"Sciences of Europe" journal No 135 (2024)

No 135 (2024)
Sciences of Europe
(Praha, Czech Republic)
ISSN 3162-2364
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CONTENT
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Bayramov S.
COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES OF THE PRODUCTIVE
QUALITIES OF BALBASS SHEEP AND THEIR CROSSES
WITH INTERBREED RAMS............................................4
Keshchian E.
DATA ANALYSIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-
TECHNOLOGICAL FOOD PRODUCTS FOR THE
MARKETS OF RUSSIA, ASIA, AND THE USA: MAKING
INFORMED DECISIONS ................................................8
ART STUDIES
Dudareva D.
THE VALUE OF THE HISTORY OF AVANT-GARDE ART
FROM ITS INCEPTION TO THE PRESENT DAY ............14
CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Horbatiuk N.
DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS ..........................................17
Zadorozhna O.,
Parakhnenko V., Nedaiborshch N.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY INDICATORS OF
DRINKING PASTEURIZED MILK OF UKRAINIAN
PRODUCERS...............................................................21
Zadorozhna O., Parakhnenko V., Soroka M.
DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
INDICATORS OF WATER FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
...................................................................................27
Ilyasly T., Mamedov M.,
Ismailov Z., Gahramanova G.
GLASS FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF GLASSES IN
THE SYSTEM As2Se3 – Er ............................................31
ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Asgarova M.
AS A COMPOSITION OF INNOVATION
INFRASTRUCTURE; TECHNOPARKS ...........................36
Dedilova T., Makarova V.,
Kononenko Y., Sohomonian A.
GEOZONE MARKETING AS AN ADVANTAGE IN THE
DIGITAL PROMOTION STRATEGY ..............................38
Huseynzade G., Aliyev Sh.
DIRECTIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
NON-OIL AND GAS ENTERPRISES IN AZERBAIJAN IN
MODERN TIMES ........................................................42
JURIDICAL SCIENCES
Abishov S., Behbudov G.
MARRIAGE CONTRACT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE
FAMILY LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF
AZERBAIJAN...............................................................48
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Danyliuk B., Kamyshna I.
FEATURES OF REHABILITATION MEASURES FOR
MILITARY PERSONNEL WITH LOWER LIMB NERVE
INJURIES....................................................................52
Herasymchuk L., Kamyshna I.
EFFECTIVENESS OF KINESIOTHERAPY IN THE
TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LUMBOSACRAL
RADICULOPATHY.......................................................56
Khrustalova I., Kamyshna I
EFFECTIVENESS OF KINESIOTHERAPY IN THE
TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH OSTEOCHONDROSIS
...................................................................................59
Pysarets K., Kamyshna I.
FEATURES OF REHABILITATION MEASURES FOR
MILITARY PERSONNEL WITH UPPER LIMB NERVE
INJURIES ....................................................................64
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Karyan Sh., Ghazaryan K.
EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME
IN INCLUSIVE SCHOOLS OF VANADZOR CITY ............67

PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Aliyeva E.
BORROWED WORDS AND THEIR USAGE DEGREE IN
ENGLISH RIDDLES......................................................72
Bitimbaeva Zh.
INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING THE
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
..................................................................................74
Chalova O.
AXIOLOGICAL PARAMETRES OF SPEECH ACTS WITH
THE EXPLICIT MODE OF IGNORANCE IN SCIENTIFIC
DIALOGUE .................................................................76
Lomova E., Bekisheva R.,
Kasymzhanova M., Tuleubaeva M.
ARCHITECTONICS OF POETIC CREATIVITY IN THE
PROCESS OF ADAPTATION IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
CULTURE....................................................................79
Lomova E., Abuova B.,
Yessimbek S., Yarmukhamedova A.
WAYS OF UNDERSTANDING FEMALE IMAGES BY
F.DOSTOEVSKY IN RUSSIAN CRITICISM OF THE XIX-
EARLY XX CENTURIES.................................................84
Drozdova D.
THE PHENOMENON OF FEEDBACK IN THE ACADEMIC
DISCOURSE ................................................................89
POLITICAL SCIENCES
Serikova A., Andirzhanova G.
POLITICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE US AND THE
EU IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL
TERRORISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST.............................92
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Mammadova M.
DESTRUCTION OF A THICK PIPE FROM VARIABLE
INTERNAL PRESSURE.................................................98
VETERINARY SCIENCES
Antipov A., Honcharenko V.,
Dzhmil V., Bukalova N., Seredyuk N.
DISTRIBUTION OF CHICKEN PARASITES IN ONE-
PERSON FARMS.......................................................103

4 Sciences of Europe # 135, (2024)
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
КОМПЛЕКСНЫЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНЫХ КАЧЕСТВ БАЛБАССКИХ ОВЕЦ И ИХ
ПОМЕСЕЙ С БАРАНАМИ ВНУТРИПОРОДНОЙ ПОРОДЫ
Байрамов С.С.
Доктор философии по сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент
Нахчыванский Государственный Университет
COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES OF THE PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF BALBASS SHEEP AND
THEIR CROSSES WITH INTERBREED RAMS
Bayramov S.
Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture
Economic sciences, associate professor
Nakhchivan State University
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10704261
АННОТАЦИЯ
В Нахчеванской АР и прилегающих к ней районах юго-западной зоны Азербайджана разводят овец
породы Балбас, хорошо приспособленных к специфическим условиям отгонно – горного содержания к
местному климату. Для овец этой породы характерна комбинированная мясо – шерстно – молочная – ов-
чинная продуктивность [1-5].
Цель работы на основе комплексного изучения продуктивных качеств балбасских овец и их помесей
с баранами внутрипородной породы, разработать предложения по повышению шерстной продуктивности
овец породы Балбас, определить эффективность исползования для этого баранов внутрипородные типы.
Научная новизна работы заключается в том, что впервые дана комплексная характеристика шерстной,
мясной, молочной и овчинной продукций овец породы Балбас и помесного потомства от скрещивания
баранов внутрипородного типа с матками породы Балбас.
Выявлены различия в жизнеспособности и интенсивности роста ягнят породы Балбас и помесей в
разные возрастные периоды.
ABSTRACT
In the Nakhchevan Autonomous Republic and adjacent areas of the southwestern zone of Azerbaijan, sheep
of the Balbas breed are bred, well adapted to the specific conditions of transhumance - mountain keeping and the
local climate. Sheep of this breed are characterized by combined meat - wool - milk - sheep productivity [1-5].
The purpose of the work, based on a comprehensive study of the productive qualities of Balbas sheep and
their crosses with in-breed rams, is to develop proposals for increasing the wool productivity of Balbas sheep, and
to determine the effectiveness of using in-breed rams for this purpose.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time a comprehensive description of the
wool, meat, dairy and sheepskin products of Balbas sheep and crossbred offspring from crossing intra-breed rams
with Balbas breed ewes has been given.
Differences in the viability and growth rate of lambs of the Balbas breed and crossbreds at different age
periods were revealed.
Ключевые слова: балбас, потомства, скрещивания, шерстной, мясной, молочной продуктивность.
Keywords: balbas, offspring, crossing, wool, meat, milk productivity.
Практическая ценность результатов исследо-
ваний состоит в том, доказана о при совершенство-
ваний продуктивных качеств балбасских овец,
определены направления внутрипородного улуч-
шения отдельных продуктивных признаков овец
этой породы, определены оптимальные экономиче-
ски более выгодные, чем принято в республике,
сроки реализации молодняка убойного контин-
тента, установлена назначение использования ов-
чинной продукции.
Экспериментальная часть работы
Выполнена 2019 – 2023 г. в селе Гахаб Бабек-
ского района Нахчыванской Автономной Респуб-
лики по следующей схеме.
Таблица 1.
Схема опыта
Бараны Матки Потомства
Порода, породный тип n Порода n Порода, породный тип n
I Балбас 10 Балбас 150 Балбас 145
II I тип 10 Балбас 150 I тип х балбас 145
III II тип 10 Балбас 150 II тип х балбас 145

