence of representa-
tives of such genera as Cembra, Soldanella, Cortusa,
Leontopodium, Saussurea, Dendranthema, Thermop-
sis, Ledum, Arctous, Andromeda, Chamaedaphne,
which penetrates the territory of Europe, gives infor-
mation about the presence of boreal elements in the
Pleistocene not only in the north but also in the east. In
the Caucasus, Oxalis acetosella, Pyrola rotundifolia,
Moneses uniflora, Orthylia secunda, Gymnocarpium
dryopteris, Listera cordata, Daphne mezereum, Lin-
naea borealis, Rubus saxatilis, Vaccinium myrtillus,
Rhodococta octae.
During the ice age, there were no suitable ecolog-
ical conditions for the direct entry of such taiga ele-
ments into the Caucasus [6]. Even before the Pleisto-
cene, there were open forestless landscapes in the south
of the European plain. Starting from the second half of
the Sarmatian period, it was possible to think about the
existence of steppe landscapes in the south of the Euro-
pean plain. From the end of Sarmatia to the end of the
Pliocene, the steppe zone expanded both north and
west, and during the Pleistocene the boundaries of the
steppe zone were subject to repeated fluctuations.
Along with quantitative changes during the glaci-
ation period, it occurred in the qualitative variability of
shrubs that have reached the maximum of their area so
far. Rh. caucasicum covered the area of the Rock
Range, the Andes, and fell in the Dagestan Range up to
1,500 m above sea level. The Western Transcaucasian
rhododendron fell to 1,100 m, and the central and east-
ern Transcaucasia covered the front limestone moun-
tains to 1,400 m. Rh in the Lesser Caucasus. The cau-
casicum lazistan range occupied an altitude of 1200-
1400 m above sea level. It is widely spread from the
north-west of Azerbaijan to Karabakh. The relict exist-
ence of this species has been discovered here [13].
These two areas of the range have existed in isolation
since the Miocene, and did not merge even during the
maximum phase of glacial glaciation. There was only
an exchange of forest species with a high altitude am-
plitude between them. To the east and south, the bushes
expanded, enriching them with native species. Shrubs
based in the Central Caucasus have arrived in Dagestan.
This area has always been arid, local conditions. anno-
tinum, Milium schmidtianum, Goodyera repens,
Moneses uniflora, Orthylia secunda, Gentiana septem-
fida, Linnaea borealis, Doronicum oblongifolium, Di-
phasium alpinum, Selaginella selaginoides, Athyrium
filixumia, Genceopian, D.cyopter, Dryopter, Dryopter
viride and b. such as taxa have disappeared. The for-
mation of bushes was initially mainly due to impover-
ishment. The same thing happened in Karabakh, but
more species became extinct here, except for Selagi-
nella helvetica, Dryopteris assimilis, Listera cordata,
Cotoneaster integerrima, Pyrola rotundifolia, Rhodo-
coccum vitis-idaea, Swertia iberica, Dolicorrhiza.
There was no umbrozophyte among native grass spe-
cies. Heliophytes, on the other hand, were included
only in sparse, impoverished shrubs. These include
Briza media, Helictotrichon adzharicum, Carex tristis,
Allium ledschanense, Traunsteinera sphaerica, Al-
chemilla sedelmey eriana.
Rh due to the reduction of glacial areas and the rise
of vegetation belts. narrows in the caucasicum area. It
occupies the highlands of the Elav and Yan ranges of
the Greater Caucasus, and is preserved as a relict island
in the rocky heights and leading limestone ranges of
Western Eruzia [4, 5]. Decreases in the central part of
the Lesser Caucasus, and relict shrubs are preserved in
northeastern Azerbaijan and southern Georgia. Due to
the declining area as a result of the gradual desertifica-
tion of the Central Caucasus, the floristic composition
is impoverished. In general, there is depletion of forest
flora in the forest mesophilic elements from north-west
to south-east. Rh in the last holocene. The floristic com-
position of caucasicum is approaching its modern form.
Geographical analysis of the flora of rhododendrons al-
lows to distinguish three types of shrubs and 12 variants
[8,9]. The Lazistan variant can be considered closer to
the primary bushes. The reason for this conclusion is

