Sciences of Europe No 124 (2023)

No 124 (2023)
Sciences of Europe
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CONTENT
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Bobokasvili Z., Maglakelidze E., Kakashvili V.,
Tsigriashvili L., Vakhtangashvili M.
SOME OF INTERESTING MINOR FRUIT CROPS OF
GEORGIA - CONSTRAINS AND DEVELOPMENT
APPROACHES...............................................................3
ART
Harutyunyan H.
ABOUT SOME GENRE FEATURES LULLABY SONG........8
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Tsygankova V., Kopich V., Voloshchuk I.,
Pilyo S., Klyuchko S., Brovarets V.
NEW GROWTH REGULATORS OF BARLEY BASED ON
PYRIMIDINE AND PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES.................13
ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Chvertko L.
HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS IN ENSURING AND
FINANCING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INCLUSION OF
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS: UKRAINIAN AND
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE ...............................................24
HISTORICAL SCIENCES
Mitru A.
THE FINANCING OF THE ROMANIAN PRE-UNIVERSITY
EDUCATION SYSTEM DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD
..................................................................................29
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Kuneva I., Nikolov D., Yaneva M., Gatseva A.,
Slavchev G., Djambazov S., Petkova I.,
TREATMENT OF NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED
MACULAR DEGENERATION: A RETROSPECTIVE REAL-
LIFE STUDY IN BULGARIA ..........................................37
Kuneva I., Markov G., Yaneva M., Nikolov D.,
Slavchev G., Djambazov S., Petkova I.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CLINICAL AND REAL-LIFE
STUDIES WITH A RETROSPECTIVE BULGARIAN REAL-
LIFE STUDY.................................................................42
PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
Mirica I.A., Zamfirescu M.
EFFICIENT DESIGN OF ZnO MICROCAVITY
POLARITONS IN STRONG COUPLING REGIME AS
FUTURE ENTANGLED PHOTON PAIRS SOURCE .........45
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Aliyeva A.
STRESS DISORDER AND ITS COMPLICATIONS ...........52
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Kyryk V., Ivanitskyi S.
STUDY OF THE FEATURES OF SIMULATION MODELING
OF ELECTRICAL NETWORKS IN THE PRESENCE OF
GEOMAGNETIC INDUCED CURRENTS .......................54

Sciences of Europe # 124, (2023) 3
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
SOME OF INTERESTING MINOR FRUIT CROPS OF GEORGIA - CONSTRAINS AND
DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Bobokasvili Z.,
Associate Professor, PhD in Agricultural Sciences
Maglakelidze E.,
PhD in Agricultural Sciences
Kakashvili V.,
Master
Tsigriashvili L.,
Bachelor,
Vakhtangashvili M.
Master.
LEPL Scientific-Research Center of Agriculture, Division of Fruit-growing Research,
Tbilisi, Georgia
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8327845
ABSTRACT
The South Caucasus, to which Georgia belongs, is one of the most distinguished centers of biodiversity, where
a great diversity of fruit crops is gathered. At the modern stage of fruit development, in order to increase fruit yield
and improve product quality, special importance is attached to updating and perfecting the composition of fruit
crops.
The minor and underutilized crops play an important role in crop diversification and development of new
agricultural products. The minor crops can make significant contribution to the life of local people through diver-
sifying and increasing their incomes. Georgia is rich with genetic resources of minor and underutilized crops too.
The surveys of minor crops of economic importance, such as quince, medlars, cornelian cherry, fig, jujube, olive,
actinidia and etc. Not all varieties have been used in production.
The article presents some of minor fruits (Quince (Cydonia oblonga. M), Medlars (Mespilus germanica),
Cornelian cherry( Cornus mas L.), Fig (Fcus carica) deficiently cultivated in the current time in Georgia. Of these
crops Distribution and general biological-agricultural characterization, which is an important topic in terms of fruit
assortment diversity.
These species can make a significant contribution to improving nutrition and health, creating conditions for
the regional economy, opportunities for the development of minor agricultural and processing enterprises, condi-
tions for the reproduction, distribution and cultivation of new plant species and the reproduction of natural re-
sources for practical use in bioenergy, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other purposes.
The information presented in the article will help to popularize some minor fruits in the country, which will
have a positive impact on the process of adaptation-introduction of new crops and their industrial development.
Keywords: fruit quality, country, variety, crop.
1. Introduction
In recent years, climate change has been felt in all
countries of Central Europe, which manifests itself in
various forms: an increase in the number of humid and
hot “tropical” days, a decrease and uneven amount of
precipitation, and many other adverse climatic factors.
The above changes affect not only living conditions,
but also the cultivation of plants that provide food se-
curity. Cultivation of some basic plant species and their
production becomes economically risky. Climate
change has a negative impact on the economy, ensuring
food security, socio-economic conditions for small and
medium-sized farms. One solution to this unfavorable
situation is the introduction, distribution and use of less
known and new plant species. To cope with the situa-
tion, dozens of fruit and plant species that are already
well studied can be used. Many of these species have
already created valuable varieties and hybrids. The pur-
pose of this publication is to present some plant species
that can be used in practice in many regions
(Chmielewski, et al., 2004; Hedhly, et al., 2009).
Georgia is one of the important centers of fruit
origin. The large variety of soil and climatic conditions
(49 soil types and 22 climatic zones) created excellent
preconditions for the adaptation of new crops. The ge-
ographical location of the country, at the crossroads of
Europe and Asia, has for centuries facilitated the influx
of new genetic material into the country. This is how
many fruit crops were introduced to Georgia, such as
peaches, apricots, cherries, plums, pomegranates, citrus
fruits, etc. Which then spread widely throughout the
country (Ketskhoveli, 957).
Over the past three decades, the production and
area of major fruit crops in Georgia, as well as around
the world, has grown rapidly. Nevertheless, threats con-
tinue to develop in agriculture, including fruit growing,
in terms of food shortages, climate change, and a reduc-
tion in farmers' financial resources. Therefore, the most
important issue is in terms of agricultural sustainability
and maximum utilization and targeted use of the poten-
tial of the fruit sector for the economic development of
the country (Agro biodiversity of Georgia, 2015).