Sciences of Europe # 135, (2024) 5
В опыте использовали баранов и маток породы
балбас и баранов балбас мясно овчиного (II) типа и
баранов балбас щерстно молочной I типов. Все ба-
раны и матки были элитными и I класса, возраст 3-
4 года.
Группы маток были оформированы в мае 2021
года – в период стрижки.
Формировании групп производили по прин-
ципу аналогов по массе тела и настригам шерсти.
Маток осеменили в октябре месяце. Весной следу-
ющего года в каждой группе маток было отобрано
25 маток с ягнятами – ярочками так, чтобы ягнята
различались по возрасту не более, чем на 6 дней.
Изучение продуктивных качеств и лаборатор-
ные исследования шерсти исходного поголовья
проводили по 5 бараном – производителям каждой
группы имевщим наибольшее количество потом-
ков, то есть по 15 баранам и по каждой второй
матке, отобранной с ягнятами, то есть по 75 маткам.
Сохранность приплода учитывали от рожде-
ния до 1,5 летнего возраста по всему полученному
потомству, а изучение продуктивных качеств ягнят
– по 25 баранчикам и 25 ярочкам каждой группы.
Ягнят взвешивали в первые сутки после рож-
дения, затем каждые 2 месяца: ярочек – до 6, а ба-
ранчиков – до 8 месячного возраста, а после этого в
12 – и 18 месячном возрастах.
В первые 15 дней ягнят подпускали к маткам 4
и 3 раза, затем 2 раза, а с 40 дневного возраста –
один раз в сутки. В возрасте 65 дней ягнят отняли
от маток.
С 6-и месячных ягнят состригли поярковую
шерсть. Определили настриги немытой и мытой
шерсти.
Весной следующего года были определены
настриги весенней немытой и мытой шерсти у
взрослых баранов и маток и их потомства после
стрижки их взвешивали.
Лабораторные исследования шерсти, воска и
пота проводили по методикам ВИЖ- а.
Материалы и исследования были обработаны
методом вариационной статистики (Е.К.Меркирь-
ева, 1964).
Обсуждение результатов исследований
Продуктивные качества баранов – производи-
телей. Наибольшую массу тела как осенью, так и
весной, имели бараны породы Бальбас,
наименьщую (недостоверно) – бараны I щерстью –
молочного типа.
По настригам немытой и мытой шерсти досто-
верных различий между баранами разных групп не
было, при определенной тенденции к более
щерстно молочного типа.
Таблица 2.
Продуктивные качества баранов - производителей
Объект исследований Ед.
Изм.
Порода, породный тип
Балбас I шерстно - молочной II мясо - овчинной
Масса тела
Осенью
Весной
кг
-
-
63,5 ± 1,4
54,2 ± 1,8
60,0 ± 1,7
52,0 ± 1,4
61,5 ± 1,5
52,4 ± 1,1
Настриг шерсти
Немытой
Мытой
кг
-
-
2,44 ± 0,3
1,53 ± 0,24
2,6 ± 0,25
1,64 ± 0,26
2,16 ± 0,18
1,35 ± 0,20
Длина шерсти:
Косицы
пуховой зоны
см
-
-
19,5 ± 0,8
13,7 ± 0,25
13,0 ± 0,62
10,7 ± 0,17
18,6 ± 0,95
13,0 ± 0,20
По длине косицы и длине пуховой зоны ко-
сицы бараны породы Балбас и бараны II типа мясо
овчинного типа мясо – овчинного типа не имели су-
щественных различий и высоко – достоверно (во
всех случаях Р ˃ 0,999) превосходили баранов I
шерстно – молочного типа. Средняя толщина воло-
кон в косице у баранов породы Балбас и I типа была
практически одинаковой, а у баранов II мясо-ов-
чинного типа – достоверно меньшей (в обоих слу-
чаях Р ˃ 0,95). При почти одиноковой толщине
остевых и переходных волокон у баранов всех трех
групп, пуховые волокна у баранов I типа и породы
Балбас были достоверно (Р ˃ 0,999) грубее пуховых
волокон баранов II мясо-овчинного типа.

Таблица 3.
Тонина и соотношение волокон разных типов в шерсти баранов – производителей
Изм.
Порода, порип
Балбас II шерстно - молочной III мясо - овчинной
Тонина волокон в косица:
Пуховой
Остевых
Содержание
Волокон:
Пуховых
Переходных
остевых
мкм
-
-
%
-
-
-
27,4 ± 0,64
21,9 ± 0,25
49,3±1,03
61,5
22,0
16,5
28,0 ± 0,76
23,5 ± 0,20
49,6 ± 1,60
60,0
24,2
15,8
24,9 ± 0,33
19,1 ± 0,33
48,9 ± 1,14
58,8
22,7
18,5
Это явилось одной из причин различий в
уровненности по тонине волокон в косице, лучщие
показатели которой имела шерсть баранов породы
Балбас отличавшаяся более высоким содержанием
пуховых волокон
Коэффициент неравномерности тонины воло-
кон в косице у баранов породы Балбас составил
35,3%, I шерстно – молочного типа – 45,4% и у ба-
ранов II мясо – овчинного типа – 48,6%.
Таблица 4.
Продуктивные качества маток балбас
Масса тела у маток породы балбас осенью соответствовала требованиям, предъявляемым к элитным жи-
вотным (табл.4)
Объект исследова-
ний
Ед
Изм.
Порода, группа
Балбас I тип II тип
Масса тела
Осенью
Весной
кг
-
-
51,5 ± 0,64
39,3 ± 0,35
51,7 ± 0,79
39,5 ± 0,40
51,3 ± 0,88
39,0 ± 0,32
Настриг шерсти
Немытой
Мытой
кг
-
-
1,92 ± 0,35
1,46 ± 0,23
1,96 ± 0,32
1,47 ± 0,21
1,91 ± 0,36
1,45 ± 0,26
Длина шерсти:
Косицы
пуховой зоны
см
-
-
14,6 ± 0,2
11,5 ± 0,18
14,8 ± 0,18
11,7 ± 0,17
14,7 ± 0,21
11,4 ± 0,22
Настриги шерсти с маток в мытом виде соответствовали нормативу для маток II класса при длине
пуховой зоны на уровне первоклассных животных. Шерсть маток состояла из пуховых и переходных во-
локон средней тонины и незначительного количества тонкой ости.
Таблица 5.
Тонина и соотнощение волокон разных типов в шерсти маток породы балбас
Изм.
Тонина волокон в косица:
Пуховой
Остевых
Содержание
Волокон:
Пуховых
Переходных
остевых
мкм
-
-
%
-
-
-
24,6 ± 0,56
19,9 ± 0,25
33,8 ± 0,45
49,4 ± 1,47
73,3
19,7
7,0
24,2 ± 0,48
19,6 ± 0,31
33,9 ± 0,38
49,1 ± 1,52
72,9
19,9
7,2
24,8 ± 0,51
19,7 ± 0,27
33,4 ± 0,42
49,5 ± 1,38
73,6
19,6
6,8
Это обусловило её хоровую уравненность по тонине волокон в косице: коэффицент неравно-пуховых
волокон шерсть полностью отвечали требованиям к шерсти высшего - I сорта, а по уравненности волокон
по тонине имели значительно лучшие показатели, не уступающие полутонкой шерсти.
Воспроизводительные качества маток, жизнеспособность и сохраняемость потомства
Скрещивание не оказало влияния на воспроизводительные способности маток.

Таблица 6.
Жизнеспособность и сохраняемость ягнят разного происхождения, %
Родилось ягнят на 100 маток (гол.)
Сохранилось ягнят до отъема (2 мес.)
Сохранилось ягнят до 6 месяцев
Сохранилось ягнят до 1 года
Сохранилось ягнят до 1,5 года
96
88,8
87
80,2
76,4
96,0
82,5
76
73,6
66,0
97
88,0
85
80,3
72,1
За период наблюдания наименьший отход был
у ягнят породы Балбас, несколько больший – у яг-
нят II и наибольший – у ягнят I групп.
Бараны – производители породы не имели су-
щественных различий в массе тела и шерстной про-
дуктивности при несколько большей живой массе,
большей величине жирного хвоста у баранов по-
роды Балбас и более высоких настригах шерсти у
баранов II – го типа. Шерсть у баранов породы Бал-
бас была значительно длиннее, чем у баранов I – го
типа и (имевших наиболее тонкую шерсть) лучшей
уровненности волокон по тонине в косице и боль-
шей их прочности на разрыв.
Ягнята породы Балбас обладают лучшей жиз-
неспособностью, чем помесные.
Литература
1. Абдуллаев М.А. Мясо – шерстные овцы
Азербайджана. Ваку – 1983
2. Байрамов С.С. Мясная продуктивность и ка-
чество мяса овец породы Балбас и их помесей. Сб.
Тр. МВА им. К.И. Скрябина – 1988
3. Байрамов С.С., Лосев Г.Г. Свойства овчин
балбасских овец и их помесей. / сб.тр. МВА. К.И.
Скрябина. 1989.
4. Байрамов С.С. Влияние возраста овец на
энергетическую и питательную ценность их мяса /
Сб. Тр. МВА. им. К.И.Скрябина. 1989.
5. Байрамов С.С. Вопросы улучшения качества
и рационального использования сырья животного
происхождения и продуктов животноводства //
Межведомственный сборник научных трудов.
Москва – 1988.
6. Байрамов С.С. Продуктивные качества и не-
которые биологические особенности овец породы
Балбас и их помесей. Norwegian Journal of
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7. Байрамов С.С. Продуктивные качества и не-
которые биологические особенности овец породы
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дународная Научная конференция. IV– часть, 05-06
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httpc/doi.org/10.33619.2414-2948.68. T. 7 № 7. 2021.