that in the bushes of Caucasian rhododendrons Erica-
ceae: Rhododendron ungernii, Rh. smirnowii, Rh. lu-
teum, Rh. ponticum, Rh. sochadzae, Epigaea gualtheri-
oides, allows the existence of several representatives of
the families, as well as numerous tree and shrub forms.
All other variants are other forms of it, the esti-
mated transformations of which took place according
to the following scheme. (Fig.1)
It can be seen from this scheme that changes in the
phytocenosis from the initial type occur in the direction
of impoverishment of the species composition and rel-
ative xerophytization. More mesophilic variants are ter-
ritorially related to the West and Central Caucasus (Ab-
khazian, Cuban, Central Caucasus variants and lime-
stone variants of the rock range. transformation,
impoverishment with mesophilic elements from west to
east in other types, enrichment with meadow and
hemicserophilic elements.
Thus, the general model of floragenesis of Rhodo-
dendron caucasicum shrubs differs little from the pro-
posed migration isolation model to explain the history
of pre-Caucasian flora [6]:
1. Isolation of endemic species of the Caucasus
was carried out on the basis of high-mountain migrants
of East Asian or European-small mountain roots, as
most endemics and subendymics of rhododendron
bushes do not have genetic links with plain and lowland
species.
2. The isolation of populations migrating along
the emerging mountain ranges (Greater and Lesser
Caucasus, isolated ranges and massifs, valleys) and the
emergence of secondary Caucasian species formation
centers allowed the transformation of these populations
into new species.
3. The evolution of different species took place
in different ways, which in some cases led to the isola-
tion of groups of species united in endemic Caucasian
species.
4. The process of regeneration involved the vast
majority of plastic young species, mainly subalpine and
more conservative forest species that have not been ex-
perimentally modified and are included in the compo-
sition of shrubs in the form of tertiary relics (mainly
spore plants and some taiga grass elements).
5. Numerous changes in climatic conditions in
the Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene helped migrate
the various elements left in the pre-Caucasian refutiums
to adjacent areas. The modern flora of the shrubs of
Caucasian rhododendrons consists of species of differ-
ent genesis and age. Most of them are Pliocene mi-
grants and have undergone species formation in the
highlands of the Caucasus. The next development trend
of shrubs is the impoverishment of floristic composi-
tion and the reduction of the area observed in the north-
south and west-east directions.
References
1. Galushko AI. Analysis of the florizapadnoy
part of the Central Caucasus // Flora of the North Cau-
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casus: The work of the Botanical Institute of Azerbai-
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p.
3. Grossheim AA. Plant cover of the Caucasus. -
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4. Ivanov AL. Relic overgrown Rhododendron
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БИОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ОРГАНОВ РАСТЕНИЯ SAMBUCUS NIGRA L. В
ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ УСЛОВИЙ ПРОИЗРАСТАНИЯ
Варданян З.С.
доктор биологических наук, профессор кафедры химии и биологии,
Ванадзорский государственный университет, Армения, г. Ванадзор
Байрамян Л.Е.
кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент кафедры химии и биологии,
Саакян Г.Р.
кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры химии и биологии,
Мхитарян А.К.
кандидат биологических наук, преподаватель кафедры химии и биологии,
BIOMETRIC INDICATORS OF THE ORGANS OF SAMBUCUS NIGRA L. DEPENDING ON
GROWTH CONDITIONS
Vardanyan Z.,
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Vanadzor State University,
Armenia, Vanadzor
Bairamyan L.,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Vanadzor State University, Armenia, Vanadzor
Sahakyan G.,
Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of
Chemistry and Biology, Vanadzor State University, Armenia, Vanadzor
Mkhitaryan H.
Candidate of Biological Sciences, Lecturer of the Department of
Chemistry and Biology, Vanadzor State University, Armenia, Vanadzor
АННОТАЦИЯ
Вид Sambucus nigra L. (бузина черная) на территории Армении встречается в лесах и зарослях север-
ных и южных районов.
Исследованы жизненные формы, распространение растений бузины черной в Лорийском и Тавуш-
ском марзах Армении. В окрестностных лесах Ванадзора и Степанавана Лорийского марза и лесопокрытой
части национального парка "Дилижан", Тавушского марза ареалы распространения, число особей, жиз-
ненные формы вида Sambucus nigra L. не уточнены. Выявлена разница биометрических показателей в за-
висимости от условий и мест произрастания. Доказано, что наиболее благоприятны для роста и развития
бузины черной климатические условия национального парка "Дилижан" Тавушского марза. Наибольшая
длина стеблей зафиксирована в образцах Дилижанского национального парка. Показатели толщины сред-
ней части стеблей с территории Дилижанского национального парка преобладают над толщиной средней
части стеблей с территории Ванадзора и образцов из Степанавана. Средняя длина листьев растений Дили-
жанского национального парка наибольшая, преобладает над средней длиной листьев растений с террито-
рии Ванадзора и Степанавана. Средняя величина плодов, собранных в Дилижанском национальном парке
крупнее образцов плодов, собранных в окрестностях Ванадзора и Степанавана.
ABSTRACT
The species Sambucus nigra L. is found on the territory of Armenia in forests and thickets of the northern and
southern regions.
Life forms, distribution of black elderberry plants in Lori and Tavush marzes of Armenia have been studied.
In the surrounding forests of Vanadzor and Stepanavan, Lori Marz and the forested part of the Dilijan National
Park, Tavush Marz, the distribution areas, number of individuals, and life forms of the species Sambucus nigra L.
have not been specified. The difference of biometric indicators depending on the conditions and places of growth
was revealed. It was proved that the climatic conditions of the Dilijan National Park, Tavush Region are the most
favorable for the growth and development of black elderberry. The greatest length of the stems was recorded in
the samples of the Dilijan National Park. The thickness of the middle part of the stems from the territory of the
Dilijan National Park prevails over the thickness of the middle part of the stems from the territory of Vanadzor
and samples from Stepanavan. The average length of leaves of plants in Dilijan National Park is the largest, pre-
vailing over the average length of leaves of plants from the territory of Vanadzor and Stepanavan. The average

size of fruits collected in the Dilijan National Park is larger than the samples of fruits collected in the vicinity of
Vanadzor and Stepanavan.
Ключевые слова: подлесок, дерево, куст, мезофильные виды, систематика, разновидность.
Keywords: undergrowth, tree, bush, mesophilic species, taxonomy, variety.
Введение
Растения вида Sambucus nigra L. принадлежат
роду Sambucus L, семейства Caprifoliaceae. В Арме-
нии, в диком виде встречаются два вида: Sambucus
nigra L., Sambucus tigrani N. Troitzky L. На террито-
рии республики виды встречаются в лесах и зарос-
лях северных и южных районов. Армянские народ-
ные названия: бузинник, червиха и т.д.
Sambucus nigra L. теневыносливое и влаголю-
бивое растение. В среднем и верхнем горно-лесном
поясах наиболее распространена разновидность
вида S.nigra-(S.nigraf. Laciniata (L.) Zabel), которая
применяется для облагораживания парков [1,6]. S.
Tigrani N. Troitzky.-эндем Армянского нагорья,
встречается на каменистых склонах, в ущельях, за-
рослях Арзни, Апарана, Вайка, Раздана, на горе
Арай лер. Является крайне засухоустойчивым, све-
толюбивым, морозостойким видом, не требовате-
лен к почвенным условиям. Вид S. Tigrani N.
Troitzky. занесен в Красную книгу Армении. Так
как растение является эндемом, то несомненно за-
служивает охраны. В последней редакции Красной
книги Армении оно зарегистрировано под статусом
близкое к уязвимому положению (NT) [1,6]. Из ли-
тературных данных видно, что в некоторых странах
большинство исследований посвящено выявлению
антибактериальных, антиоксидантных свойств
напитков, полученных из генеративных органов
растения S.nigra [9,16,17,18]. В Армении исследо-
вания также ведутся в этом направлении [8].
Нами исследованы жизненные формы, распро-
странение растений бузины черной в Лорийском и
Тавушском марзах Армении. Выявлена разница
биометрических показателей в зависимости от
условий и мест произрастания.
Материалы и методы
В конце 20-го века, в связи с топливно-энерге-
тическим кризисом, в частности в Лорийском марзе
проводились незаконные вырубки леса. В резуль-
тате этого, ценные породы деревьев постепенно вы-
теснились неприхотливыми к условиям произрас-
тания породами. К таким видам относится и
Sambucus nigra L. В Армении, мало исследований,
посвященных изучению распространения и биоэко-
логических особенностей бузины черной
[2,3,4,5,7,19].
Таким образом, работа представляет научный
интерес и имеет практическое значение.
Обьектом исследования являются принадле-
жащие семейству Caprifoliaceae растения и популя-
ции вида Sambucus nigra L.
Целью работы является исследование распро-
странения и жизненных форм особей вида
Sambucus nigra L. в Лорийском и Тавушском марзах
Армении.
Работы велись на лесопокрытых территориях
Степанаванского, Гугаркского районов Лорийского
марза, а также национального парка "Дилижан" Та-
вушского марза.
Исследования проводились маршрутным, по-
лустационарным, стационарным методами [14].
Изучаемые территории находятся в северо-восточ-
ной части республики, в пределах высот над уров-
нем моря: Ванадзор-1350м, Степанаван-1375м,
национальный парк "Дилижан"-1500м. Показатели
климатических условий Лорийского и Тавушского
марзов разнятся не сильно [10,15(таб.1)].
Таблица 1.
Разница основных климатических показателей Лорийского и Тавушского марзов
Марз
Средне-годо-
вое количе-
ство осадков
(мм)
Среднегодовая
t0
C Средняя
высота
над у.м
Число пас-
мурных
дней
Продолжи-
тельность
Солнечного
Сияния
(часы)
лето зима
Лорийский 400-700 +180
C -4,8 1788 43 2000
Тавушский 500-600 +18-+24 0; -1;+1 1594 64 1900- 2100
В подлеске марзов встречаются деревья и ку-
старники Sambucus nigra L. [1,6,7].
На данном этапе, в планах управления лесами
лесных хозяйств Ванадзора, Дилижана, Степа-
навана не уточнены ареалы распространения, жиз-
ненные формы бузины черной этих районов
[11,12,13 ]. Таким образом, в трех исследуемых рай-
онах необходимо провести инвентаризацию и опре-
делить ресурсы растений вида.
Опыты и результаты.
Образцы исследуемого растения взяты в
окрестностных лесах Ванадзора и Степанавана Ло-
рийского марза и с территории национального
парка "Дилижан" Тавушского марза. Для исследо-
ваний выбраны кустарниковые формы Sambucus
nigra L. Определены: средняя длина стеблей, тол-
щина средней части стеблей, средняя длина ли-
стьев, форма плодов, их величина. Полученные
данные сравнили с известными литературными
данными [1,6]. Результаты исследований приве-
дены в таблице 2.