4 Sciences of Europe # 124, (2023)
Therefore, it is important to test and cultivate fruit
crops that are characterized by high potential for diver-
sification and sale, as well as the ability to adapt well to
the ecological conditions of Georgia. Such a number of
promising crops include some less common fruit crops
in Georgia, such as quince, alfalfa, fenugreek, unabi,
fig, musk. These crops are the crops of the future, they
need a lot of attention in order to provide food for the
population and it is desirable to include them in the ag-
ricultural production cycle of the country (Vavilov,
1935; Zhukovsky,1971).
At present, complex, field and laboratory studies
of varieties of these crops are underway to renew fruit
assortment and improve diversification opportunities
for local farmers.
2. Some biological properties and local varie-
ties of culture
The quince (Cydonia oblonga. M) – is a fruit tree
species of the Rosaceae family. Already cultivated in
2000 a.c. from the Babylonians and considered sacred
by the Greeks, it is native to Asia Minor and the Cau-
casus area (Amiri, 2008; Bassil, et al., 2011; Sykes,
1972). The fruit is called quince, distinguished in
quince roundish ones and quince pears the longer ones.
The center of origin of cultural quince is (P. Zhu-
kovsky) Caucasus, including Georgia (Sharashenidze,
1973).
Quince is a favorite crop globally although it does
not yet compete favorably with the likes of seed fruits
are apple and pear. The top three leading countries are
in Asia. Turkey (135,4 thousand tones) is at the top fol-
lowed by China (125,0 thousand tones) and Uzbekistan
(80.0 thousand tones) in the third place. Morocco, Iran,
Argentina, Azerbaijan, Spain, Serbia, and Algeria are
the other countries on the top ten in terms of the crop
production (FAOSTAT 2020).
The reason why quince is less widespread in the
world is that it is a heat-loving, less frost-resistant plant
and its distribution area is quite limited.
The quince plants need a full sun exposure to bet-
ter vegetate while it is very rustic also in relation to the
climate, tolerating also the return of spring cold and
particularly cold winters. The quince still requires a
minimum period of vernalization of 100 hours of cold
below 7 degrees during the winter, while a good flow-
ering is required from 250 to 350 hours (Hernández,
2001; Anonymous, 2003; Roach, 1985).
Although rustic plant from the best production in
medium-textured soil well-endowed with organic sub-
stance that is administered in pre-implantation with 10-
12 kg of mature manure inside the individual holes. It
tolerates calcareous soils that cause extensive chlorosis,
poor fruiting and less fruit size, so the pH of an optimal
soil should be between 5 and 6.5. As for the water sup-
plies, even if plant able to vegetate even without artifi-
cial inputs, because of its deep and extensive root sys-
tem, it is appropriate to intervene in the summer period
in the early years. The use of irrigation, if necessary,
must be done considering that it is necessary to prolong
the hours of watering in order to be really useful to the
deep root system. (Postman, 2012; Sykes, 1972; Roach,
1985).
In most regions of Georgia there are favorable
conditions for growing quince. Quince orchards are
cultivated both in the eastern and western regions of
Georgia, their area is within 3 thousand hectares, and
the average annual production is 1.4-1.7 thousand tons
(2020-2021). Regions such as Kakheti (Lagodekhi,
Kvareli, Akhmeta), Shida Kartli (Gori, Kareli,
Khashuri), Imereti (Sachkhere, Chiatura, Vani,
Samtredia), Racha-Lechkhumi and Svaneti (Oni,
Ambrolauri, Lentekhi) etc. are especially famous for
quince production. . Georgia is rich in local gene pool.
Several types of local varieties are known in “Vash-
lakomsa”, “Georgian sour” and “Malachini”. Also
known as the summer, autumn and suffocating quince
group, and others. Currently, 12-16 local and
introduced varieties are mainly distributed in the
industrial gardens of Georgia. (GEOSTAT, 2020, Agro
biodiversity of Georgia, 2015).
Kartuli Mzhave- a variety of local origin, the tree
has strong growth, is characterized by mesquite leaves
and rounded shape. The fruits are harvested in late
October and stored until spring. The fruit is of medium
thickness, rounded apple-shaped, the skin is weakly
scaly, the pulp is light yellow, dense, slightly juicy, the
taste is sour, characterized by a strong aroma. It is a
canned variety. Distributed in Eastern Georgia
Sakompote - a variety of local origin, the tree is
of medium growth, characterized by a rounded shape.
The fruits are harvested at the end of September and
consumed immediately. Stored for 1-1.5 months. The
fruit is of medium thickness, rounded in shape, skin -
of medium thickness, yellow in color, very oily and
plump, pulp - whitish-yellowish, juicy, taste - sweet,
characterized by aroma. It is a canned variety.
Distributed in Eastern Georgia
Malachina - a variety of local origin, the tree is of
medium growth, the fruits are harvested in late
September and stored until mid-January. The fruit is
medium-sized, rounded-pear-shaped, the skin is thick,
dense, yellowish (slightly greenish in color). The
surface is greasy, less coated. The pulp is whitish-
yellowish, dense, juicy, the taste is extremely sweet,
characterized by a good aroma. Consumed both raw
and canned. Distributed in Eastern Georgia.
Shilduri - a variety of local origin, the tree is of
medium growth, the fruits are harvested in late October
and stored until February. The fruit is large, rounded,
pulp - whitish-yellowish, dense, juicy, sweet-sour taste,
characterized by good aroma. It is a canned variety.
Survived only in collectible plantations.
Medlars (Mespilus germanica) is a plant with a
long history. It is known to have been around for over
3000 years and the fruit was commonly eaten from
Roman through to Medieval times when it was quite
popular. Mespilus germanica might have been
cultivated in the Caspian Sea region of Northern Iran
and the Black Sea. Among them, the Caucasus is
considered to be the beginning of culture, where plant
remains were found during geological excavations.
(Schaefer, 2015; Voaides, et al., 2021)
Many cultural forms of ryegrass are widespread in
Georgia, however, the medlar culture in Georgia did
not have a significant industrial significance. Due to its

low prevalence, we do not have statistical information
about the area. Although marjoram is an old crop, the
variety has few (several dozen). Common in Georgia:
small, cylindrical and large forms. As a fruit crop,
ryegrass deserves more attention. (Abramishvili, 1973;
Fruits of Georgia, 2001).
This plant is cultivated for its medicinal and
nutritional properties. Medlar has been recently
cultivated due to good potential for diversification of
fruit production among the minor pome fruits. The
species is subjected to high risk of erosion, since it is
characterized by low genetic diversity (Baird and
Thieret 1989).
The Medlar has successfully spread to regions as
diverse as south-east Asia to north-west Europe. Black
Sea, Caucasus, Western Asia. Cultivated as a fruit tree
and widely introduced in European and Mediterranean
countries, where it is frequently naturalized. Also
introduced locally in North and South America. That
plant will not produce fruit in tropical climates as it
requires winter chill (similar to apples) to flower. They
grow well, crop well and produce good quality fruit in
nearly all parts of Europe. They should always be
planted in full sun for optimal fruit production but will
produce good quantities of fruit in partial shade (4-6 hrs
of direct sunlight a day) (Atay, 2013).
Mespilus germanica requires temperate and sub-
mediterranean climate conditions with warm summers
and mild winters. Air temperatures of 18 to 20 °C are
mentioned as favourable for growth, cold of as low as
−20 °C is tolerated and late frosts hardly cause any
damage. Medlars like to be out in the sunshine, so
choose an open, sunny site. If they are in light or
dappled shade the fruit crop will be reduced and you
won't get that lovely, golden autumn colour. For
optimum fruit production plant in a sunny position.
Young trees planted out in the spring or autumn need
regular watering while establishing. The soil should be
free draining as the plants will not grow well in
waterlogged soils and will tolerate a wide range of soils
except for very alkali or chalky soils. Free drainage is
essential, as they dislike waterlogging (Akbulut et al.,
2016)
The wild form was observed in dry areas with
annual precipitation of 700 mm and at altitudes from 0
to 1,100 m. The species grows in a wide range of soil
types and prefers fresh, well-drained loamy soils with a
pH that is between 6 and 8.
Mespilus germanica requires temperate and sub-
mediterranean climate conditions with warm summers
and mild winters. Air temperatures of 18 to 20 °C are
mentioned as favourable for growth, cold of as low as
−20 °C is tolerated and late frosts hardly cause any
damage. Medlars like to be out in the sunshine, so
choose an open, sunny site. If they are in light or dap-
pled shade the fruit crop will be reduced and you won't
get that lovely, golden autumn colour (Atay, E.2013).
Cornelian cherry( Cornus mas L.) , is a species,
of flowering plant in the dogwood family Cornaceae,
native to Southern Europe and Southwestern Asia. (Er-
cisli, 2004)
It is reliably known that already in Ancient Rome
and Ancient Greece, dogwood was grown precisely as
a cultivated plant, even the first breeding work was
carried out there, which consisted in the banal selection
of the most large-fruited plants from among the
seedlings and their subsequent reproduction. The
generic name ‘mas’ comes from the Latin for ‘man’
(masculus). This may refer to the hard wood, which was
used to make spears (Da Ronch and et al., 2016;
Brindza and et al., 2007; Klimenko, 1990; Schaefer and
et al., 2015).
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a widely
spread species. .) Distributed from France to Central
Europe to the Black Sea. Introduced in the UK and
Eastern US. There are about 65 species of dogwood
(Cornus) representing a morphologically diverse. It can
also be commonly found all over Europe outside its
natural range, as it has been exported for centuries first
as a fruit and pharmaceutical plant, then as an
ornamental shrub, and is now naturalised in some coun-
tries4. Although its natural northern limits are Belgium
and Germany, it has been planted in colder regions: e.g.
in Oslo, Cornelian cherry trees in parks and gardens
ripen every year (Meusel and et al.1998; Klimenko,
2004). It has also been exported to North America as a
landscape ornamental (Sargent, 1961; Mmbaga and
Nnodu, 2006) and to China as an ornamental tree and
for medical uses (Xiang and Boufford, 2005).
Various forms and varieties of Cornelian cherry
grow in the Caucasus. Shind has been known in Geor-
gia since time immemorial. The climatic conditions in
Georgia are favorable for the proper growth and yield-
ing of this long-lived plant. Even the early flowering
period does not limit the quantity of the cornelian
cherry yield. Nevertheless, industrial plantations are
not found in Georgia. Cornelian cherry practically does
not require chemical treatment. Cultivation in combi-
nation with an integrated farming system makes it pos-
sible to minimize the use of pesticides and obtain envi-
ronmentally friendly products. The study of biological
features makes it possible to reveal the potential of spe-
cies in new soil-climatic conditions and develop a set
of measures for the creation of industrial plantations
(Agro biodiversity of Georgia, 2015).
Unlike many fruit crops, Cornelian cherry prefers
a neutral and slightly acidic soil solution, feels great on
slightly alkaline soils. Therefore, it is often referred to
as a calciophil. At the same time, it grows well on
slightly acidic soils. Cornelian cherry generally prefers
warm and dry climates and can occur at altitudes from
sea level up to 1500 m. Cornelian cherry is classified as
a frost-resistant plant that tolerates temperatures as low
as -30 °C. However, it is negatively affected by winter
thaws and the early onset of spring with the return of
cold weather. Rains and fogs during flowering have an
adverse effect on the fruiting of the dogwood, prevent-
ing the normal flight of the bee, and therefore, pollina-
tion and fertilization. Dogwood is a drought-resistant
plant, a powerful fibrous root system, located in the up-
per soil horizon, is able to use even slight rainfall, but
during a long dry period, its leaves curl, sometimes the
fruits dry out, and flower buds may not form (Dokoupil
and Řezníček 2012).
In the forests of Georgia, fennel is spread in both
the eastern and western parts, in the forests of the lower
and middle mountain belt up to 1350 m above sea level.