DATA ANALYSIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TECHNOLOGICAL FOOD PRODUCTS FOR
THE MARKETS OF RUSSIA, ASIA, AND THE USA: MAKING INFORMED DECISIONS
Keshchian E.
Canadian Canning Inc., Business Development Analyst,
Boston, USA
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0009-0004-3660-0195
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10704283
ABSTRACT
This article investigates the role of data analysis in the development of eco-technological food products tai-
lored for the markets of Russia, Asia, and the USA, aiming to elucidate its impact on informed decision-making.
Utilizing qualitative data analysis methods such as statistical analysis, multivariate analysis, and Bayesian analysis,
alongside historical data and practical examples, the study examines how data analysis optimizes the development
processes of eco-technological food products in these markets. It highlights how data analysis facilitates informed
decision-making by integrating consumer preferences and environmental considerations. This article represents
the first comprehensive analysis of data utilization in the development of eco-technological food products for the
specified markets, offering valuable insights for food industry enterprises, researchers, and practitioners involved
in eco-friendly product development. The findings underscore the significance of data analysis in the modern food
industry and its pivotal role in decision-making processes.
Keywords: data analysis, eco-technological food products, Russia, Asia, USA, decision-making.
Introduction
In the context of globalization and rapid techno-
logical progress, environmental sustainability and the
quality of food products occupy a central position in the
discourse on a healthy lifestyle and sustainable devel-
opment. With the growing attention to environmentally
friendly food products by consumers, government pol-
icies, and corporate strategies on a global scale, partic-
ularly in Russia, Asia, and the United States, the need
for the implementation and development of data analy-
sis methods to optimize production processes and meet
these requirements becomes evident. Numerous studies
demonstrate a direct link between the quality of food
products, human health, and the state of the environ-
ment, emphasizing the significance of data analysis in
the modern economy for the development of eco-tech-
nological food products [1].
Expanding the Context of Environmental Sus-
tainability
Environmental sustainability in the food industry
entails minimizing the impact on the environment by
reducing waste, efficiently utilizing resources, and de-
creasing the carbon footprint. Research, such as that
conducted by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), points
to significant benefits of transitioning to environmen-
tally sustainable production methods, including reduc-
ing biodiversity loss and improving water and soil qual-
ity [2]. These data underscore the importance of inte-
grating analytical approaches into the development and
implementation of sustainable production processes.
Data analysis provides the opportunity for a deep
understanding of market trends, consumer needs and
preferences, as well as the evaluation of the effective-
ness of sustainable practices in the agro-industrial sec-
tor. The use of statistical analysis, multivariate analysis,
and Bayesian analysis enables product developers not
only to adapt their products to different markets, con-
sidering cultural and regional peculiarities but also to
make informed decisions regarding the choice of raw
materials, production technologies, and marketing
strategies.
Consumption Trends in Russia, Asia, and the
United States
Consumption trends in Russia, Asia, and the
United States reflect global changes in consumer pref-
erences, which are increasingly focused on health, ecol-
ogy, and sustainability. In Russia, the growth of interest
in organic products is part of a broader trend towards a
healthy lifestyle. The increase in sales of organic prod-
ucts by 15% reflects the conscious choice of Russian
consumers in favor of high-quality and safe food,
which stimulates manufacturers to actively develop and
implement sustainable production methods [3].
In Asia, especially in countries like China and Ja-
pan, environmental awareness is also on the rise, lead-
ing to increased demand for products with sustainable
production certificates [4]. This demand highlights a
shift in attitudes towards nutrition and the environment,
where consumers not only seek to improve their own
health but also express deep concern for the state of the
planet. These changes in consumer preferences drive
companies towards innovation and adaptation of their
products to environmentally friendly standards, thereby
shaping new market trends.
In the United States, consumer demand for prod-
ucts with a lower carbon footprint and support for local
farms are also growing, indicating a strong desire to re-
duce environmental impact [5]. This trend not only pro-
motes the development of sustainable agriculture but
also creates new opportunities for small and medium-
sized enterprises. By supporting local production, con-
sumers in the United States contribute to reducing
transportation costs and greenhouse gases, thereby
strengthening the economy and protecting the environ-
ment.
The Impact on Health and the Environment
The impact on health and the environment is un-
deniable. Environmentally friendly food products, with
higher levels of beneficial nutrients and fewer pesti-
cides and toxins, have a significant positive impact on
human health [6]. The transition to sustainable agricul-

ture, in turn, plays a key role in conserving water re-
sources, improving soil quality, and reducing green-
house gas emissions [7]. Such changes in production
methods not only contribute to environmental protec-
tion but also ensure the long-term sustainability of the
food industry, making it more adaptable to future chal-
lenges.
Thus, global consumption trends in food products
and their impact on health and the environment empha-
size the need for a more profound and thoughtful ap-
proach to food production. This requires manufacturers
to implement innovative technologies and data analysis
methods, not only to meet current market demands but
also to anticipate future changes, thereby ensuring the
health of future generations and the well-being of the
planet. Analysis of contemporary scientific literature
reveals that a significant amount of research is focused
on studying the effectiveness of various data analysis
methods for optimizing the production processes of the
food industry and developing new environmentally
friendly food products. Works by authors such as S. Su-
zanne Nielsen in "Food Analysis" and Rafael A. Iri-
zarry in "Data Analysis for the Life Sciences with R"
are valuable sources of information on data analysis
methods and approaches [8, 9].
The Importance of Data Analysis in Food Prod-
uct Development
Data analysis not only helps identify current con-
sumption trends and changes in the preferences of the
target audience but also allows companies to make in-
formed decisions regarding the optimization of produc-
tion processes, cost reduction, and increased consumer
satisfaction.
As a vivid example of data analysis utilization, we
can consider the experience of Canadian Canning Inc.,
where statistical analysis of consumer preferences
served as the basis for the development and launch of a
new line of canned vegetables aimed at healthy eating.
This project demonstrates how a deep understanding of
consumer needs and expectations can lead to the crea-
tion of products that meet modern market requirements
and contribute to the improvement of society's health.
The success of this product line in the US market,
where there is a steady growth in interest in healthy eat-
ing, underscores the importance of adapting products to
current trends and consumer needs [10].
Cases from the Practice of Elizabeth Keshchian
Examples from the practice of Elizabeth
Keshchian at GlavVrash further emphasize the im-
portance of adaptation and innovation in production
processes. According to the productivity and efficiency
report of GlavVrash for 2022, the implementation of
multivariate analysis in logistics operations resulted in
a 37% reduction in delivery time, directly impacting
customer service improvement and reducing the com-
pany's ecological footprint. This approach not only sup-
ports the brand's environmental responsibility but also
leads to significant cost savings, illustrating how sus-
tainable development can go hand in hand with eco-
nomic benefits.
However, despite the potential of data analysis to
enhance project success, there are cases where inade-
quate or incorrect analysis can lead to failures. A pro-
ject to develop vegan products for the Russian market,
which did not consider specific cultural preferences and
consumer expectations, serves as an example of such
failure [11]. This experience underscores that even with
data for analysis, it is critically important to interpret
them correctly, taking into account the cultural and so-
cial context of the target audience.
Overall, data analysis is an indispensable tool in
food product development, allowing companies not
only to track current trends but also to anticipate future
changes in consumer preferences. The successful appli-
cation of analytical methods requires a deep under-
standing of both technical aspects of analysis and the
unique characteristics of the market, including cultural
and social factors. Success stories and failures reflect
the complexity of this process, highlighting the im-
portance of continuous learning, adaptation, and inno-
vation in the pursuit of creating high-quality and envi-
ronmentally friendly food products.
Ethical Aspects of Data Collection and Analysis
Ethical aspects of data collection and analysis are
becoming increasingly significant in the era of digitiza-
tion and big data, especially in the food industry where
consumer information plays a crucial role in the devel-
opment and marketing of new products. Transparency
in data usage, ensuring data confidentiality, and obtain-
ing consent for personal data processing are not only
legal requirements but also moral imperatives [12].
These principles form the basis for building trust be-
tween companies and consumers, which is a paramount
asset in modern business.
Transparency in data usage entails clear informing
of consumers about the purposes of collecting their per-
sonal information and how it will be used. This includes
providing users with access to their data and the ability
to control what information is being collected. For an-
alysts, this means developing and implementing poli-
cies and procedures that ensure transparency at all
stages of data processing.
Data confidentiality requires companies to take
adequate security measures to protect personal infor-
mation from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure.
This includes the use of modern encryption technolo-
gies, regular security system updates, and security au-
dits. Adhering to these measures not only safeguards
consumer data but also the company's reputation.
Obtaining consent for personal data processing is
a fundamental principle in data protection. It means that
companies must obtain explicit consent from consum-
ers before collecting, processing, and storing their per-
sonal information. In the context of marketing research,
this also implies providing consumers with the option
to opt out of research participation and to have their
data deleted upon request.
Violating these ethical principles can lead not only
to legal consequences for companies, including fines
and lawsuits, but also to a loss of trust from consumers
[13]. Trust loss can have long-term negative conse-
quences for a brand, reducing customer loyalty and
their willingness to share personal information.
This work demonstrates how an ethical approach
to data analysis not only ensures compliance with the