Таблица 2
Биометрические показатели образцов растений Sambucus nigra L.
Лорийского и Тавушского марзов 2021г.
Вид
Sambucus nigra L.
Биометрические показатели растений
Средняя
длина стеб-
лей
(м)
толщина средней
части
стеблей
(диаметр, см)
средняя длина
листьев
(см)
форма, величина
плодов
(диаметр, см)
Лорийский марз,
Ванадзор
2.33 1.3 22 шаровидные, 0.7
Лорийский марз,
Степанаван
2.1 1.2 21.5 шаровидные, 0.6
Тавушский марз, нацио-
нальный парк
"Дилижан"
2.7 1.4 23.2 шаровидные, 0.85
Литературные данные 2-6 1.1-1.5 32
шаровидные,
0.5-0.7
Полученные данные сравнили с известными
литературными данными [4,11]. При сравнении об-
разцов выявили, что длина стебля, взятого с расте-
ния в Ванадзоре превышает минимальные литера-
турные показатели длины стебля бузины черной в
1.165 раза. Стебли, взятые с растений в Степа-
наване, длиннее данных литературы в 1.05 раза, а
средняя длина стеблей, взятых с растений Дили-
жанского национального парка - в 1.35 раза.
Показатели толщины средней части стеблей,
взятых на территории Ванадзора преобладают над
литературными минимальными показателями в
1.18 раза, над показателями Степанавана - в 1.09
раза и растений с территории Дилижанского наци-
онального парка - в 1.27 раза.
Представленные в литературе данные средней
длины листа бузины черной 32см. Средняя длина
листьев, взятых на территории Ванадзора уступает
показателям из литературы в 0.68, Степанавана-в
0.67 раза, Дилижанского национального парка 0.73
раз
В литературе, величина плодов колеблется в
пределах 2-7 мм. Плоды, собранные в окрестностях
Ванадзора соответствуют литературным данным.
Плоды, собранные в окрестностях Степанавана
меньше литературных данных в 0.86 раза, а плоды,
собранные в Дилижанском национальном парке
наоборот, больше литературных данных в 1,21 раза.
Приведенные в таблице 2 результаты данных
показали, что климатические условия Тавушского
марза более благоприятны для роста, развития ис-
следуемого растения. Биометрические данные рас-
тений с территории Тавушского марза преобладают
над показателями Лорийского марза.
В графике 1 приведены сравнительные данные
растений с территорий Тавушского и Лорийского
марзов.
График 1.
Сравнительные результаты биометрических показателей образцов растений Sambucus nigra L.
А-Ванадзор; Б-Степанаван; В- Дилижан.
1. средняя длина стеблей (м); 2. толщина средней части стеблей (диаметр, см);
3. средняя длина листьев (см); 4. диаметр плодов (см).
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
1 2 3 4

Таким образом, наиболее длинные стебли вы-
явлены у растений на территории Дилижанского
национального парка. Показатели средней длины
стеблей Дилижанского национального парка пре-
вышают показатели Ванадзора в 1.17 раза, Степа-
навана -в 1.28 раза.
Наибольшая толщина средней части стебля за-
фиксирована в растениях Дилижанского нацио-
нального парка. Эти показатели преобладают над
показателями Ванадзора в 1.07 раза, Степанавана -
в 1.16 раза. Средняя длина листьев растений Дили-
жанского национального парка наибольшая, преоб-
ладает над средней длиной листьев растений с тер-
ритории Ванадзора в 1.05 раза и над показателями
образцов из Степанавана - в 1.07 раза. Плоды, со-
бранные в Дилижанском национальном парке круп-
нее плодов, собранных в окрестностях Ванадзора в
1.21 раза, Степанавана -в 1.41 раза.
Заключение:
В результате исследований пришли к выводу,
что:
- природно-климатические условия Лорий-
ского и Тавушского марзов благоприятны для роста
и развития бузины черной.
- Ареалы распространения вида Sambucus
nigra L. на территориях Ванадзора, Степанавана
Лорийского марза и в Дилижанском национальном
парке Тавушского марза не уточнены.
- Выявлена разница биометрических
показателей в зависимости от условий и мест
произрастания.
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15. Физическая география Армянской ССР.
Ереван, 1971г. с.470, стр.231-240 (на арм.яз).
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of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) flower or berry against
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search Vol. 4 (17) pp.1805-1809, 4 September, 2010.
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Comparative studies on antibacterial activity of lico-
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Association of Food Science and Technology-B-FOST
2018, Congress, Armenia, elect.