From the forms of the Shindi forest, as a result of folk
selection, varieties with high agricultural characteris-
tics were selected, which are mainly propagated on
homestead plots( Sanadze and Shatirisvili 1978). These
varieties are: Mereti Round, Okroshinda, Black Early,
Black Late, Red Early.
Bottle shaped Cornel. The fruits reach technical
and consumer maturity in late October and mid-Octo-
ber. At full maturity it takes on a dark cherry color.
The fruit is oblong-bottled, with 7 stems well de-
picted at the end. The "bottle neck" is quite bent and
slightly flattened. The concave side of the fruit is al-
most always exposed to the touch of the sun's rays. It is
the best samurai variety.
Meretuli mrgvali. The fruit ripens in the third
decade of September. The fruit is barrel-shaped,
slightly oval towards the stalk, and sharply cut towards
the tip. It is the best samurai variety.
It was golden. The fruit ripens by 15 September.
The fruit is cylindrical in shape, more strongly pointed
towards the beard, yellow-amber. It is the best samurai
variety.
Shavi Adreuli. The fruits ripen in mid-August. At
full and technical maturity, the fruit is dark cherry, al-
most black. The crest is elliptical, truncated on the side
of the stalk, pointed towards the beard. It is a samurai
variety.
Shavi Sagviano. The fruit ripens by October 20th.
The fruit is dark cherry-black in technical and con-
sumer ripeness. It is the best sa-jam variety.
Fig (Ficus carica) – plant of the mulberry family
(Moraceae) and its edible fruit is one of the first culti-
vated trees in the world, is grown in many parts of the
world with moderate climates. The history of the fig
can be traced back to 5000 B.C., and some historians
consider figs to be one of the first domesticated crops
(Gozlekci, 2011).
The East Greece, Italy Mediterranean region is
considered to be the area of the common fig domestica-
tion (Ercisli et al., 2012), and from there the cultivation
spread to the West Mediterranean area, where fig pop-
ulations were already present in natural habitats before
domestication. The process of domestication resulted in
sweeter and bigger fruits (Falistocco, 2009; Duron and
et al., 1989).
The world production of figs is next to 1 million
tons. Approximately 90% of this production comes
from the countries of the Mediterranean basin and the
Middle East. The most important producers are in the
Turkey, (278 thousand tones) Algeria (69 thousand
tones), Spain (60 thousand tones); Greece, Italy (35
thousand tones) and the United States (42 thousand
tones) mainly California, are also important.
Three other varieties of Ficus carica are: Capri-
fig (Ficus carica sylvestris). They’re not useful as fruit
producers on their own, caprifigs are indispensable as
pollinators of other types of fig trees. Smyrna fig re-
quires cross-pollination by Caprifigs in order to de-
velop fruit. San Pedro fig produces two crops of fruit
each season. The first crop grows on old branches and
fruit develops without cross-pollination. Later in the
season, the trees produce a second crop of fruit on new
growth, but this crop will usually drop from the tree be-
fore it matures if cross-pollination hasn't occurred
(Aksoy and et al.2003).
Figs require full sun to grow and need a dry cli-
mate with light early spring rains. A wet season during
fruit ripening will hurt the crop, causing the fruits to
split and spoil. Semi-arid climates with warm tempera-
tures are perfect for growing figs if irrigation is availa-
ble. Fig tree grows in a wide range of soils from light
sands to richly organic loams and heavy clays, if there
is adequate drainage. Highly acidic soils are not recom-
mended and are not tolerated. The pH should be be-
tween 6.0 and 6.5. Figs can handle some moderate sa-
linity, making them suitable for coastal planting but not
shorefront landscapes. Fig trees are quite drought toler-
ant and do not require much water for most of the year.
However, they will prefer consistently moist soil when
there is fruit on the tree. Inadequate moisture will affect
the fruit quality and size (Lianju and etal., 2003; Aksoy
and et al.,2003; Veberic and et al.,2016).
Fig cultivation has been practiced in Georgia since
time immemorial. It is especially common in western
Georgia (Imereti) and eastern Georgia (Kakheti) as
well as in the suburbs of Tbilisi.
Some local fig varieties in Georgia give two crops.
The fruits of the first crop are called gouda figs. The
following local varieties are widespread: Kakhetian
white, Arabic, Chumlakuri green, Kakhetian black, Ka-
dota, etc. (Sanadze and Shatirisvili, 1978; Chkhaidze,
1998). Although the industrial purpose of fig culture is
limited in Georgia, the following varieties can still be
found:
Abkhazian Violet is widespread on the Black Sea
coast, the tree is strong growing, ripens in late August,
the fruit is pear-shaped or rounded, large, pulp dark red-
dish pink, the best table variety.
Smena- is an introduced variety, ripening in late
August, the duration of ripening does not exceed one
month, the fruit is large, rounded oval in shape, with a
short stalk. The skin is yellowish in color, the pulp is
pink, with a gentle and pleasant taste. Included in the
recommended assortment.
Chafla - Turkish variety, ripens in mid-August,
the fruit is medium-sized, yellowish-brown, the skin is
medium-thick, rounded oval, the fruit of the second
crop is elongated, slightly convex, a good table variety.
Kakhetis TeTri fig is a Georgian variety, it has
two crops, the first harvest is in spring, the second har-
vest is in July, the fruit is of medium thickness,
rounded, the skin is of medium thickness, the pulp is
yellowish, fragrant, the best dried fruit is made from it.
Included in the recommended assortment.
Conclusion:
Climate change has a negative impact on the econ-
omy, ensuring food security, socio-economic condi-
tions for small and medium-sized farms. One solution
to this unfavorable situation is the introduction, distri-
bution and use of less known and new plant species. To
cope with the situation, dozens of fruit and plant species
that are already well studied can be used. Many of these
species have already created valuable varieties and hy-
brids. The purpose of this publication is to present some
plant species that can be used in practice in many re-
gions.