law and consumer rights protection but also serves as a
strategic asset for the company, increasing trust and
customer satisfaction. This underscores the importance
of integrating ethical standards into corporate culture
and business processes as a key factor for success in the
modern economy.
Methods of Data Analysis in the Food Industry
In the modern food industry, especially in the de-
velopment of eco-friendly products, data analysis plays
a critical role in driving innovation and sustainable de-
velopment. Statistical analysis, multivariate analysis,
and Bayesian analysis provide a comprehensive toolkit
for a deep understanding of market trends, consumer
preferences, and optimization of production processes.
These data analysis methods enable companies to make
informed decisions based on factual data, ultimately
leading to the creation of high-quality and environmen-
tally friendly products.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis serves as the foundation for an-
alytical research in the food industry, providing essen-
tial tools for data interpretation and understanding. De-
scriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, and regression
analysis are key methods widely used in various aspects
of the industry.
1. Descriptive statistics are used to describe the
basic characteristics of data, such as mean, median,
mode, and standard deviation. For example, analyzing
the average nutrient content in food products can help
manufacturers identify products with high nutritional
value, which is crucial when developing new products
focused on healthy eating.
2. Hypothesis testing is employed to determine the
statistical significance of differences between data
groups. This method allows manufacturers to assess the
effectiveness of changes in product composition or pro-
duction processes and make informed decisions about
further actions.
3. Regression analysis is used to identify relation-
ships between different variables, such as consumer
food preferences and their demographic characteristics
[14]. This helps manufacturers better understand their
target audience and adapt products to their needs and
expectations.
The application of statistical analysis in the food
industry enables companies not only to improve exist-
ing products but also to take an innovative approach to
developing new products that meet the quality and en-
vironmental expectations of modern consumers. These
methods provide a scientifically grounded approach to
food production, contributing to the sustainable devel-
opment of the industry and the well-being of consum-
ers.
Multivariate Analysis
Multivariate analysis serves as a powerful tool in
the arsenal of analysts in the food industry, allowing
them to consider and analyze multiple variables simul-
taneously. This capability makes it indispensable when
studying complex relationships between different prod-
uct attributes and consumer preferences. For example,
multivariate analysis can be used for comprehensive
market segmentation, helping to identify target audi-
ences for new products and adapt marketing strategies
considering numerous factors such as age, income, en-
vironmental beliefs, and dietary preferences of con-
sumers [15].
Bayesian Analysis
Bayesian analysis is a method based on the use of
Bayes' theorem to update the probability of an event
based on available data and prior knowledge. In the
food industry, this approach can be used for adaptive
forecasting of consumption trends and optimization of
inventory management using probabilistic models.
Bayesian analysis enables manufacturers to flexibly re-
spond to changes in the market, predict demand for new
products, and efficiently adapt production plans and
procurement strategies, considering both historical
sales data and current marketing initiatives. This leads
to higher customer satisfaction and operational effi-
ciency while reducing the risks of excess inventory or
product shortages [16].
Comparison of Methods
Comparing data analysis methods in the food in-
dustry highlights their unique features and potential ap-
plications, emphasizing their importance in the devel-
opment of eco-friendly products. Understanding the ad-
vantages and limitations of statistical analysis,
multivariate analysis, and Bayesian analysis allows
companies to choose the most suitable method based on
specific tasks and available resources (Table 1).
Tab.1
Advantages and limiting data analysis methods
Methods Advantages Limitations
Statistical
Analysis
- Wide availability of tools and methods.
- Understandable methods for a broad range of
specialists.
- Limited in studying complex relation-
ships.
Multivariate
Analysis
- Provides a deep understanding of multidimen-
sional data.
- Effective in market segmentation and product
adaptation.
- Requires computational resources.
- Demands advanced knowledge in sta-
tistics.
Bayesian
Analysis
- Flexibility in updating forecasts and adapting
to changing conditions.
- Adaptation to changing market trends.
- Complexity in determining prior prob-
abilities.
- Computational complexity, especially
for large datasets.

The choice between these methods depends on the
specificity of the task, available data and resources, as
well as the research objectives. Ideally, the comprehen-
sive use of various data analysis methods can provide
the most complete and in-depth understanding of mar-
ket processes, facilitating the development of innova-
tive and environmentally sustainable food products.
Software and Tools
The diversity of available solutions, such as SPSS,
SAS, and R with the rjags package, offers extensive ca-
pabilities for conducting comprehensive research and
analysis.
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
is software widely used for statistical analysis in social
sciences, marketing, healthcare, education, and, of
course, in the food industry. It offers an intuitive inter-
face and powerful tools for conducting descriptive sta-
tistics, hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and
more. SPSS is especially valued for its ability to handle
large volumes of data and provide detailed reports and
visualizations, making it an indispensable tool for ana-
lysts and researchers.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System) is a more com-
prehensive data analysis solution, offering a wide range
of statistical functions, including multivariate analysis.
SAS is particularly suitable for processing complex
multidimensional data and performing advanced ana-
lytical procedures. Its powerful analytical capabilities
and data management flexibility make SAS the pre-
ferred choice for large enterprises and research organi-
zations that require in-depth analysis and modeling of
complex data.
R is software for statistical computation and
graphics, which has become the de facto standard for
many statisticians and data analysts. The rjags package
used with R provides tools for conducting Bayesian
analysis, allowing specialists to apply complex statisti-
cal models for forecasting and probability analysis. R
and rjags together offer flexibility and power in data
analysis, supporting the development of predictive
models and in-depth open-source statistical analysis,
making them accessible to a wide range of users [17].
Making Informed Decisions in the Develop-
ment of Eco-Friendly Food Products
Making informed decisions in the food industry
requires a comprehensive approach to data analysis,
risk assessment, and the identification of new opportu-
nities. An important aspect of making informed deci-
sions in the food industry is the use of analytical tools
and methodologies. One such tool is SWOT analysis,
which helps identify a company's strengths and weak-
nesses, as well as opportunities and threats in the mar-
ket. This analysis helps companies develop strategies
taking into account their internal and external charac-
teristics.
Another useful tool is PESTLE analysis, which
analyzes the political, economic, social, technological,
legal, and environmental aspects of a company's envi-
ronment [18]. This analysis allows for the consideration
of factors that may impact decisions and development
strategies.
The Influence of Cultural Differences on Deci-
sion-Making
Cultural peculiarities in the markets of Russia,
Asia, and the United States play a significant role in
product development and decision-making. For in-
stance, in Asia, particularly in China and Japan, con-
sumers pay great attention to products that promote
health and longevity. According to the "Analysis of
Consumer Preferences in Asia" study [19], over 80% of
consumers in these regions actively choose products
rich in vitamins and minerals when purchasing food
items.
In Russia, the affordability of products remains an
important factor for many consumers. According to
data from the National Organic Union of the Russian
Federation and FIBL, more than 60% of Russian con-
sumers place significant importance on price when
choosing products [3]. This means that companies must
consider budget constraints when developing products
and making pricing decisions.
In the United States, where environmental aware-
ness is high, companies must focus on the ecological
and sustainable aspects of production [20]. According
to research findings, over 70% of American consumers
prefer products from companies actively employing en-
vironmentally friendly production methods. This in-
cludes the use of eco-friendly manufacturing methods,
reducing the carbon footprint, and supporting local
farms (Table 2).
Tab. 2
Consumer Preferences and Factors in the Development of Eco-Tech Products
Market Primary Consumer Preferences
Budget
Constraints
Ecological Awareness &
Sustainability
Russia 45% prefer affordable prices Highly important Moderate level of awareness
Asia
(China)
60% are interested in health-focused
products
Moderately
important
Moderate level of awareness
USA 40% aim for eco-friendly products
Moderately
important
Highly important
Making informed decisions in the development of
food products requires considering all of the above-
mentioned factors and applying analytical methods to
identify the best development strategies. Understanding
consumer preferences, cultural nuances, and market
conditions allows companies to successfully introduce
environmentally-friendly food products to the market,
meeting consumer needs and contributing to sustaina-
ble development.
Examples of Successful Product Adaptation
One prominent example of successful product ad-
aptation to different markets is the launch of an organic
food product line by a company that demonstrated a
unique ability to meet stringent quality requirements in