EARTH SCIENCES
ОЦЕНКА ПОЧВЕННЫХ РЕСУРСОВ ГУБИНСКОГО РАЙОНА (АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН)
Холина Т.А.
Бакинский государственный университет,
преподаватель, канд.биол.наук
Бекеров А.О.
Бакинский госудасрственный университет,
магистрант II курса
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL RESOURCES OF GUBA DISTRICT (AZERBAIJAN)
Kholina T.,
Baku State University,
Lecturer, Candidate of Biology
Bekerov A.
2nd year undergraduate
АННОТАЦИЯ
Проведена сравнительная оценка (бонитировка) почв Губинского района на основе диагностических
показателей, коррелирующих с урожайностью сельскохозяйственных культур или продуктивностью есте-
ственных ценозов. В результате составлена основная шкала бонитета почв Губинского район, где для каж-
дой зоны, отличающейся по географо-экологическим условиям в качестве эталона выбрана почва с
наилучшими показателями плодородия, а баллы остальных почв соответственно вычислены.
ABSTRACT
A comparative assessment (grading) of the soils of the Guba region was carried out on the basis of diagnostic
indicators that correlate with the productivity of agricultural crops or the productivity of natural cenoses. As a
result, the main soil quality scale of the Guba region was compiled, where for each zone that differs in geographical
and environmental conditions, the soil with the best fertility indicators was selected as a standard, and the scores
of the remaining soils were calculated accordingly.
Ключевые слова: показатели плодородия, баллы бонитета, эталонные почвы, высокогорный пояс,
средне- и низкогорный пояс, предгорья и низменность, основная шкала бонитета почв.
Keywords: fertility indicators, bonitet scores, reference soils, high-mountain zone, mid- and low-mountain
zone, foothills and lowland, main scale of soil bonitet.
Губинский район расположен в северо-восточ-
ной части Азербайджана, его площадь 261032 га,
что составляет 3 % от площади республики. Это
один из самых крупных районов в Азербайджане,
он обладает хорошими почвенно-климатическими
ресурсами, там выращиваются многие сельскохо-
зяйственные культуры, в первую очередь он сла-
вится своими фруктовыми садами. Территория рай-
она очень разнообразна по рельефным, климатиче-
ским показателям, растительному покрову. Разница
гипсометрических показателей здесь составляет от
100 м в низменной части района до 4191 м над ур.м.
(вершина Туфандаг). Соответственно таким раз-
личным экологическим условиям и почвенный по-
кров здесь чрезвычайно разнообразен: от высоко-
горных почв альпийских и субальпийских лугов до
серо-коричневых и аллювиально-луговых почв
предгорий и низменности. На изучаемой террито-
рии нами с учетом предыдущих исследований [1, 5-
8] были выявлены следующие типы и подтипы почв
(табл.1.)
Таблица 1
Состав почвенного покрова Губинского района
№ Название почв
Площадь
га %
Высокогорный пояс
1 Горно-луговые дерновые 12240 4,69
2 Горно-луговые черноземовидные 6570 2,52
3 Горно-лесо-луговые 3870 1,48
4 Горные лугово-степные 18270 6,99
Средне- и низкогорный пояс
5 Типичные горно-лесные бурые 10440 3,99
6 Горно-лесные бурые лессивированные 6570 2,53

7 Горно-лесные коричневые типичные 27270 10,45
8 Горно-лесные коричневые выщелоченные 20070 7,69
9 Горно-лесные коричневые карбонатные 4770 1,84
10 Горно-лесные коричневые остепненные 3240 1,24
Предгорья и равнины
11 Лугово-коричневые 94712 36,28
12 Серо-коричневые обыкновенные 2970 1,14
13 Аллювиально-луговые 44370 16,99
14 Другие почвы 5670 2,17
Итого по району: 261032,0 100
Для рационального использования и охраны
почвенных ресурсов необходима качественная
оценка земель, или бонитировка, то есть сравни-
тельная качественная характеристика почв, корре-
лирующая с урожайностью сельскохозяйственных
культур и продуктивностью кормовых и лесных
угодий. Нами в течение ряда лет проводились поле-
вые исследования на территории Губинского рай-
она. Полевые работы велись на основании поч-
венно-картографических материалов. В характер-
ных для определенного типа почв местах делались
почвенные разрезы, из каждого горизонта брались
образцы почв для химического и гранулометриче-
ского анализов. В результате проведенных исследо-
ваний выявлены экологические условия формиро-
вания почвенного покрова изучаемой территории,
определены типы и подтипы почв, их физические и
химические показатели. Далее на основе методики
[ 2-4] была проведена бонитировка по свойствам и
диагностическим признакам почв. В качестве ос-
новных оценочных критериев были выбраны за-
пасы гумуса, валового азота, фосфора, калия и
сумма поглощенных оснований.
Сначала процентные величины показателей
свойств почв (гумус, азот, фосфор, калий и сумма
поглощенных оснований) были пересчитаны по ге-
нетическим горизонтам почвы каждого типа на
условно принятых глубинах 0-20, 0-50, 0-100 см.
Далее произвели пересчет веществ в тоннах на гек-
тар по формуле:
Z=
100
V
P
d 

,
где: Z – запас гумуса, азота, фосфора, калия на
глубине 0-20, 0-50, 0-100 см; d – объемный вес
почвы данного слоя; P - процентное содержание гу-
муса или других питательных веществ; V – объем
почвы данного слоя, м3
/га.
Почва, обладающая самыми высокими показа-
телями этих факторов, была принята за эталон (100
баллов), баллы бонитета остальных почв вычис-
лены по формуле:
,
100