References
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2. Agro biodiversity of Georgia (2015). (Cata-
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ART
О НЕКОТОРЫХ ЖАНРОВЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ КОЛЫБЕЛЬНОЙ ПЕСНИ
Арутюнян А.Г.
Центр арменоведчесских исследований Ширака НАН РА,
г. Гюмри Кандидат искусствоведения, доцент
ABOUT SOME GENRE FEATURES LULLABY SONG
Harutyunyan H.
Shirak Centre for Armenian Studies of NAS RA,
Gyumri PhD in Art, Associate Professor
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8327850
АННОТАЦИЯ
Колыбельная песня – один из уникальных фольклорных жанров. Он существует с древних времён и в
каждом отдельном случае демонстрирует аутентичные черты творчества, присущие определённой народ-
ности. Статья посвящена музыковедческой характеристике жанра и обоснованию факта существования
его поджанров на примере армянской музыки.
ABSTRACT
The lullaby is one of the unique folklore genres. refers to ohm, it has existed since ancient times and in each
individual case demonstrates the authentic features of creativity inherent in a certain nationality. The article is
devoted to the musicological characterization of the genre and the musicological substantiation of the existence of
its subgenres.
Ключевые слова: колыбельная, песня, традиция, жанр, поджанр, стиль.
Keywords: lullaby, song, tradition, genre, subgenre, style.
The lullaby genre belongs to folklore, it has ex-
isted since ancient times and in each individual case
demonstrates the authentic features of creativity inher-
ent in a certain nationality. The simplified structure of
the work, the calm tempo, the uncomplicated text -
these features correspond to the main goal for which
lullabies are created - to help the child fall asleep, to
calm him down. Lullaby is one of the most natural and
aesthetic forms of interaction between mother and
baby, a simple but effective way to convey tender feel-
ings to the baby, give him a sense of security and safety.
[6]
The lullaby as a bedtime text has a rich content ex-
pression in the contexts of both children's folklore, chil-
dren's literature and folklore. In the realm of children's
folklore, the lullaby has a fairly distinct emphasis bed-
room elements.
The specificity of the destination determines the
musical features of the lullaby: the presence of short
phrases, the predominance of consonant intervals. The
rejection of dissonance in favor of euphony is necessary
for a better perception of the work by ear. Most lulla-
bies are played at a slow tempo and are often refrain-
episode-refrain. The repetitive part is necessary to cre-
ate the effect of soft hypnosis, lulling, and short cou-
plets (often in one quatrain) contribute to the develop-
ment of the plot.
“The nature, structure, semantic comprehensive-
ness, stylistic features and function of a lullaby as a text
are determined by the listener, often by the state of
mind of the lullaby. Therefore, it is very important to
include the narrator in the process of studying the lull-
aby recipient factors. The receiver of the lullaby is al-
ways a listener is the child. In some cases, the text of
the cradle can be read by the researcher-researcher, in
this situation the cradle changes its function.” [4]
A lullaby is usually a soothing song that is played
to lull a baby to sleep. Lulling a child to sleep is a com-
plex phenomenon, for the realization of which the
child, the sleeper, the cradle, as well as speech, melody,
and movement are necessary. Of course, this is only the
operational side of the phenomenon, because in many
cultures and in real depths it is more than just a phe-
nomenon accompanying the baby to sleep. The lullaby
can be considered one of the mandatory phenomena of
human life, regardless of nationality, period, religious
and other affiliation. A lullaby was sung to lull a child
to sleep thousands of years ago, when there were not
even the concepts of nation and nationality, and after
the formation of this phenomenon, it became one of the
guarantees of the preservation of the species, especially
in the case of small nations or those in danger of assim-
ilation. [1]
The lullaby is one of the oldest genres of folklore.
Usually this is a melody or song sung by people to
soothe and fall asleep. For the most part, the mecha-
nisms of suggestion with the help of lulling songs have
the settingon the work of the right hemisphere of the
brain and affect emotions, the subconscious.
The oral text probably suggests a transitional pro-
cess, it is recreated by becoming variant, which we can-
not tell about author's lullabies. The process of re-crea-
tion is carried out by traditional lullabies, because they
have the most emotional state of mind when singing a
lullaby to a child, they gently present themselves to say,
peppering the lullaby with new word units each time.
Moreover, the traditional nursery rhymer wants to tell
more the child. [4]

Lullabies are one of the most vibrant types of Ar-
menian folk songs. Their first samples are found in the
Middle Ages, and already in the 18th-19th centuries.
are written down by collectors and find a place in the
literature dedicated to Armenian folk culture. Lullabies
are the result of centuries-old creativity of Armenian
mothers. Daily work and life, festive life and beliefs are
reflected in them. Along with all that, lullabies reveal
the Armenian worldview and have an important educa-
tional value.
To give emotionality and expressiveness to the
text and all that to the child listener to convey, the na-
tive lullaby chooses derogatory, diminutive, and some-
times exaggerated word units.
Armenian folklore as a traditionally preserved and
transmitted phenomenon stands out for its diversity.
This is first of all expressed by the presence of different
branches in folk art, which, of course, having common-
alities, at the same time are quite different in their po-
etic, melodic thinking and structure. Beginning in dif-
ferent periods and conditions, national thinking has
been manifested in each of them to a greater or lesser
extent.
In Armenian traditional life, through cradles, the
mother expressed her love for her child, sent her ad-
monition and blessing-prayer to him, sought the inter-
cession of the saints for her child's health, peaceful and
prosperous life. The songs feature the Holy Mother of
God, from whom the mother expected daily interces-
sion for her child, Saint Sargis, who was supposed to
protect her son from dangers, Saint Gregory the Illumi-
nator, whose graces the mother wanted to see the child
endowed with. The Church and the Holy Cross are also
remembered. According to folk beliefs, every child has
its own guardian angel, who, with outstretched wings,
stands over the child's ear, protecting it from evil
forces. For the same purpose, the mother decorated the
crib with crosses.

Komitas women attaches great importance to per-
formances. he believes that the guardians of family
morals and customs are women, that through them the
national spirit passes from generation to generation.
The spiritual bond between mother and child was
created and strengthened through a lullaby. A lullaby
was the beginning of a child's artistic perceptions,
which would later shape his mental formation. With the
lullaby he heard from his mother, the child became a
communicator of his familiar Armenian song. Even to-
day, lullabies have not lost their importance, so we con-
sider it necessary to help young mothers bring back our
wonderful lullabies, which, apart from their practical
function, also have a high artistic value.
The dominant motifs in lullabies (praise to the
child, good wishes, etc.) were often combined with mo-
tifs reflecting the personal life of the singing mother.
Expressing different aspects and realities of the socio-
historical life of the people, family-domestic relations,
various beliefs and ideas, lullabies have historical cog-
nitive value. The most developed samples of Armenian
folk songs are fully formed songs in their poetic-musi-
cal form and content and constitute a significant genre
of national traditional lyrical singing.