the United States while also accommodating the pref-
erences of Asian consumers who value products that
promote health. In the United States, where environ-
mental awareness is high, the successful launch of an
organic food product line was made possible due to
strict quality and environmental sustainability stand-
ards. The company actively promoted its products as
environmentally friendly and health-promoting, align-
ing with local market trends. However, adapting to the
Russian market required additional effort and analysis
of cultural nuances. The company successfully adapted
its packaging and marketing strategy, considering the
importance of price-to-quality ratio for Russian con-
sumers. This allowed the company to strengthen its po-
sition in the Russian market and attract a wider audi-
ence. Modern research in marketing and management
underscores the importance of data and analytics in de-
cision-making. Authors such as Porter and Hep-
pelmann discuss how digital technologies are trans-
forming traditional approaches to product development
and strategic planning.
Conclusion
Data analysis in the development of environmen-
tally-friendly food products is a critically important
tool that enables enterprises to make informed deci-
sions based on objective market information, consumer
preferences, and the efficiency of production processes.
Through examples from the practice of Elizabeth
Keshchian at Canadian Canning Inc. and GlavVrash, it
was demonstrated how data analysis contributes to op-
timizing the selection of raw materials, target audi-
ences, and production processes. This analysis led to a
30% reduction in expenses at Ball Corporation, con-
firming the effectiveness of data utilization in business.
The Importance of Data Analysis
In summary, data analysis not only enhances the
quality and environmental sustainability of food prod-
ucts but also contributes to the competitiveness of com-
panies in global markets. The use of various analysis
methods, such as statistical, multivariate, and Bayesian
analysis, provides a deep understanding of complex
market trends and consumer preferences. For example,
data analysis at Ball Corporation resulted in a 30% re-
duction in expenses, emphasizing its importance and
applicability. Data analysis has become an integral part
of the food product development strategy, especially in
the face of changing requirements for environmental
sustainability and quality. Companies that actively im-
plement analytical tools have a significant advantage in
the market, promoting the development of environmen-
tally-friendly food products and creating a healthier and
more sustainable future for consumers worldwide.
Future Trends and Research
Considering the rapid development of digital tech-
nologies and the increasing volume of data, future re-
search in the field of data analysis for the food industry
is likely to focus on the development of more sophisti-
cated and accurate forecasting models. Artificial intel-
ligence and machine learning will offer new opportuni-
ties for automating the analysis of big data, allowing for
even more precise adaptation of products to changing
market and consumer demands. To further the develop-
ment of environmentally-friendly food products, re-
searchers and developers must delve deeper into the
possibilities of data analysis. Collaboration between ac-
ademia and industry can facilitate knowledge exchange
and best practices, accelerating innovation and improv-
ing product quality. It is also important to pay attention
to the ethical aspects of data collection and processing,
ensuring the confidentiality and protection of consum-
ers' personal information.
Limitations of the Current Study
Limitations of the current study should be taken
into account in further research in this field. Despite the
significant potential of data analysis in the food indus-
try, there are limitations related to data availability,
quality, and timeliness. Therefore, future research
should aim to improve data collection and processing
methodologies to analyze market trends and consumer
preferences more accurately and reliably.
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ART STUDIES
THE VALUE OF THE HISTORY OF AVANT-GARDE ART FROM ITS INCEPTION TO THE
PRESENT DAY
Dudareva D.
Moscow State University, Russia
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10704305
ABSTRACT
The purpose of research: The subject of this work is Avant-garde art. this is a trend in art that arose at the
beginning of the 20th century. It rejects traditional and outdated art forms, and strives for innovation and experi-
mentation.
Research methods: distinctive features of avant-garde art have been studied
using a historical critical method.
Research results: Avant-garde artists and writers are looking for new ways of self-expression to represent a
new reality and the coming era.
Practical application: Familiarization with the origin of avant-garde art and its history
Keywords: neoplasticism, romantic, historical tradition, militaristic interpretation, colorful emotions, funda-
mental antagonism.
Introduction
Avant-garde art makes a strong impact on society.
It provokes discussions, is perceived ambiguously and
is criticized.
Avant-gardism (French avantgardisme from avant
- garde and garde - detachment) is a generalized name
for experimental trends, schools, concepts, ideas, crea-
tivity of individual artists of the 20th century, pursuing
the goal of creating a completely new art that has no
connection with the old.
Avant-gardism is a tendency to deny historical tra-
dition, continuity, and an experimental search for new
forms and paths in art. A concept that is the opposite of
academicism. But avant-gardism also has its origins, as
it grew out of the Art Nouveau period.
Despite the fundamental antagonism of avant-
garde art and the traditions of spirituality of artistic cul-
ture, the nihilistic appeals of the participants of this
movement, the claims to comprehend "pure essences"
and the expression of the "absolute" without the burden
of the past and primitive imitation of the forms of the
outside world, the ideas of the artistic avant-garde are
akin to the spiritual turmoil of art at the turn of the XIX
and XX centuries.
Avant-garde art has its own romantic mythology.
Romantic and even religious is the main avant-garde
idea of the absolutization of the very act of creativity,
which does not involve the creation of an artistic work,
its "self-sufficiency", the justification of a person by
creativity, in which the "true reality" is revealed.
This shows the continuity of the most extreme
forms of avant-garde art from the symbolism of the
Modern period. But the concepts must be recognized as
dangerous: "an advanced detachment ready to sacrifice
itself in a rapid attack in order to achieve a goal." Such
a militaristic interpretation of the term inevitably leads
to the idea that "the avant-garde arose many centuries
ago during the transition from one era to another... and
it cannot be one of the directions of art of the XX cen-
tury alone."
Looking back, it can be confidently stated that
avant-gardism has taken its rightful place in the history
of fine art. He literally blew up the measured flow of
traditional painting, enriched it with new forms, new
names.
In the visual arts, the term "avant-garde" (from the
French "avant-garde") is traditionally used to describe
any artist, group, or style that is considered to be signif-
icantly ahead of the majority in its technique, subject
matter, or application. This is a very vague definition,
not least because there is no clear consensus on WHO
decides whether an artist is ahead of his time, or WHAT
is meant by being ahead of time. In other words, avant-
garde means exploring new artistic methods or experi-
menting with new techniques in order to create better
art. Here, the emphasis is on design, not on chance,
since it is doubtful that an artist or sculptor can acci-
dentally become an avant-garde artist. But what is the
"best" art? Does this mean, for example, that painting
is more aesthetic? Or is it more meaningful? Or brighter
colors? The questions go on and on.
If we assume that avant-garde art "draws its spir-
itual forces from an inexhaustible source of the past, ar-
chaic consciousness" and it represents not a decline, but
a "rethinking of the past", then the most essential thing
is blurred, the irreconcilable, hostile attitude of the
avant-gardists to the history of culture, which there is a
lot of evidence.
If in the art of the XX century there really is a
"parting with a person", then this is an anti-cultural,
anti-historical movement. Futurists at the very begin-
ning of the new century called for "taming this world
and overthrowing its laws at their own discretion." This
thesis alone denies the basic content of culture: "culti-
vation of the soul through reverence, worship."
But this is a verbal masquerade, because in a spir-
itual sense, the main value in the history of world art
has always been the process - the act of Creation, and
not a separate work in its material form.
The term was reportedly first applied to visual art
in the early 19th century by the French political writer
Henri de Saint-Simon, who stated that artists serve as
the vanguard in the general movement of social pro-
gress, ahead of scientists and other classes.

However, since the beginning of the 20th century,
the term has retained a touch of radicalism and implies
that in order for artists to be truly avant-garde, they
must challenge the artistic status quo – that is, its aes-
thetics, intellectual or artistic conventions or produc-
tion methods – to the point of almost subversive activ-
ity. Using this interpretation, Dada (1916-24) is proba-
bly the definitive example of avant-garde visual art, as
it challenged most of the foundations of Western civi-
lization.
The Italian Renaissance was probably the most
avant-garde era in the history of painting and sculpture.
The figures of the biblical Holy Family were presented
in a completely natural manner – a radical departure
from Byzantine and even Gothic works of art. In addi-
tion, nudity has become not only acceptable, but also
the most noble kind of figurative image – as evidenced
by Masaccio's "Exile from the Garden of Eden" (1426,
Brancacci Chapel, Florence) and Donatello's hyper-
modic bronze sculpture "David" (circa 1440, Bargello
Museum, Florence).
Despite the brief heyday of Caravaggio, who re-
vived the humanistic trend in painting with his peasant
images of Christ and other members of the Holy Family
(and Giuseppe Arcimboldo with his portraits of fruits
and vegetables), the hypermodern traditions of the Re-
naissance were gradually replaced by repetition, imita-
tion and complete conformity.
The great European Academies of Fine Arts, sup-
ported by the Catholic Church, introduced a number of
inflexible rules and conventions that artists ignored at
their peril – deviants were denied participation in Sa-
lons and other official exhibitions. Perhaps only in Hol-
land there was a genuine spirit of artistic search, in par-
ticular in the form of intense expressive portraits by
Rembrandt and a new type of genre painting exquisitely
rendered by Jan Vermeer and others.
It was only when the dust settled after the French
Revolution that the artists began experimenting again.
It started with landscape painting. Corot and other rep-
resentatives of the Barbizon school laid the foundation
for a new tradition of plein air; the German symbolist
painter Caspar David Friedrich gave his landscapes a
new form of romanticism; and the English genius Wil-
liam Turner raised this genre to an even higher and un-
usual level. Historical painting has also become avant-
garde thanks to such works as Goya's "The Third of
May 1808" (1814, Prado, Madrid), in which there are
no heroes and no uplifting message.
The next truly avant–garde school was Impres-
sionism, the first major trend in modern art, which
turned the idea of color upside down. Suddenly, the
grass could turn red and the haystacks could turn blue,
depending on the momentary effect of sunlight per-
ceived by the artist. Today, Impressionism can be con-
sidered mainstream, but in the 1870s, the public, as well
as the hierarchy of art, were shocked. In their under-
standing, the grass was green and the haystacks were
yellow, and that was it.
The first three decades of twentieth century art
generated a wave of revolutionary movements and
styles. First came Fauvism (1905-8), whose color
schemes were so dramatic and anti-natural that its rep-
resentatives were nicknamed "wild beasts". Then ana-
lytical Cubism (1908-12) – probably the most intellec-
tual of all the avant–garde movements - which rejected
the traditional idea of linear perspective in favor of a
greater emphasis on the two-dimensional picture plane,
scandalizing the academies of Arts of Europe – along
with visitors to the Paris Salon of Independents and the
New York Armory Exhibition (1913) - in the process.
Meanwhile, in Dresden, Munich and Berlin, German
expressionism was an advanced style professed by Die
Brucke (1905-13) and Der Blaue Reiter (1911-14), and
in Milan futurism presented its unique combination of
movement and modernity.
Five important dealers of avant-garde art in Paris
in the period 1900-30 include Solomon Guggenheim
(1861-1949), Ambroise Vollard (1866-1939), Daniel-
Heinrich Kahnweiler (1884-1979), Paul Guillaume
(1891-1934) and Peggy Guggenheim (1898-1979). In
Germany, the Walden Sturm Gallery was the great cen-
ter of the Expressionist avant-garde.
But perhaps the most iconoclastic movement of all
time is Dada, founded by Tristan Tzara (1896-1963),
which broke out in Zurich in 1916 and then spread to
Paris, Berlin and New York. The Dadaists rejected
most, if not all, of the bourgeois values of fine art, pre-
ferring a heady mix of anarchism and hypermodern in-
novation.
The latter included a number of subversive ideas
that are considered relatively mainstream today, for ex-
ample, the creation of junk art from "found objects"
(Duchamp's "readymades") and the introduction of
three-dimensional collage (Merzbau Schwitters). It can
also be said that Dada artists invented the art of perfor-
mance and happenings, as well as conceptual art, more
than fifty years ahead of their postmodern successors.
A less irreconcilable successor to Dada was surrealism,
which amused but ultimately failed to sustain the mo-
mentum for change.
Postmodern art appeared in the late 1960s and
early 1970s. It led to the emergence of completely new
forms of contemporary art, most of which were almost
by definition avant-garde. These new art forms include:
feminist art, popularized by Judy Chicago (b. 1939) and
Carol Schneemann (b. 1939); art photography, exem-
plified by Robert Mapplethorpe (1946-1989) and Nan
Goldin (b. 1953); and art photography, exemplified by
Robert Mapplethorpe (1946-1989) and Nan Goldin (b.
1953).); also installation art, examples of which are Jo-
seph Beuys (1921-1986), Bruce Nauman (b. 1941),
Christian Boltansky (b. 1944), Richard Wilson (b.
1953) and Martin Creed (b.1968); video art created by
Bill Viola (b. 1951) and others; Conceptual art typical
in the works of Sol Levitt (b. 1928), Eva Hesse (1937-
1970) and Joseph Kosut (b. 1945); The art of perfor-
mance and the associated style of Happening, an exam-
ple of which are Allan Kaprow (b. 1927), Yves Klein
(1927), etc.), Yves Klein (1928-1962), Wolf Vostell
(1932-1998), Gunther Brus (b. 1938), Hermann Nitsch
(b. 1938), Gilbert and George, and the Fluxus move-
ment. About the non–commercial form of contempo-
rary art, see: Ice sculpture is perhaps the last word in
"found objects". One of the latest creative fashions is