м
ф
З
З
Б
где Б – балл бонитета почвы; Зф- фактическое
содержание в почве каждого показателя (гумус,
азот, фосфор, калий, сумма поглощенных основа-
ний); Зм - содержание данных показателей в почве,
взятой в качестве эталона.
Как отмечено выше, изучаемая территория
очень разнообразна по эколого-географическим
условиями, растительному и почвенному покрову,
поэтому мы проводили сравнительную оценку почв
каждого пояса отдельно. Полученные результаты
нашли отражение в основной шкале бонитета почв
(табл.2).
Как видно из таблицы, в высокогорном поясе
эталонными почвами являются горно-луговые чер-
ноземовидные, приближаются к ним горно-луго-
вые дерновые (90 баллов), несколько ниже баллы
горно-лесо-луговых (87) и горных лугово-степных
почв (85).
В средне- и низкогорном поясе наулучшими
качествами обладают горно-лесные коричневые ти-
пичные почвы (100 баллов), средние баллы у горно-
лесных коричневых выщелоченных (87), горно-лес-
ных бурых типичных (84),горно-лесных бурых лес-
сивированных (83) и горно-лесных коричневых
карбонатных (82). Наименьший балл (72) получили
горно-лесные коричневые остепенные почвы, что,
видимо, связано с выходом этих почв из-под леса и
изменением гидротермического режима, а вслед-
ствие этого и почвенных показателей.
В поясе предгорий и низменности за эталон
приняты лугово-коричневые почвы, обладающие
хорошими запасами гумуса и других питательных
веществ. Аллювиально-луговые почвы получили
77 баллов, а самый низкий балл (69) в пределах этой
зоны получили серо-коричневые почвы.
Составление основной шкалы бонитета почв –
это один из этапов качественной оценки почв. Для
оценки всех почвенных разновидностей необхо-
димо применение поправочных коэффициентов на
гранулометрический состав, степень эродирован-
ности, мощность и др., необходимо выявить корре-
ляционную зависимость урожайности сельскохо-
зяйственных культур или продуктивности есте-
ственных ценозов от почвенных показателей и т..д.
Тем не менее основная шкала бонитета позволяет
определить относительное достоинство почв по их
плодородию, т.е. установить, во сколько раз одна
почва лучше или хуже другой по своим естествен-
ным и устойчиво приобретённым свойствам.

Заключение
Выявлено, что наилучшими почвами в высоко-
горном поясе Губинского района являются горно-
луговые черноземовидные, получившие 100 баллов
при оценке, а у горных лугово-степных почв самый
низкий балл (85). Эталонные почвы средне- и низ-
когорного пояса – горно-луговые бурые типичные
почвы, самый низкий балл (72) у горно-лесных ко-
ричневых остепненных почв. В предгорной и низ-
менной части территории района наилучшими по-
казателями плодородия отличаются лугово-корич-
невые почвы (100 баллов), а самыми низкими –
серо-коричневые обыкновенные почвы, получив-
шие 69 баллов. Сравнительная оценка почв пока-
зала, какие почвы в первую очередь нуждаются в
проведении агротехнических мероприятий по по-
вышению плодородия почвы.
Литература
1. Алиев Г.А. Почвы Большого Кавказа в пре-
делах Азербайджанской республики. – Баку,
«Элм», 1994. - 310 с.
2. Гаврилюк Ф.Я. Бонитировка почв. Ростов-
на-Дону: Изд.Ростовского университета, 1984. –
227 с.
3. Методическое руководство по оценке пло-
дородия почв лесных угодий Азербайджанской
ССР. Баку, 1980. - 30 с.
4. Мамедов Г.Ш. Экологическая оценка почв
сельскохозяйственных и лесных угодий Азербай-
джана. Автореф. дис. док. биолог. наук, Днепрепет-
ровск, 1991. - 32 с.
5. Мамедов Г.Ш. Земельная реформа в Азер-
байджане: правовые и научно-экологические во-
просы. – Баку: «Элм», 2000. - 374 с.
6. Морфогенетические профили почв Азер-
байджана / Под ред.Ш.Г.Гасанова. Баку: Элм, 2004.
- 202 с.
7. Салаев М.Э. Диагностика и классификация
почв Азербайджана. Баку: Элм, 1991. – 240 с.
8. Шабанов Дж.А., Мустафаева З.Р., Холина
Т.А. Современное экологическое состояние поч-
венного покрова Губы и его рациональное исполь-
зование // Сборник научных трудов Азербайджан-
ского НИИ земледелия, XXV том, Баку, 2014, с.428-
430.