“Today, many scientists and researchers are in-
clined to the idea that in any corner of the world, re-
gardless of education, religion, race, a mother sitting in
front of a child's crib has similar feelings and attitudes,
and her song carries the same charge and self-forgetting
love for the baby, regardless of geographical location. :
In those songs, the content, thematics, and nature are
largely the same”. [1]
Komitas valued the lullabys as the authority of
women, associating with them the task of preserving
and transmitting national folk music. However, rec-
orded naniks from male performances are also interest-
ing examples and valuable material for observation. In
one case, it is a reproduction of an elaborate song rec-
orded by memory, in another case, a fictional form in
the genre of rocking in one's own musical thinking.
Lullaby is one of the most nationally characteristic and
most complex works of Armenian folk song. [3]
Here, more than in any other song, the changes oc-
curring within the genre, lines of gradual development,
genre penetrations are prominent.
A lullaby is usually a soothing song that is played
to lull a baby to sleep. Lulling a child to sleep is a com-
plex phenomenon, for the realization of which the
child, the sleeper, the cradle, as well as speech, melody,
and movement are necessary. Of course, this is only the
operational side of the phenomenon, because in many
cultures and in real depths it is more than just a phe-
nomenon accompanying the baby to sleep. The lullaby
can be considered one of the mandatory phenomena of
human life, regardless of nationality, period, religious
and other affiliation. A lullaby was sung to lull a child
to sleep thousands of years ago, when there were not
even the concepts of nation and nationality, and after
the formation of this phenomenon, it became one of the
guarantees of the preservation of the species, especially
in the case of small nations or those in danger of assim-
ilation.
The traditional setting provided a natural course of
generational change, where a lullaby sung for one per-
son became one sung by himself for the next genera-
tion. And the oral art created especially in rural areas
was typical, because once upon a time people there
lived in a closed and unmixed environment with tradi-
tional creativity.
The close relationships and pleas of different song
types in lullabies are primarily connected with the ex-
pansion of the boundaries of thematic content.
“The lullaby is one of the oldest and at the same
time one of the most vibrant genres of the Armenian
folklore song heritage. It can be argued that throughout
the ancient Armenian history, lullaby has always been
the most important expression of the emotional world
and sensibility of the Armenian woman. In Armenian
folklore, and especially in the genre system of lyrical
folklore, the interest in this genre does not decrease.
The reason is both the variety of genre characteristics
and the abundance of means of expression. The vital
interrelationship and artistic depth of the inventor's sud-
den fictional abilities and their equivalent means of ex-
pression are especially important. It is because of these
characteristics that the lullaby has retained its vitality in
Shirakc's modern musical folklore as well. In its rich
musical heritage, where the most important musical-
historical characteristics of Western Armenia, espe-
cially High Hayk, are concentrated, lullabies are still
remembered and invented anew, preserving the funda-
mental principles of composition of Armenian monodic
songwriting in the best possible way.” [2]

Each storyteller is distinguished by his storytelling
style, with something to say. Linguistic reality (lullaby
texts) accordingly expresses the imaginary, which is al-
ways external out of the daily rhythm and approaches
the day-to-day feeling towards the child to an excep-
tional manifestation of feeling.
“Having analysed the sources of folklore, we can
firmly state that the Armenian culture has abundant
childlore and themes on children’s folklore. Naturally
it is impossible to present the bulk of the background
materials in a comprehensive way, but our study shows
that children’s folklore as a unique type of folklore is
stable, fixed and (like an oak) stands aside the adult
folklore. This is supposing one of the reasons why chil-
dren’s folklore materials are mainly included in collec-
tive works of Ethnography and Folklore Volumes,
books. Children’s folklore or Childlore should be
viewed as a complete unit of folklore”. [5]
CONCLUSION: The lullaby has become one of
the genres that stand out for its national, traditional, typ-
ical musicality and express that typicality ganre. Tradi-
tional, stabilized cradles passed down from generation
to generation, in particular, reflect the culture from
which they originate. Being a universal phenomenon,
having many commonalities, the cradle of each nation
is a symbol of the cultural identity of the given people.
References
1. Hakobyan A. Armenian traditional Lullabies.
A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the re-
quirements of the degree Doctor of Arts. Yerevan,
2022. (in Armenian).
2. Harutyunyan H. The Lullaby Genre in Shirak's
Contemporary Musical Folklore // “Historical and Cul-
tural Heritage of Shirak: Contemporary Issues of Ar-
menology” Dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of Shi-
rak Center for Armenological Studies of NAS RA,
Gyumri-Yerevan, 2022, pp. 232-235.
3. Janikyan H. Antiquities of Akn. Tiflis. Print-
ing of M.D. Rotinyants. 1895. 516 p.. (In Armenian).
4. Matikyan H. The personage of lullaby singer
in England and Armenian folk lullaby texts. «Scientifik
works» of SCAS NAS RA. Gyumri. 2015. V. XVIII,
pp. 204-209. (in Armenian).
5. McDowall R., Matikyan H. Childlore and
childrens folklore in the UK in Armenia (Historical and
Current Perspective). «Scientifik works» of SCAS
NAS RA, Gyumri. 2021. V.1, pp. 218-228.
6. Trainer L.J, Trehub S.E., Singing to infants:
Lullabies and play songs, in: Rovee-Collier, C., Lipsitt,
L. P. & Hayne H. (Eds.), Advances in infancy research.
Stanford, 1998, pp. 43-77.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
NEW GROWTH REGULATORS OF BARLEY BASED ON PYRIMIDINE AND PYRIDINE
DERIVATIVES
Tsygankova V.,
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Senior Staff Scientist, Principal Researcher of the Department for Chemistry
of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Kopich V.,
PhD in Biological Sciences, Junior Researcher of the Department for Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-
Containing Heterocyclic Compounds, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Na-
tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Voloshchuk I.,
Post Graduate Student of the Department for Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic
Compounds, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Pilyo S.,
PhD in Chemical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Senior Staff Scientist of the Department for Chemistry of
Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Klyuchko S.,
PhD in Chemical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Department for Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Con-
taining Heterocyclic Compounds, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Brovarets V.
Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department for Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Con-
taining Heterocyclic Compounds, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8327852
ABSTRACT
This work is devoted to the screening for new effective plant growth regulators based on synthetic com-
pounds, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives. Study of the plant growth-regulating activity of synthetic compounds
was carried out on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar. The effect of synthetic compounds on the
morphometric parameters of barley plants grown in laboratory conditions was studied. The plant growth-regulating
activity of synthetic compounds was compared with the plant growth-regulating activity of phytohormones auxins
IAA (1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid) and NAA (1-naphthylacetic acid). The most biologically active synthetic com-
pounds were selected, which show plant growth-regulating activity, similar to or exceeding the activity of auxins
IAA and NAA. The highest parameters of the average length of the shoots, which exceeded similar parameters of
control plants by 13.73 - 24.06 %, were obtained on 2-week-old barley plants treated with synthetic compounds,
derivatives of sodium and potassium salts of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur and Kamethur),
6-methyl-2-propylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-ol, 2-benzylsulfanyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol, and sodium 4-hydroxypy-
rimidine--2-thiolate, respectively. The highest parameters of the average length of the roots, which exceeded sim-
ilar parameters of control plants by 66.67 – 121.35 %, were obtained on 2-week-old barley plants treated with
synthetic compounds, derivatives of N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine (Ivin), sodium and potassium salts of 6-me-
thyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur and Kamethur), 2-ethylsulfanyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol, and 6-
methyl-2-propylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-ol, respectively. The highest parameters of the average biomass of 10 plants,
which exceeded similar parameters of control plants by 30.59 – 86.46 %, were obtained on 2-week-old barley
plants treated with synthetic compounds, derivatives of N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine (Ivin), sodium and potas-
sium salts of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur and Kamethur), 6-methyl-2-propylsulfanyl-
pyrimidin-4-ol, and sodium 4-hydroxypyrimidine--2-thiolate, respectively. A comparative analysis of the growth-
regulating activity of auxins showed that the morphometric parameters obtained on 2-week-old barley plants
treated with IAA and NAA, exceeded similar parameters of control plants, as follows: plant shoot length by – 7.51
- 20.57 %, plant root length – by 15.45-32.81 %, plant biomass – by 39.59 – 49.01 %, respectively. It was shown
that pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives at a concentration of 10-7
M exhibit cytokinin-like activity in increasing
the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of barley plants. The content of chlorophyll a increased by
6.46 - 68.33%, chlorophyll b increased by 6.2 - 64.11%, chlorophyll a+b increased by 6.37 - 66.81%, carotenoids
increased by 2.65 - 29.81%, respectively, compared with similar parameters of control barley plants treated with
distilled water. The practical use of the synthetic compounds, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives: Methyur, Ka-
methur, Ivin, and other selected most active synthetic compounds for improving the development of shoots and
roots, increasing the biomass of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar in the vegetative phase, and
increasing the content of photosynthetic pigments in plant leaves is proposed.
Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., auxins, plant growth regulators, pyrimidine, pyridine.