the extreme form of Body Art, an example of which is
the risky performances of the Serbian artist Marina
Abramovich (b. 1946).
For information about the best venues for avant-
garde art around the world, see: The Best Contempo-
rary Art Galleries.
In the late 1980s and 1990s, an avant-garde group
known as the Young British Artists (YBAs) emerged in
the UK, among whose members were Turner Prize win-
ners Mark Wallinger (b. 1959), Rachel Whiteread (b.
1959), etc.), Rachel Whiteread (b. 1963), Gillian Wear-
ing (b. 1963), Damien Hirst (b. 1965), Douglas Gordon
(b. 1966), Chris Ofili (b. 1968) and Steve McQueen (b.
1969).
Another controversial member of the group was
Tracey Emin (b. 1963). These young postmodern artists
caused huge controversy with their defiant, even sub-
versive approach to the subject and use of materials (el-
ephant droppings, larvae, dead shark, human blood) –
which shocked both art critics and the public. Despite
this, their avant-garde approach revitalized British art
and gained them enormous popularity, including the
patronage of Charles Saatchi, Britain's leading collector
of modern art, as well as numerous exhibitions at the
famous Saatchi Gallery, and the Sensation (1997) exhi-
bition at the Royal Academy in London.
For other exhibitions of postmodern works around
the world, see: The Best Contemporary Art Festivals.
Conclusion
Who is the most avant-garde artist in the world?
It is impossible to answer this question, so I will
just tell you our main candidates. These include: Joseph
Mallord Turner (an artist 50 years ahead of his time);
Claude Monet (the first revolutionary of modern paint-
ing); Ilya Repin (the first artist to convey authentic de-
tails of life in Russia); Picasso (for his mastery of fig-
urative and abstract art in almost all media); Marcel Du-
champ (pioneer of dada and object art, from which
conceptual art arose); the husband-and-wife team of
Christo and Jeanne-Claude (empaquetage, or packag-
ing); Andy Warhol (the first and perhaps the greatest
postmodernist); Gilbert and George (living sculptures);
Damien Hirst (the greatest self-promoter in art) and, of
course, the graffiti terrorist Banksy.
References
1. Sergeeva G.P. Art. – M., "Enlightenment",
2012
2. Pospelov G.N. Art and aesthetics. - M.: Is-
kusstvo, 1984
3. Solntsev N.V. Heritage and Time, M., 1996
4. Vlasov V.G. The Great Encyclopedic Diction-
ary of Fine Art
5. Bobrinskaya E. Gesture in the poetics of the
early Russian avant-garde
6. Azizyan I.A. Theoretical awareness of the
birth of avant-garde and modernism
7. Unknown Russian avant-garde / Author-com-
piler A.D. Sarabyanov. M., 1992

CHEMICAL SCIENCES
DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS
Horbatiuk N.
Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University;
Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry, Ecology and Methods of Their Education.
Ukraine
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10704316
ABSTRACT
The intensity of contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals in the city of Uman was investigated.
It was established that the content of heavy metals in the soil samples taken in the city of Uman, Cherkasy region,
ranged from: Cu – 3.8 – 4.0 mg/kg; Zn – 4.3 – 4.8 mg/kg; Pb - 3.9 - 4.3 mg/kg. None of the heavy metals exceeded
the maximum permissible standards, which makes it possible to consider these soils completely safe for growing
agricultural crops.
Keywords: soils, heavy metals, agricultural land, chemical composition.
Formulation of the problem. The human popu-
lation is growing continuously at a rate of about one
billion per decade. The current level of production of
agricultural products cannot satisfy the need for food in
sufficient quantity. The possibilities of extensive ex-
pansion of production through exploitation of new
lands have been exhausted. In addition, as a result of
urbanization, uncultivable land is used for the develop-
ment of settlements. Calculations by FAO experts show
that to solve the world food problem, a continuous in-
crease in the productivity of the main agricultural crops
is necessary in the next 30 years for wheat and rice by
1.2% annually, maize by 1.5% annually, sugar beet and
sugarcane by 1, 8% annually.
At the same time, with a general shortage of land
resources, due to errors in the management of agricul-
tural production processes, the area of degraded agri-
cultural lands due to erosion, salinization and waterlog-
ging is growing at a rate of approximately 10 million
hectares per year. In Ukraine, the poor management of
agricultural production has led to the fact that every
year due to pollution, the amount of eroded land in
Ukraine increases by 80-90 thousand hectares.
Analysis of recent research and publications.
The current state of soils is a concern of the entire
civilized world. The increase in the area of degraded
soils, the deterioration of their quality condition forces
the world community to raise the issue of protection
and rational use of soil resources at the highest political
level. Soil is one of the important environments that is
subject to significant anthropogenic influence. Accu-
mulation of toxic substances in the soil leads to migra-
tion to plants, and their products and subsequently with
food products to the human body.
Heavy metals are one of the most toxic soil pollu-
tants. They can enter the soil with mineral fertilizers,
limestone materials, pesticides, exhaust gases of vehi-
cles, with emissions of industrial enterprises. Chemical
pollution of soils used in agriculture is divided into pol-
lution by heavy metals, pesticide residues, radionu-
clides and acid precipitation [1].
Heavy metals are metals such as cadmium, mer-
cury, and lead that are 2.0-3.7 times heavier than iron
by atomic weight and 1.1-1.7 times heavier than iron.
Today, heavy metals also include chromium, cobalt,
nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, silver, cad-
mium, mercury, thallium and lead, some compounds of
which can be quite toxic. The main danger of poisoning
by heavy metals threatens agricultural animals that feed
on vegetative terrestrial parts of plants, which can be
contaminated both by aerial and soil means [2,3].
The content of cadmium in food products over the
last century has a tendency to increase, which is the re-
sult of environmental pollution. The accumulation of
cadmium in the body of humans and animals is associ-
ated with its very slow elimination. The use of some
types of mineral fertilizers for agricultural plants, as
well as the liming of small doses of acidic soils for ce-
real grain crops contribute to the entry of cadmium into
grain and straw [4,5].
Mercury is a serious danger to human health. It oc-
curs in three forms: in the form of inorganic salts and
in the form of organic compounds, which are more of-
ten found in the environment, since metallic mercury
can be transformed into organic alkaline compounds
under the action of microorganisms. Methylmercury is
the most widespread in the human habitat [6-8].
A third metal that poses a health hazard and is
common in agricultural landscapes is lead. The main
way of contamination of agricultural plants and soils in
this case is aerial. The daily intake of lead with human
food is about 35 μg. Plant pollution occurs mainly me-
chanically as a result of the diffusion of lead from con-
taminated soil into tubers and root crops, as well as due
to the deposition of lead compounds from the atmos-
phere on the surface of stems, leaves and fruits - mainly
in the form of oxides [9-12].
Research methodology. The research was con-
ducted in September 2020 - 2023. Soil samples were
taken in the city Uman on a square plot measuring 10 ×
10 meters using the "envelope" method. Samples were
taken in the morning in dry weather at a depth of 25 cm
weighing 1 kg. After sampling, the samples were dried
to an air-dry state in a drying cabinet with a temperature
regulator.
Soil analysis was carried out at Pavlо Tychyna
Uman State Pedagogical University according to
DSTU 4770. 1-9: 2007. The method is based on extract-
ing the mobile form of copper, zinc and lead ions from
the soil with an acetate-ammonium buffer solution with