ECONOMIC SCIENCES
CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE COMMISSION FOR CONSUMER PROTECTION IN
BULGARIA
Chitakova D.,
Student of Management and Administration
Radev R.
Doctor of Commodity Science, Chief Assistant Professor
University of Economics
Varna, Bulgaria
ABSTRACT
The Consumer Protection Commission (CPC) is a specialized state body implementing the legislation for
consumer protection in Bulgaria and exercising administrative control over the entire internal market. The purpose
of this article is to study the attitudes of consumers towards the Commission for Consumer Protection in Bulgaria,
examining its role and importance for the Bulgarian consumer. Usually, what the Bulgarian consumer lacks is a
higher consumer culture and for this reason it is very important that Bulgarian consumers are more widely aware
of their rights as consumers in order to avoid their violation.
Keywords: consumer, consumer protection, Consumer Protection Commission, consumer rights.
Introduction
The right of consumers to protection in the event
of a violation of their rights and interests is a fundamen-
tal right of the individual in every civilized state. The
protection of the rights and interests of consumers is an
expression of the care of the state, society for the indi-
vidual and a particularly important indicator of social
achievement and the state of the economy [1].
Consumer protection is one of the main priorities
in today's market economy. An important condition for
competitiveness and successful business is to meet the
growing demands of consumers and offer them quality
and safe goods [2]. Consumer protection rules have the
potential to improve market performance for the whole
economy. They make markets fairer, and when the
quality of information provided to consumers im-
proves, these rules can lead to greener and more so-
cially oriented market outcomes. Consumer empower-
ment and the effective protection of their safety and
economic interests have become essential policy objec-
tives of the European Union (EU). It is the policy of
both Bulgaria and the EU countries to protect the rights
and interests of consumers. Bulgarian legislation intro-
duces the requirements of EU law on consumer protec-
tion in all its aspects: the right to information about
goods and services; protection against risks from the
acquisition of goods and services that endanger the
health and lives of consumers; protection against unfair
commercial practices and unfair contract terms; the
right to compensation for damage caused by a defect in
goods; access to court and out-of-court procedures for
resolving consumer disputes, etc. [3].
Despite the existence of a rich legal framework for
consumer protection, its poor knowledge and the lack
of an adequate mechanism for monitoring compliance
with it, create conditions for the emergence of unfair
commercial practices, misleading the consumer and
changing his consumer behavior. On June 10, 2006 a
new law regulating the consumer-trader-consumer pro-
tection law came into force. After its adoption, a num-
ber of European acts were transposed, which necessi-
tated numerous changes, mostly in the interest of con-
sumers [4]. The consumer has the right to be informed
not only about the characteristics of the goods and ser-
vices, but also about the rights he has under the law or
at the will of the trader, in case of defects or other in-
consistencies of the purchased goods or services. The
law defines as fundamental the right to protect the eco-
nomic interests of the consumer in the acquisition of
goods or services as a result of unfair commercial prac-
tices and methods of sale, unfair contract terms and the
provision of guarantees for goods [5].
The Consumer Protection Commission (CPC) is a
specialized state body implementing the legislation for
consumer protection in Bulgaria and exercising admin-
istrative control over the entire internal market. The
main goal of this control is to create an environment in
which consumers feel calm and secure [3].
The main goal of the CPC is to assist in creating
conditions for achieving a high level of consumer pro-
tection on the Bulgarian market.
The CPC acts as a single liaison office of the Re-
public of Bulgaria in its contacts with the EU and the
Member States regarding consumer protection
measures within the meaning of Regulation (EU)
№2006/2004 [6].
The main activities of the Consumer Protection
Commission are market surveillance of dangerous
goods, control of unfair commercial practices, elimina-
tion of unfair terms in the general terms of consumer
contracts and distance selling [3].
The general and special literature always empha-
sizes the role that the consumer plays at all stages in the
creation of various goods. Only one cultural consumer
is able to build his own concept for each product, which
is not inferior to scientific knowledge and logic [7].
Bulgarian and European law do not deal with a
single concept of consumer. Different regulations use
different definitions for their own needs.
According to Art. 13, item 1 of the RD CPA:
"Consumer is any natural person who acquires goods or

uses services that are not intended for commercial or
professional activities, and any natural person who as a
party to a contract under this law acts outside of his
commercial or professional activity [3].
There are various consumer studies in the scien-
tific literature: the peculiarities of protecting the rights
of insured persons in voluntary insurance, in their ca-
pacity as users of insurance and personal pension insur-
ance services [8] are analyzed; the role of market sur-
veillance in protecting consumers from non-compliant
and dangerous products placed on the EU market is ex-
amined. Useful tips are given to consumers when buy-
ing products from traditional and online stores. The role
of market surveillance is emphasized as an important
tool for increasing the level of consumer protection
from non-compliant and dangerous products placed on
the single European market [9]; The new trends in the
field of consumer protection are analyzed, with an em-
phasis on administrative cooperation between the com-
petent authorities of the EU member states. Based on
the normative analysis, conclusions and recommenda-
tions have been made regarding the application of the
norms in our national law [10]; a normative analysis of
the administrative legal methods for consumer protec-
tion has been performed. The public law regime for the
protection of consumer rights stems from their public
importance and the need for the state to protect the
more vulnerable country (consumers) in these relations
[11]. On the basis of the normative analysis, conclu-
sions and summaries are made regarding the applica-
tion of the legal regulations in the field of consumer
protection, through the prism of administrative law
[12]; It is essential for the prevention of problems with
online shopping that consumers are informed about the
legal requirements for distance contracts within the
meaning of the Consumer Protection Act. The CPC has
a significant role in this through active campaigns and
events, which it regularly organizes, as well as through
its operational activities [13].
No research has been established related to a sur-
vey of consumer attitudes in Bulgaria regarding the
Consumer Protection Commission.
The purpose of this article is to study the attitudes
of consumers towards the Commission for Consumer
Protection in Bulgaria, examining its role and im-
portance for the Bulgarian consumer.
Methodology and data
To achieve the scientific goal in this article are
used: descriptive-analytical method, study of various
scientific literature, European and Bulgarian regula-
tions, systematic approach, comparative analysis, sta-
tistics, method of observation, induction, deduction,
etc..
The survey was conducted in the period July 2021
- January 2022, and a questionnaire was used in con-
ducting the survey. The created survey consists of 10
questions in which the respondents have expressed
their personal position. The survey was distributed
online through social networks and Gmail. The total
number of respondents is 512. The stochastic (random)
selection method was used to recruit users for the sur-
vey.
Role and importance of the Consumer Protec-
tion Commission
The CPC is the specialized body of the central
state administration in the Republic of Bulgaria, re-
sponsible for the protection of the rights and interests
of consumers. It has its structural subdivisions in all re-
gional cities of Bulgaria. The total number of staff of
the department is currently 176 full-time. Separately,
for the needs of control, non-staff associates are also
involved [3].
The Consumer Protection Commission offers a
wide range of digitized services available on the web-
site, which consist of: an available mobile application;
direct access to document forms intended for consum-
ers, medium and small enterprises; links to other web-
sites, such as laws, directives, regulations, ordinances,
etc. [14].
A "Register of Dangerous Goods" has been pub-
lished on the website of the Consumer Protection Com-
mission. Dangerous goods include auto parts, jewelry,
gas appliances and components, decorative items,
gadgets, electrical appliances and equipment, lighters,
protective equipment, toys, childcare products, station-
ery, cosmetics, communication and media equipment,
kitchen / cooking accessories, laser pointers, machines,
furniture and motor vehicles [15].
During the period July - December 2021, the Con-
sumer Protection Commission has imposed 112 admin-
istrative acts on Bulgarian companies regarding: unfair
commercial practices; immediate and effective with-
drawal of goods from the market; temporary suspen-
sion of the placing on the market of goods; compulsory
administrative measure "temporary closure of a tourist
site"; prohibition of import, export, remunerated or gra-
tuitous placing on the market of dangerous goods, etc.
[16].
In the annual report of the CPC for 2020 an activ-
ity report was made. 20,755 inspections of traders
(physical and electronic shops, tourist sites, etc.) were
carried out. 1023 acts for administrative violations were
drawn up for the established violations and 1203 penal
decrees were issued, with which fines and property
sanctions were imposed [17].
In the last three years, after inspections, the Con-
sumer Protection Commission has ruled on the applica-
tion of 30 unfair commercial practices by mobile oper-
ators, and in 2021 alone, 48 penal decrees were issued
to mobile operators to establish administrative viola-
tions [18].
There are three possible ways to file a complaint /
signal to the Consumer Protection Commission - the
first is by filing a complaint electronically; the second
is to file a complaint in person at the office of the Con-
sumer Protection Commission; the third is by calling
the telephone numbers listed on the site to report a vio-
lation.
The filing of a complaint electronically is done
through the CPC website, and it will be filed with a
unique incoming number, which is received by e-mail.
Filing a complaint in person at the office of the Con-
sumer Protection Commission, receiving the incoming
number on the spot.