Introduction.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the im-
portant food and fodder crops [1]. Barley grain is close
to corn grain in terms of nutrients (carbohydrates, pro-
teins, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins) [1]. About 80 %
of the barley grain grown in the United States is used
for beer production, 14 % is used for the production of
distilled alcohol, and 6 % is used for the production of
malt syrup, sweet milk, and human food such as cereal
flour [1-3]. Barley is used in the food and pharmaceu-
tical industry for the production of glucose, maltose
syrups and beta-amylase due to the high content of
starch in the grain [1]. Beta-glucans extracted from bar-
ley grain or its bran can be used as thickeners in food
products, industrial hydrocolloids and pharmaceuticals
[1]. Barley grain can also be used as a major source of
energy, protein and fiber for ruminants, and a major
source of energy and protein for pigs [1].
In Ukraine, as well as in other countries of the
world, many economically important varieties of barley
have been created, which can fully ensure the produc-
tion of food and fodder grains and brewing raw materi-
als. Modern varieties of barley are capable of producing
high yields, and with additional fertilization, the yield
of this crop can be increased to 40 t/ha, as has been
achieved in European countries [1, 4, 5]. In recent
years, intensive barley cultivation technologies based
on the practical application of plant growth regulators
have attracted considerable attention [6 - 8]. However,
the creation of new efficient and environmentally
friendly growth regulators of barley is a priority task for
the successfully development of the modern agricul-
tural sector in economically developed countries.
Currently, the screening for new effective syn-
thetic compounds capable of exibiting biological activ-
ity similar to natural plant hormones to increase the
productivity of barley and its resistance to stress factors
is very relevant. At is known, plant hormones auxins
play a key role in the regulation of plant growth and
development throughout ontogeny [9, 10]. In agricul-
tural biotechnology, both natural auxin such as IAA
(1H-Indol-3-ylacetic acid) and its synthetic analogue,
such as NAA (1-Naphthylacetic acid), are widely used
to stimulate the organogenesis of barley roots and
shoots [8, 11, 12]. At the same time, plant physiologists
are searching for new synthetic analogs of auxins that
have a growth-regulating effect similar to that of auxins
at low concentrations, nontoxic to human and animal
health. Among such compounds, the most promising
are synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyridine and
pyrimidine, which are widely used in agriculture as
plant growth regulators and herbicides [13 - 17].
Today the new effective and environmentally
friendly plant growth regulators based on pyrimidine
and pyridine derivatives are synthesized in V.P. Kukhar
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry
of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The most
known new plant growth regulators based on pyrimi-
dine and pyridine derivatives are Methyur (sodium salt
of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine), Ka-
methur (potassium salt of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hy-
droxypyrimidine) and Ivin (N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyri-
dine). Our earlier studies have proved their practical ap-
plication for intensifying the growth and development
of various agricultural, industrial, horticultural and flo-
ricultural crops, increasing their productivity, and im-
proving the adaptation of crops to stress factors [18 -
25]. These new synthetic plant growth regulators ex-
hibit high growth-regulating activity when used at low,
non-toxic to human and animal health concentrations
ranging from 10-5
M to 10-8
M. Recently we have been
searching for new physiologically active compounds
among synthetic pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives
that have growth-regulating activity on various crops
[26 - 35].
The aim of this work is screening of new effective
plant growth regulators of spring barley (Hordeum vul-
gare L.) variety Avatar based on synthetic compounds,
pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives.
Materials and methods.
Chemical structure of plant hormones auxins
IAA, NAA, and synthetic compounds, pyrimidine
and pyridine derivatives.
Synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine
and pyridine were synthesized in the Department for
Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocy-
clic Compounds, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences of Ukraine.
The plant growth-regulating activity of synthetic
compounds, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives was
compared with the activity of phytohormones auxins
IAA (1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid) and NAA (1-naphthy-
lacetic acid) manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, USA.
Synthetic pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives and phy-
tohormones IAA and NAA were used in a concentra-
tion of 10–7
M.
Chemical structure of plant hormones auxins IAA,
NAA, and synthetic compounds, pyrimidine and pyri-
dine derivatives used in the experiments is given in Ta-
ble 1.

Table 1
Chemical name, structure and relative molecular weight of auxins IAA, NAA, and compounds, pyrimidine and
pyridine derivatives
Chemical com-
pound №
Chemical structure Chemical name and relative molecular weight (g/mol)
IAA
1H-Indol-3-ylacetic acid
MW=175.19
NAA
1-naphthylacetic acid
MW=186.21
Methyur
Sodium salt of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrim-
idine
MW=165.17
Kamethur
Potassium salt of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypy-
rimidine
MW=181.28
Ivin
N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine
MW=125.17
1 N
N
OH
CH3
S
C
H3
2-ethylsulfanyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol
MW=170.23
2 N
N
OH
CH3
S
C
H3
6-methyl-2-propylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-ol
MW=184.26
3
N
N
OH
CH3
S
2-benzylsulfanyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol
MW=232.31
4
N
N
OH
CH3
C
H3
CH3
2-isopropyl-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4-ol
MW=152.20
N
H
O
OH
O
OH