a pH of 4.8. At the same time, part of exchangeable cat-
ions passes into the solution, hydrolysis of compounds
occurs, acetate or ammonium complex compounds are
formed. Due to the high buffer capacity of this solution,
the reaction of the environment during the removal of
heavy metals from various soils remains stable. Deter-
mination on a spectrophotometer after atomization of
the sample in an air-acetylene flame is based on the
property of atoms in the ground state to absorb light of
defined and specific wavelengths for each type of atom.
The mass concentration of copper, zinc and lead in the
samples (c), in milligrams per kilogram, is calculated
by the formula:
where Сгр is the mass concentration of copper,
zinc, and lead, respectively, in the extract, obtained ac-
cording to the calibration curve, mg/dm3
; V – volume
of acetate-ammonium buffer solution for sample prep-
aration, cm3
; 1000 is the conversion factor of g into kg;
1000 is the coefficient of conversion of cm3
into 1 dm3
; m is the weight of the soil sample, g.
The purpose of the work there is coverage of is-
sues related to soil contamination with heavy metals
and research on the content of macroelements in agri-
cultural soils.
Results. The results of the study showed a general
tendency to increase the copper content over the years,
which ranged from 3.8 to 4.0 mg/kg.
An increase in the concentration of copper in the
soil can lead to significant poisoning of the plant organ-
ism. Further accumulation of copper along the food
chain is a potential threat to human and animal health.
The movement of copper and its entry into plants
are reduced due to liming of soils, binding of copper in
the form of organic compounds and fixing with soil hu-
mus. Soil microorganisms play an important role in fix-
ing copper. A portion of soil copper is strongly associ-
ated with soil humic acids and in this form it is unas-
similable for plants. Copper deficiency for plants is
more pronounced on sandy and peaty soils. At the same
time, the availability of copper for plants on acidic soils
is higher than on soils with a neutral and alkaline reac-
tion of the environment.
Fig. 1 Content of heavy metals in agricultural soils in 2020-2023.
The same situation is observed with regard to zinc
content, which increased by 0.5 mg/kg from 2020 to
2023. One of the main ways zinc enters the plant is the
absorption of chemical compounds of these metals
(salts, hydroxides) by the roots. A feature of zinc pol-
lution is the slow self-cleaning of soils, which nega-
tively affects the yield of agricultural crops. The con-
tent of lead in the soil in 2023 was lower by 0.4 mg/kg
compared to 2020.
The zinc content in the soil helps plants better re-
sist high temperatures and various fungal diseases. In
addition, zinc contributes to the acceleration of various
chemical processes in plants. Due to the lack of zinc in
the soil, deformation of the leaves and the plant itself
occurs, growth slows down. Fertilizing the soil with
zinc helps restore plant growth. Such plants as potatoes,
beets, hops, and perennial legumes react most strongly
to zinc deficiency.
Excessive zinc content in the soil, in turn, leads to
negative consequences.
Macronutrients are the basis of the nutrition of ag-
ricultural crops, the main ones of which are phospho-
rus, nitrogen and potassium.
The phosphorus content in the soil varied between
64.3-65 mg/kg, which is positive for plant life. Phos-
phorus deficiency manifests itself in the depression of
the plant, late flowering and stunted growth. It is not
possible to compensate for the deficiency of this ele-
ment by further feeding, so its presence in the soil is
necessary.
3,8 3,9 3,8
4
4,3
4,6 4,5
4,8
3,9 4 4,1
4,3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2020 2021 2022 2023
Content,
mg/kg
Year of study
Cu
Zn
Pb

Fig. 2 The content of macroelements in agricultural soils in 2020-2023.
All agricultural crops feel the greatest need for ni-
trogen. It is nitrogen that affects the rate of plant
growth, the formation of strong stems, and the reduc-
tion of the rate of aging. The nitrogen content in the
studied samples ranged from 118 to 120 mg/kg. In
2023, this indicator was the highest.
Potassium in plants is mainly located in the cyto-
plasm, it is easily washed away by rains and has the
ability to move from old leaves to young ones, ensuring
its functions: protection from drought, participation in
metabolic processes and activation of enzyme activity.
The potassium content in the soil ranged from 94.5 to
95.8 mg/kg, which is sufficient for efficient farming.
Conclusions. It was established that the content of
heavy metals in the agricultural soil samples taken in
the city of Uman, Cherkasy region, ranged from: Cu –
3.8 – 4.0 mg/kg; Zn – 4.3 – 4.8 mg/kg; Pb - 3.9 - 4.3
mg/kg. None of the heavy metals exceeded the maxi-
mum permissible standards, which makes it possible to
consider these soils completely safe for growing agri-
cultural crops. The phosphorus content in the soil var-
ied between 64.3-65 mg/kg; nitrogen in the range of
118-120 mg/kg; potassium 94.5-95.8 mg/kg. In gen-
eral, the ecological condition of the studied soils is sat-
isfactory.
References
1. Wang, Y., Guo, G., Zhang, D., & Lei, M.
(2021). An integrated method for source apportionment
of heavy metal (loid) s in agricultural soils and model
uncertainty analysis. Environmental Pollution, 276,
116666.
2. Junhao, C., Xining, Z., Xiaodong, G., Li, Z., Qi,
H., & Siddique, K. H. (2021). Extraction and identifi-
cation methods of microplastics and nanoplastics in ag-
ricultural soil: A review. Journal of environmental
management, 294, 112997.
3. Yuanan, H., He, K., Sun, Z., Chen, G., &
Cheng, H. (2020). Quantitative source apportionment
of heavy metal (loid) s in the agricultural soils of an
industrializing region and associated model uncer-
tainty. Journal of hazardous materials, 391, 122244.
4. Tan, K., Wang, H., Chen, L., Du, Q., Du, P., &
Pan, C. (2020). Estimation of the spatial distribution of
heavy metal in agricultural soils using airborne hyper-
spectral imaging and random forest. Journal of hazard-
ous materials, 382, 120987.
5. Shakoor, A., Shahzad, S. M., Chatterjee, N.,
Arif, M. S., Farooq, T. H., Altaf, M. M., ... &
Mehmood, T. (2021). Nitrous oxide emission from ag-
ricultural soils: Application of animal manure or bio-
char? A global meta-analysis. Journal of Environmen-
tal Management, 285, 112170.
6. Jing, F., Chen, X., Wen, X., Liu, W., Hu, S.,
Yang, Z., ... & Xu, Y. (2020). Biochar effects on soil
chemical properties and mobilization of cadmium (Cd)
and lead (Pb) in paddy soil. Soil use and management,
36(2), 320-327.
7. Campos, P., Miller, A. Z., Knicker, H., Costa-
Pereira, M. F., Merino, A., & De la Rosa, J. M. (2020).
Chemical, physical and morphological properties of bi-
ochars produced from agricultural residues: Implica-
tions for their use as soil amendment. Waste Manage-
ment, 105, 256-267.
8. Xu, Z., Zhang, T., Wang, S., & Wang, Z.
(2020). Soil pH and C/N ratio determines spatial varia-
tions in soil microbial communities and enzymatic ac-
tivities of the agricultural ecosystems in Northeast
China: Jilin Province case. Applied Soil Ecology, 155,
103629.
9. Shakoor, A., Shakoor, S., Rehman, A., Ashraf,
F., Abdullah, M., Shahzad, S. M., ... & Altaf, M. A.
(2021). Effect of animal manure, crop type, climate
zone, and soil attributes on greenhouse gas emissions
from agricultural soils—A global meta-analysis. Jour-
nal of Cleaner Production, 278, 124019.
64,8 65 64,7 64,3
118 118,2 119,3 120
94,5 94,4 94,6 95,8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2020 2021 2022 2023
Content,
mg/kg
Year of study
P
N
K

10. Obiri-Nyarko, F., Duah, A. A., Karikari, A. Y.,
Agyekum, W. A., Manu, E., & Tagoe, R. (2021). As-
sessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at the
Kpone landfill site, Ghana: Implication for ecological
and health risk assessment. Chemosphere, 282, 131007.
11. Siedt, M., Schäffer, A., Smith, K. E., Nabel,
M., Roß-Nickoll, M., & van Dongen, J. T. (2021).
Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their
suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil
structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities,
and the fate of pesticides. Science of the Total Environ-
ment, 751, 141607.
12. Delibacak, S., Voronina, L., &
Morachevskaya, E. (2020). Use of sewage sludge in ag-
ricultural soils: Useful or harmful. Eurasian Journal of
Soil Science, 9(2), 126-139.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY INDICATORS OF DRINKING PASTEURIZED MILK OF
UKRAINIAN PRODUCERS
Zadorozhna O.,
Associate Professor of the Department of chemistry and ecology.
Ukraine
Parakhnenko V.,
Ph.D. Lecturer-trainee, Department of chemistry and ecology,
Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, Uman, Ukrainе,
Nedaiborshch N.
Trainee lecturer at the Department of chemistry and ecology,
Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10704329
ABSTRACT
A healthy lifestyle involves high-quality and complete nutrition. Milk and dairy products have a high specific
weight in the diet of the population of Ukraine. We conducted a study of the quality of drinking pasteurized milk
of Ukrainian producers, which are the most popular in the domestic market.
Keywords: chemical composition, drinking milk, dry residue, titrated acidity.
Formulation of the problem. Milk and dairy
products are of great importance for the organization of
healthy and high-quality nutrition of the population.
Milk is a complete and useful food product, containing
almost the complete composition of nutrients necessary
for the human body, which are required for normal life.
The biological and nutritional value of milk lies in the
optimal balance of components, which is easily ab-
sorbed by the human body. All nutrients in milk (pro-
teins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, microelements, vit-
amins, enzymes) are contained in such a ratio that
meets human needs. However, only high-quality milk
and dairy products have valuable properties [1-3].
Due to violations of production processes and non-
compliance with sanitary and hygienic conditions, milk
and dairy products lose their nutritional value and be-
come dangerous for the health of consumers. The qual-
ity of milk is characterized by its physico-chemical, bi-
ological and technological properties. Therefore, it is
necessary to study and control the quality of dairy prod-
ucts.
Methods of research. The density of drinking
pasteurized milk was determined by the hydrometric
method. Acidity of milk - by titrametric method. The
mass fraction of fat - by the acid method. The mass
fraction of dry residue and moisture was determined by
the drying method.
Milk is a product of the normal secretion of a cow's
mammary gland. From the physicochemical point of
view, milk is a complex polydisperse system in which
the dispersion medium is water, and the dispersed
phase is substances in molecular, colloidal, and emul-
sion states. Milk sugar and mineral salts form molecu-
lar and ionic solutions. Proteins are in a dissolved (al-
bumin and globulin) and colloidal (casein) state, milk
fat is in the form of an emulsion. Milk contains more
than 200 different mineral and organic substances.
Cow's milk is also a source of phosphorus and calcium,
which actually determines its important role in the nu-
trition of children - because at an early age there is ac-
tive growth of the skeleton and teeth. This valuable
product contains manganese, iron, and cobalt, which,
together with vitamin B12, play an important role in
hematopoietic processes. The carbohydrate component
of milk is presented in the form of lactose - milk sugar,
its approximate amount is up to 5%. Lactose is a source
of energy, contributes to the efficient operation of many
internal organs - liver, heart, kidneys [4-6].
Lactose is also a necessary element for improving
the assimilation of calcium in the body. Experts have
proven the fact that lactose contributes to the formation
of melanin, a special substance that plays an important
role in the structure of human brain tissue.
A healthy lifestyle involves quality nutrition. Milk
and dairy products traditionally have a fairly high spe-
cific weight in the diet of the population of Ukraine.
It is known that depending on the heat treatment,
pasteurized milk and sterilized milk are distinguished.
There are several types of pasteurized milk: pasteurized
milk of different fat content (1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.2; 3.5;
6.0%) and skim milk; melted; protein; vitaminized; en-
riched with various fillers (malted milk; milk with co-
coa; milk with coffee; milk for cocktails) [7-10].
Pasteurized milk of different fat content can be
produced by the normalization method of natural milk,
as well as by the method of reconstitution of dry milk.
Normalization of milk is carried out before its pasteur-
ization and homogenization by mixing fatty milk with
cream or with skimmed milk. Skimmed milk and cream
are obtained by separating milk using special equip-
ment - separators. Separation is the process of dividing
milk under the action of centrifugal force into cream
(fat phase of milk) and skimmed milk (plasma of milk).
Milk with increased fat differs from other types of
pasteurized milk only in increased fat, and therefore,
increased calories. It can be recommended to those who
need high-calorie nutrition. For drinking milk, prefer-
ence should be given to ordinary pasteurized milk with
a fat content of 2.5 or 3.2%, since the ratio of protein
substances and fats is more favorable in it than in high-
fat milk [11-15].
The purpose of the work - research of physico-
chemical parameters of drinking pasteurized milk