The incoming number can be used to inquire about
the progress of the complaint after calling the CPC's
phone number in the respective office to which the
complaint is addressed. When the complaint is investi-
gated, the Consumer Protection Commission should
consider the case and decide within one month from the
date of its receipt.
An inspection is a procedure involving a series of
actions, correspondence between the inspection body
and the inspected trader, creation of documents and col-
lection of suitable evidence for a possible lawsuit,
which in some cases makes it impossible to complete
the inspection within the statutory period.
When the investigation in the specific case is com-
pleted, the complainant is informed of the results of the
same, the same way as the complaint was sent [19].
The CPC is the specialized body that actively pro-
tects the rights and interests of Bulgarian consumers
with periodic inspections of the activities of economic
entities, detected dangerous goods and administrative
violations of economic organizations. The question re-
lated to the survey of consumer attitudes towards the
Consumer Protection Commission in Bulgaria remains
interesting.
Survey of consumer attitudes towards the Con-
sumer Protection Commission in Bulgaria
The survey is presented in the form of figures, and
the results are analyzed and summarized.
Fig. 1 Gender of users surveyed,%
Source: Compiled by the authors
In fig. 1 presents the results regarding the gender
of the surveyed users. The number of men is 32.7% and
the number of women is 67.3%. Slightly more than
twice as many women took part in the study. The results
are most likely due to the assumption that women are
more active consumers and shop more often than men,
which explains the greater interest in the topic of the
study.
Fig. 2. Age of users surveyed, in %
The subjects are representatives of different age
groups. They are divided into six categories: up to 18
years, from 19 to 30 years, from 31 to 40 years, from
41 to 50 years, from 51 to 60 years and over 60 years.
The highest percentage of users participating in the sur-
vey fell in the age range of 19 to 30 years, respectively
by 31.20%, followed by the second group aged 31 to 40
years by 24.20%. The results obtained can be explained
by the fact that in this age range the population is in
active working age and often uses the Internet, where
the survey is distributed. The lowest percentage of re-
spondents under the age of 18 (4.30%) who are not so
interested in the specific topic. For users over 60, the
low rate may be due to the fact that they do not use the
Internet often or do not use it at all.
In fig. 3 presents the level of education of the users
who participated in the survey.
32,70%
67,30%
Man
Woman
4,30%
31,20%
24,20%
20,20%
12,50%
7,60%
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
30,00%
35,00%
up to 18 years from 19 to 30
years
from 31 to 40
years
from 41 to 50
years
from 51 to 60
years
over 60 years

Fig. 3. Level of consumer education, in %
The criterion of education is an important indica-
tor for the research. The attitude of the educated to such
research is different from that of the uneducated. We
believe that respondents with a higher level of educa-
tion are more interested in their rights as consumers, as
opposed to those with lower education or no education
at all.
It is evident from the data that the largest percent-
age of respondents have completed higher education -
48.20%, which proves the above that the higher edu-
cated are more interested in protecting their rights and
interests as consumers. They are followed by respond-
ents with secondary education - 41.6%. 2.00% have no
education and 8.20% have primary education.
A causal link can be found between the education-
income factors. The highest percentages are of consum-
ers with higher education and those who receive rather
high incomes. The link is that those consumers with a
higher level of education receive higher incomes than
consumers with a secondary and lower level of educa-
tion.
In fig. 4. the incomes of the households are pre-
sented.
Fig. 4. Consumer household income, in %
Over 66% of the surveyed consumers define the
income of the household as rather high (33.12%) and
rather low (32.90%). Respondents who define their in-
come as low are 23.59%, and those with high income
are 10.39%.
In Fig. 5 presents consumers' awareness of their
rights as consumers.
Fig. 5 Are the respondents aware of their rights as a consumer?
Just over 1/4 of the respondents (25.30%) strongly
confirm that they are aware of their rights as
consumers. The highest percentage of consumers
(35.70%) indicated rather yes in response, according to
0,00%
50,00%
Without
education
Primary
education
Secondary
education
Higher
education
2,00% 8,20%
41,6% 48,20%
0%
20%
40%
Low
Rather low
Rather high
High
23,59%
32,90% 33,12%
10,39%
25,30%
35,70%
24,90%
8,60%
5,50%
Yes
Rather yes
Rather no
No
I can not judge

which it can be assumed that they are partially aware of
their rights. Rather no, 24.90% of respondents are not
aware of their rights, and 8.60% are not aware. It is
worth noting here that if consumer rights are violated,
respondents will not know how to protect themselves
and who to turn to for help. They cannot judge whether
5.50% of consumers are familiar or not.
Fig.6. Does the CPC protect the rights of the Bulgarian consumer?
Obviously, consumers have great confidence in
the institution (CPC). More than 1/3 of the respondents
(36.80%) confirm that the Consumer Protection
Commission protects the rights and interests of
consumers well. In response, rather yes, they indicated
30.00% of the respondents, and 11.00% of them - rather
not. The percentage of consumers (7.10%) who do not
trust the institution is low, and 15.10% of them cannot
judge.
Fig.7. If consumer rights are violated, would they file a complaint / alert to the CPC?
The majority of respondents (53.80%) would seek
help from the Consumer Protection Commission if they
feel that their consumer rights have been violated;
rather yes, they indicated 17.80%; rather no, they
would not file a complaint / signal of 10.40%. The
answers "No" and "I can't judge" have equal results -
9.00% each.
Fig. 8. What is the reason for consumers not to submit a complaint / signal to the CPC?
Question number 8 addresses the reason why
respondents would not lodge a complaint / alert with
the institution. A significant number of users (56.30%)
are of the opinion that the submitted complaint or signal
will not give any result. It would be a waste of time for
28.50% of respondents, and 15.20% indicated
otherwise.
36,80% 30,00%
11,00%
7,10%
15,10%
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
30,00%
35,00%
40,00%
Yes Rather yes Rather no No I can not judge
53,80%
17,80%
10,40%
9,00%
9,00%
Yes
Rather yes
Rather no
No
I can not judge
28,50%
56,30%
15,20% Waste of time
I think that there will
be no result
Otherwise