5
N
N
OH
S
Na
+
Sodium salt of 4-hydroxypyrimidine-2-thiolate
MW=149.14
6 N
N
OH
S
C
H3
2-methylsulfanylpyrimidin-4-ol
MW=142.18
7
N
N
OH
S
2-benzylsulfanylpyrimidin-4-ol
MW=218.28
Plant growing conditions.
The plant growth-regulating activity of auxins
IAA, NAA, and synthetic compounds, pyrimidine and
pyrimidine derivatives was studied. For this, the seeds
of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar
were sterilized with 1% KMnO4 solution for 3 min,
then treated with 96 % ethanol solution for 1 min, after
which they were washed three times with sterile dis-
tilled water. After this procedure, barley seeds were
placed in cuvettes (each with 20 - 25 seeds) in perlite
moistened with distilled water (control), or water solu-
tions of auxins IAA and NAA, or synthetic compounds,
pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives at a concentration
of 10-7
M. Then the treated seeds were placed in a ther-
mostat for germination in the dark at a temperature of
22°С for 48 hours. The germinated seeds were placed
in a climate chamber, where barley plants were grown
for 2 weeks in a 16/8 light/dark mode, at a temperature
of 20 – 22 °C, illumination of 3000 lux, and an air hu-
midity of 60-80%. Comparative analysis of morpho-
metric parameters of barley plants (average length of
shoots and roots (mm), average biomass of 10 plants
(g)) was carried out at the end of a two-week period
according to the procedure [36].
Determination of the content of photosynthetic
pigments in plant leaves.
To perform the extraction of photosynthetic pig-
ments we homogenized a sample (500 mg) of plant
leaves in the porcelain mortar in a cooled at the temper-
ature 10 °С 96 % ethanol at the ratio of 1: 10 (weight:
volume) with addition of 0,1-0,2 g CaCO3 (to neutral-
ize the plant acids). The 1 ml of obtained homogenate
was centrifuged at 8000 g in a refrigerated centrifuge
K24D (MLW, Engelsdorf, Germany) during 5 min at
the temperature 4 °С. The obtained precipitate was
washed three times, with 1 ml 96 % ethanol and centri-
fuged at above mentioned conditions. After this proce-
dure, the optical density of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
and carotenoid in the obtained extract was measured us-
ing spectrophotometer Specord M-40 (Carl Zeiss, Ger-
many).
The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and
carotenoids was calculated in accordance with formula
[38, 39]:
Cchl a = 13.36×A664.2 – 5.19×A648.6,
Cchl b = 27.43×A648.6 – 8.12A×664.2,
Cchl (a + b) = 5.24×A664.2 + 22.24×A648.6,
Ccar = (1000×A470 – 2.13×Cchl a –
97.64×Cchlb)/209,
Where,
Cchl – concentration of chlorophylls (µg/ml),
Cchl a – concentration of chlorophyll a (µg/ml), Cchl b
– concentration of chlorophyll b (µg/ml), Ccar – con-
centration of carotenoids (µg/ml), А – absorbance value
at a proper wavelength in nm.
The chlorophyll and carotenoids content per 1 g of
fresh weight (FW) of extracted from plant leaves was
calculated by the following formula (separately for
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids):
A1=(C×V)/(1000×a1),
Where, A1 – content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll
b, or carotenoids (mg/g FW),
C - concentration of pigments (µg/ml),
V - volume of extract (ml),
a1 - sample of plant tissue (g).
The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and
carotenoids (%) determined in the leaves of the experi-
mental plants grown in the water solution of auxins
IAA and NAA, or synthetic compounds, pyrimidine
and pyrimidine derivatives at a concentration of 10-7
M
was calculated in accordance with similar indices de-
termined in the leaves of control plants grown in the
distilled water.
Statistical processing of the experimental data,
performed in triplicate, was carried out according to the
Student’s t-test with a significance level of P≤0.05;
mean values ± standard deviation (± SD) [37].

Results and Discussion.
Study of plant growth-regulating activity of
synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine and
pyridine.
Our previous studies showed the feasibility of us-
ing new synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimi-
dine and pyridine: Methyur, Kamethur and Ivin to im-
prove the morphometric parameters of winter barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Svetozar, as well as to
increase the content of the main indicators of produc-
tivity - photosynthetic pigments and total soluble pro-
tein in plant leaves [20].
In these studies, it was shown that the morphomet-
ric parameters of 6-week-old barley plants treated with
synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine and
pyridine: Methyur, Kamethur and Ivin, applied at a
concentration of 10-8
M, exceeded similar parameters of
control barley plants treated with distilled water, as fol-
lows: by the length of the shoots - by 13 – 21 %, by the
length of the roots - by 25 - 84 %, by the number of
roots - by 9 – 14 %, by the biomass of plants - by 21 –
52 %, respectively [20].
The conducted studies also proved a positive ef-
fect of the synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimi-
dine and pyridine: Methyur, Kamethur and Ivin, which
were used to treat barley seeds at a concentration of 10-
8
M, on increasing the content of photosynthetic pig-
ments in barley leaves: chlorophylls a+b - by 38 – 61
%, chlorophyll a - by 25 – 36 %, chlorophyll b - by 62
– 108 %, carotenoids - by 5 – 6 %, as well as the content
of total soluble protein - by 3 – 15 %, respectively, com-
pared to similar indicators of control barley plants
treated with distilled water [20].
Based on the data of our previous studies of the
plant growth-regulating activity of synthetic com-
pounds, derivatives of pyrimidine and pyridine:
Methyur, Kamethur and Ivin on winter barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Svetozar, it is very rele-
vant to study the growth-regulating activity of these
compounds, as well as new synthetic compounds, de-
rivatives of pyrimidine on spring barley (Hordeum vul-
gare L.) variety Avatar.
The study of the plant growth-regulating activity
of synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine and
pyridine (listed in Table 1) showed that they exhibit an
effect similar to auxins IAA and NAA when used to
treat barley seeds at a concentration of 10-7
M. Improve-
ment of growth and development of roots and shoots of
spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar was
observed for 2 weeks (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. The regulatory effect of auxins IAA and NAA, synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine
(Methyur, Kamethur and compounds № 1 – 7) and pyridine (Ivin) at a concentration of 10-7
M on the growth and
development of 2-week-old spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar, compared to control plants

Statistical analysis of the morphometric parame-
ters of 2-week-old barley showed that the highest pa-
rameters of the average length of the shoots (mm),
which exceeded the similar parameters of control plants
by 13.73 - 24.06 %, were obtained on barley plants
treated with synthetic compounds, derivatives of so-
dium and potassium salts of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-
hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur and Kamethur), com-
pound № 2 - 6-methyl-2-propylsulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-
ol, compound № 3 - 2-benzylsulfanyl-6-methylpyrim-
idin-4-ol and compound № 5 -sodium 4-hydroxypyrim-
idine--2-thiolate, respectively (Fig. 2).
The parameters of the average length of the shoots
(mm) of barley plants increased as follows: by 24.06 %
- after treatment with Methyur, by 13.73 % - after treat-
ment with Kamethur, by 17.27 – 22.64 % - after treat-
ment with synthetic compounds № 2, 3 and 5, respec-
tively, compared with similar parameters of control
barley plants treated with distilled water (Fig. 2).
M on an average
length of the shoots (mm) of 2-week-old spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar, compared to control
plants (C)
At the same time, N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine
(Ivin) and synthetic compounds № 1, 4 and 7 showed
lower growth-regulating activity; the average length of
the shoots (mm) of barley plants increased as follows:
by 6.65 % - after treatment with Ivin and by 1.75 – 7.03
% - after treatment with synthetic compounds № 1, 4
and 7, respectively, compared with similar parameters
of control barley plants treated with distilled water
(Fig. 2).
A comparative analysis of the growth-regulating
activity of auxins showed that the parameters of the av-
erage length of the shoots (mm) of barley plants in-
creased as follows: by 7.51 % - after treatment with
IAA, and by 20.57 % - after treatment with NAA, re-
spectively, compared with similar parameters of con-
trol barley plants treated with distilled water (Fig. 2).
The highest parameters of the average length of
the roots (mm), which exceeded similar parameters of
control plants by 66.67 – 121.35 %, were obtained on
2-week-old barley plants treated with synthetic com-
pounds, derivatives of N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine
(Ivin), sodium and potassium salts of 6-methyl-2-mer-
capto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur and Kamethur),
compound № 1 - 2-ethylsulfanyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-
ol, and compound № 2 - 6-methyl-2-propylsulfanyl-py-
rimidin-4-ol, respectively (Fig. 3).
The parameters of the average length of the roots
(mm) of barley plants increased as follows: by 113.54
% - after treatment with Ivin, by 121.35 % - after treat-
ment with Methyur, by 107.59 % - after treatment with
Kamethur, by 66.67 – 89.5 % - after treatment with syn-
thetic compounds № 1 and 2, respectively, compared
with similar parameters of control barley plants treated
with distilled water (Fig. 3).
Auxins IAA, NAA and synthetic compounds № 3
and 7 showed lower growth-regulating activity; the av-
erage length of the roots (mm) of barley plants in-
creased as follows: by 15.45 – 32.81 % - after treatment
with IAA and NAA, and by 17.97 – 29.46 % - after
treatment with synthetic compounds № 3 and 7, respec-