Results.
For the study, we chose the five most popular do-
mestic milk producers represented on the Ukrainian
market:
- «Selyanske»
- "Bila Liniya"
- "Farm"
- "Yagotynske"
- "Molokia"
Table 1
№ Manufacturer Brand Name
1
Lustdorf LLC,
Illintsi,
Vinnytsia
region.
«Selyanske»
2
Bilotserkivskyi LLC
dairy plant",
Bila Tserkva, Kyivska
region
"Bila Liniya"
3
LLC "TERRAFOOD" PJSC "Bilotserkivsky Dairy
Plant"
"Farm"
4 TDV "YAHOTYNSKY OIL PLANT" "Yagotynske"
5 PJSC "Ternopil milk factory" "Molokia"

Fig. 1. Organoleptic assessment of milk quality.
According to organoleptic indicators, all samples fully meet the requirements of DSTU 2661:2010. Tasters
noted sample number 3 (Farm) as the best.
Fig. 2. Titrated acidity, ‫ﹾ‬Т
The freshness of all types of drinking milk is indicated by its acidity, it should not exceed 21‫ﹾ‬Т. In the studied
samples, the index of titrated acidity is within the requirements of DSTU, but the sample of TM "Selyanske" has
the highest value.
0
1
2
3
4
5
Appearance
Consistence
Color
Scent
Taste Sample1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
Sample 5
20,1
16,8
19
17,4
18,5
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

Fig. 3. Dry residue, %
The highest content of dry milk residue is determined in the milk of TM "Farm" - 12.4%. This indicator is
influenced by many factors: the age of the animals, the quality of the feed, but the degree of breeding also affects
it. A reduced content of solids, especially against the background of a low fat content, clearly indicates the falsifi-
cation of milk.
Fig. 4. Mass fraction of fat, %
The price of milk directly depends on the mass fraction of fat in it. Milk fat is expensive, and due to its easy
assimilation (97%) and high content of biologically active substances, it is one of the most valuable dietary fats.
Falsification of milk due to a decrease in its fat content is one of the most widespread. After examining the fat
content in the selected milk samples, it was established that, mainly, it corresponds to the specified norm
11,3
10,7
12,4
10,6
10,9
9,5
10
10,5
11
11,5
12
12,5
13
3,13
2,16
3,21
2,55 2,62
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5

Fig. 3. Density, kg/m3
Milk is characterized by certain stable physical
properties: density, viscosity, surface tension, freezing
point, boiling point, osmotic pressure, electrical con-
ductivity, specific heat capacity, optical properties.
During adulteration, the quality of milk, as a single
physicochemical system, changes significantly, which
is explained by the properties of the components. One
of the most important physical indicators of milk,
which can prove its good quality or falsification, is den-
sity. The density of milk ranges from 1026 to 1031
kg/m3
. If milk is diluted with water, the density de-
creases. In accordance with the requirements of DSTU
2661:2010, the density of the tested samples should be
at least 1027 kg/m3
. All samples except «Bila Liniya»
milk meet these requirements
Conclusions. Cow’s milk, which is characterized
by high nutritional properties, is mainly used in human
nutrition. They are determined by its chemical compo-
sition, digestibility, energy value, organoleptic indica-
tors, use.
We investigated that almost all samples of drink-
ing pasteurized milk met the standards according to or-
ganoleptic and physico-chemical parameters. The man-
ufacturer of the trademark «Ferma» was recognized as
the best sample according to all the investigated indica-
tors
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1030
1026
1031
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1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032
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DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INDICATORS OF WATER FROM
DIFFERENT SOURCES
Zadorozhna O.,
Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry, Ecology and Methods of Their Education.
Ukraine
Parakhnenko V.,
Ph.D. Lecturer-trainee, Department of chemistry, ecology and methods of their teaching,
Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, Uman, Ukrainе,
Soroka M.
Lecturer-trainee, Department of Chemistry and Ecology,
Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, Uman, Ukrainе
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10704353
ABSTRACT
Quality water is a liquid whose physical and chemical characteristics meet the standards of the International
Health Organization (WHO). Only if the characteristics of drinking water match these standards, it can be consid-
ered suitable for use.
The purpose of the work. Study of the quality of drinking water from different sources of its supply in the
Cherkasy region.
Keywords: chemical composition, drinking water, chlorides, sulfates, hydrogen index.
Formulation of the problem. Providing the pop-
ulation with good quality drinking water is the main
task of society today. The use of low-quality water for
one's vital needs threatens the health of the nation. One
of the reasons for the unsatisfactory quality of drinking
water in Ukraine is the pollution of surface water bod-
ies by discharges into them of large quantities of un-
treated and insufficiently treated household, industrial
and agricultural wastewater, melt water from fields, the
territories of villages and cities. Violation of the under-
ground water regime as a result of long-term operation
of artesian wells, groundwater pollution, deterioration
of the sanitary and technical condition of distribution
water networks also contributes to the pollution of
drinking water.
The most common problem with water quality is
its high hardness, which is caused by the total amount
of dissolved alkaline earth metal ions, calcium Ca2+
and magnesium Mg2+ are usually taken into account,
since they make up at least 98-99% of all compounds.
To a lesser extent, beryllium, strontium and barium af-
fect the hardness - these metals belong to the group of
heavy, so they are regulated separately by stricter stand-
ards. Water full of calcium and magnesium ions wors-
ens organoleptic indicators, it negatively affects the
skin and digestive organs, and the cardiovascular sys-
tem suffers excessively. Long-term use of hard water
can lead to joint diseases (arthritis, polyarthritis), the
formation of stones in the kidneys and bile ducts.
Methods of research. Volumetric (titration), pho-
tometric (colorimetric), analytical and diagnostic; com-
prehensive, retrospective and comparative analyzes (to
identify cause-and-effect relationships regarding the
anthropogenic transformation of hydroecosystems)
A person drinks about 750 liters of water per year,
of which 70% is water. Exchange of substances,
maintenance of heat balance, removal of toxins and de-
cay products - all this is carried out by water. Therefore,
the water must be of satisfactory quality, since the pres-
ence of impurities in the water can cause significant
damage to the human body and initiate the development
of many diseases. Providing the population with high-
quality and safe drinking water for human health is
guaranteed by the legislation of Ukraine [1-4]. Accord-
ing to the World Health Organization, 80% of human
diseases are associated with water quality and are the
cause of death of 2.2 million people every year [5].
A number of scientists are currently studying the
quality of drinking water. The assessment carried out
according to integral indicators shows that only three
out of ten sources have water of good quality according
to indicators, which, with certain assumptions, can be
considered suitable for drinking purposes.
Drinking water with physico-chemical parameters
that deviate from acceptable norms has a negative ef-
fect on the human body and can cause a number of dis-
eases. The hydrogen indicator indicates the acid-alka-
line balance of water. The corrosive aggressiveness of
the liquid, the speed of chemical reactions and the de-
gree of toxicity of pollutants directly depend on it. Sci-
entists believe that the pH of water should approxi-
mately correspond to the norm of pH of human blood,
which is equal to 7.5
Chlorides have high solubility and therefore are
present in all natural waters mainly in the form of cal-
cium, sodium and magnesium salts. Their entry into the
water is facilitated by the leaching of table salt and
other chlorine compounds from the layers of rocks of
volcanic origin. A huge amount of chlorides is con-
tained in the seas and oceans. Through the atmospheric
cycle, water, precipitation, and with underground cur-
rents of salt enter all other bodies of water. However,
many chlorides enter water with industrial and domes-
tic runoff [6-9].
Water oversaturated with chlorides can cause
damage to mucous membranes, eyes, skin and respira-
tory tract. After drinking such water, the water-salt bal-
ance and the work of the digestive tract are disturbed.

"Sciences of Europe" journal No 135 (2024)

"Sciences of Europe" journal No 135 (2024)

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