Fig. 9. Do respondents believe that their rights as consumers are protected?
Figure 9 shows that consumers (40.90%) believe
that their rights are protected. Rather yes, 25.20% of
them answered. Rather no, they do not believe 15.70%;
categorically (6.30%) of the respondents do not believe
that their consumer rights are protected, which is an
indicator of distrust towards the control authorities;
11.90% of the respondents cannot judge.
Fig. 10.Do consumers approve of the work of the CPC?
A high score of 63.10% is observed in question
№10, which is related to the approval of consumers for
the work of the CPC. 8.60% of the respondents do not
approve of it. 16.90% of the respondents cannot judge.
11.40% of the respondents have not heard of the
Consumer Protection Commission, which suggests that
these are people with low educational status or in the
youngest age group.
Summary
Summarizing the questions of the survey, the
subject of this analysis, it is important to point out the
existence of different types of questions that build its
character. The results of the survey prove that the
majority of the surveyed Bulgarian consumers are well
aware of their rights and will seek help from the
competent authorities in case of any violation. For
some of the questions asked, the percentage of answers
is very close. The results of the survey are impressive
for the high percentage of consumers who trust the
Consumer Protection Commission, as well as those
who would signal if their rights were violated.
Consumer awareness of their rights makes them less
vulnerable to unfair commercial practices.
Conclusion
From the results of the present study it can be
concluded that the Consumer Protection Commission is
a specialized state body in which the majority of
Bulgarian consumers have confidence and would file a
signal / complaint in case of violation. This finding
shows a good level of consumer culture, although it is
safe to say that what is usually lacking for the Bulgarian
consumer is a higher consumer culture, a broader
knowledge of both the rights and the goods themselves
and services to avoid possible infringements of
consumer rights.
For this reason, buyers need to become more
aware of their rights as consumers and, in the event of
their infringement, report to the competent authorities.
Knowledge of consumer rights will provide a higher
consumer culture, which is very important for security
and safety in the shopping process and in the
subsequent consumption of the product.
References
1. Stefanov, D. (1995). Regarding the protection
of the rights and interests of consumers. Goods - Qual-
ity - Problems: National Scientific Conference, Varna,
Oct. 1994. IU, Varna, p. 176-182.
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science in training in the field of consumer protection.
Quality of goods and consumer protection: Collection
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ticipation, Science and Economics, Varna, p. 20-29.
3. Varadinov, O. (2014). Unfair commercial
practices in the trader-consumer relationship, Analysis
of Chapter 4, Section IV, of the Consumer Protection
Act, Sibi, Sofia, p. 256.
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the quality of goods in the proceedings on the com-
plaint. Product Quality and Consumer Protection: Pro-
ceedings of a Round Table with International Participa-
tion, Science and Economics, Varna, pp. 199-210.
0,00%
10,00%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
50,00%
Yes Rather yes Rather no No I can not
judge
40,90%
25,20%
15,70%
6,30%
11,90%
63,10%
8,60%
16,90%
11,40%
0,00%
20,00%
40,00%
60,00%
80,00%
Yes No I can not judge I haven't heard of her

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consumer interests in the shadow of the trade guaran-
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pean Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004
on cooperation between national authorities responsi-
ble for the enforcement of consumer protection laws.
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obligation and a right of our contemporaries. Assoc. of
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sumers' rights in voluntary insurance. Quality of goods
and consumer protection: Collection of reports from the
round table with international participation, Science
and Economics, Varna, p. 74 - 87.
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surveillance to protect consumers from non-compliant
and dangerous products. Quality of goods and con-
sumer protection, Proceedings of a round table with in-
ternational participation, Science and Economics,
Varna, pp. 42-55.
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legal framework for administrative cooperation
between EU Member States to increase consumer
protection. Quality and certification of products,
Proceedings of an international scientific-practical
conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the
University - Varna, Science and Economics, Varna, pp.
46-55.
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Administrative control and administrative penal
responsibility for consumer protection. Assoc. Sp. Icon.
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53.
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administrative and legal protection of the consumers.
Quality and certification of products, Proceedings of an
international scientific-practical conference dedicated
to the 100th anniversary of the University - Varna,
Science and Economics, Varna, pp. 56 - 64.
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15. Consumer Protection Commission.
/https://kzp.bg/
16. Acts /https://kzp.bg/aktove
17. Annual reports /https://kzp.bg/godishni-
dokladi
18. Commission for Consumer Protec-
tion/https://kzp.bg/
19. What happens after giving a complaint / sig-
nal. https://kzp.bg/kakvo-se-sluchva-sled-podavane-
na-zhalba-signal
НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ИНТЕРЕСЫ КАК ФАКТОР СОЦИАЛЬНО -
АДАПТИРОВАННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ
Рустамбеков Г.Б.
Бакинский Государственный Университет,
профессор
NATIONAL ECONOMIC INTERESTS AS A FACTOR OF SOCIALLY ADAPTED DEVELOPMENT
Rustambekov G.
Professor
АННОТАЦИЯ
Человек всегда нацелен на преобразование окружающей его пространственной и социальной действи-
тельности для удовлетворения своих запросов. В этом заключена первопричина производственной актив-
ности вообще, а также нахождения человеком наиболее оптимальных решений в своей жизнедеятельно-
сти. В этой связи очень важно познание факторов социально-адаптированного развития, среди которых
определяющее значение имеют национальные экономические интересы.
ABSTRACT
A person is always aimed at transforming the spatial and social reality surrounding him in order to satisfy his
needs. This is the root cause of production activity in general, as well as finding by a person the most optimal
solutions in his life. In this regard, it is very important to understand the factors of socially adapted development,
among which national economic interests are of decisive importance.
Ключевые слова: национальные интересы, субъекты хозяйствования, социальная адаптация, чело-
веческий фактор, институты, экономические модели.
Keywords: national interests, business entities, social adaptation, human factor, institutions, economic mod-
els.

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