M on an average
length of the roots (mm) of 2-week-old spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar, compared to control
plants (C)
The highest parameters of the average biomass (g)
of 10 barley plants, which exceeded similar parameters
of control plants by 30.59 – 86.46 %, were obtained on
2-week-old barley plants treated with synthetic com-
pounds, derivatives of N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine
(Ivin), sodium and potassium salts of 6-methyl-2-mer-
capto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur and Kamethur),
compound № 2 - 6-methyl-2-propylsulfanyl-pyrim-
idin-4-ol, and compound № 5 - sodium 4-hydroxypy-
rimidine--2-thiolate, respectively (Fig. 4).
The parameters of the average biomass (g) of 10
barley plants increased as follows: by 30.59 % - after
treatment with Ivin, by 86.46 % - after treatment with
Methyur, by 46.28 % - after treatment with Kamethur,
by 60.25 – 71.94 % - after treatment with synthetic
compounds № 2 and 5, respectively, compared with
similar parameters of control barley plants treated with
distilled water (Fig. 4).
M on an average
biomass (g) of 2-week-old spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar, compared to control plants (C)
Auxins IAA, NAA showed similar growth-regu-
lating activity; the average biomass (g) of 10 barley
plants increased by 39.59 – 49.01 % - after treatment
with IAA and NAA, respectively, compared with simi-
lar parameters of control barley plants treated with dis-
tilled water (Fig. 4).
Synthetic compounds № 3, 6 and 7 showed lower
growth-regulating activity; the average biomass (g) of
10 barley plants increased by 7.92 – 29.45 % - after
treatment with synthetic compounds № 3, 6 and 7, re-
spectively, compared with similar parameters of con-
trol barley plants treated with distilled water (Fig. 4).
Summarizing the obtained data on the morpho-
metric parameters of 2-week-old spring barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar, it should be
noted that the highest growth-regulating activity was
found in synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimi-
dine and pyridine: Methyur, Kamethur, Ivin, as well as
the compounds № 1, 2, 3 and 5. The activity of these
synthetic compounds applied at a concentration of 10-
7
M was similar to or exceeded the activity of auxins
IAA and NAA, applied at a similar concentration.
It should be noted that after treatment of barley
plants with auxins IAA and NAA at a concentration of
10–7
M, the average length of the roots (mm) of barley
plants increased to a lesser extent than after treatment
with synthetic pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives,
compared to control plants. The obtained data indicate
that synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine
and pyridine show a stimulating effect on the growth of
the main roots of plants, which is less characteristic of
auxins, which are known to inhibit the elongation of
main roots in some plant species, slowing down their
growth in length [40, 41]. Therefore, in our studies, a
weak stimulating effect of auxins IAA and NAA on the
growth of the main roots of barley plants was also ob-

served, which is apparently explained by their applica-
tion in a rather low concentration of 10–7
M, which does
not cause inhibition of root growth in length.
Analyzing the relationship between the chemical
structure and biological activity of new synthetic com-
pounds, derivatives of pyrimidine, compounds № 1, 2,
3 and 5, it can be assumed that the high auxin-like ac-
tivity of these compounds is associated with the pres-
ence of substituents in their chemical structure: com-
pound № 1 contains an ethylthio group in position 2, a
hydroxyl group in position 4 and a methyl group in po-
sition 6; compound № 2 contains a propylthio group in
position 2, a hydroxyl group in position 4 and a methyl
group in position 6; compound № 3 contains a ben-
zylthio group in position 2, a hydroxyl group in position
4 and a methyl group in position 6; compound № 5 is
the sodium salt of 4-hydroxypyrimidine-2-thiolate (Ta-
ble 1).
At the same time, the decrease in auxin-like
activity in synthetic compounds, pyrimidine derivatives
№ 4, 6, and 7 can be explained by the presence of
substituents in the chemical structures of these
compounds: compound № 4 contains an isopropyl
substituent in position 2, a hydroxyl group in position
4, and a methyl group in position 6; compound № 6
contains a methylthio group in position 2 and a
hydroxyl group in position 4; compound № 7 contains
a benzylthio group in position 2 and a hydroxyl group
in position 4 (Table 1).
It is possible to assume that the high growth-regu-
lating activity of most active synthetic compounds, de-
rivatives of pyrimidine and pyridine: Methyur, Ka-
methur, Ivin, as well as the compounds № 1, 2, 3 and 5,
is explained by their specific auxin-like stimulating ef-
fect on the proliferation, elongation and differentiation
of plant cells, which are the main processes of the for-
mation and development of plant shoots and roots, as
well on the biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling of
endogenous auxins in plant cells [9, 10, 29, 34, 35, 40 -
45].
Study of the effect of synthetic compounds, py-
rimidine and pyridine derivatives on the content of
photosynthetic pigments in plant leaves.
As is known, phytohormones cytokinins play an
important role in the regulation of chloroplast differen-
tiation and the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments,
which are the main indicators of plant productivity [46,
47].
The cytokinin-like effect of synthetic compounds,
pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives at a concentration
of 10-7
M on the content of photosynthetic pigments:
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, and ca-
rotenoids in the leaves of 2-week-old spring barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar was studied.
Our studies have shown that pyrimidine and pyri-
dine derivatives at a concentration of 10-7
M exhibit cy-
tokinin-like activity in increasing the content of photo-
synthetic pigments in the leaves of barley plants. The
content of chlorophyll a increased as follows: by 6.46%
- under the influence of Ivin, by 68.33% - under the in-
fluence of Methyur, by 40.74% - under the influence of
Kamethur, by 15,84 - 48.94% - under the influence of
synthetic compounds № 1-7, respectively, compared
with similar parameters of control barley plants treated
with distilled water (Fig. 5). The content of chlorophyll
b increased as follows: by 6.2% - under the influence
of Ivin, by 62.94% - under the influence of Methyur, by
35.66% - under the influence of Kamethur, by 10.89 -
64.11% - under the influence of synthetic compounds
№ 1-7, respectively, compared with similar parameters
of control barley plants treated with distilled water (Fig.
5). The content of chlorophyll a+b increased as follows:
by 6.37% - under the influence of Ivin, by 66.81% -
under the influence of Methyur, by 39.31% - under the
influence of Kamethur, by 3.1 - 66.79% - under the in-
fluence of synthetic compounds № 1-7, respectively,
compared with similar parameters of control barley
plants treated with distilled water (Fig. 5). The content
of carotenoids increased as follows: by 29.81% - under
the influence of Methyur, by 19.24% - under the influ-
ence of Kamethur, by 2.65 - 21.19% - under the influ-
ence of synthetic compounds № 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7, respec-

Figure 5. The effect of auxin IAA, synthetic compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine (Methyur, Kamethur and
compounds № 1 – 7) and pyridine (Ivin) at a concentration of 10-7
M on the content of photosynthetic pigments:
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, carotenoids (µg/ml) in the leaves of 2-week-old spring barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar, compared with control plants (C)
The comparative studies have shown a lower ac-
tivity of auxin IAA at a concentration of 10-7
M in in-
creasing the content of photosynthetic pigments in the
leaves of barley plants. The content of chlorophyll a in-
creased by 2.82% and the content of chlorophyll a+b
increased by 1.8%, respectively, under the influence of
IAA compared with similar parameters of control bar-
ley plants treated with distilled water (Fig. 5).
Thus, the obtained results confirmed the positive
effect of synthetic compounds, pyrimidine and pyridine
derivatives: Methyur, Kamethur, Ivin and the most ac-
tive compounds № 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 at a concentration of
10-7
M on increasing the content of chlorophylls and ca-
rotenoids in the leaves of 2-week-old spring barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar, which play a key
role in photosynthesis and ensuring plant productivity.
Conclusion.
Study of the growth-regulating activity of syn-
thetic compounds, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives
showed that their use for processing barley seeds at a
M contributes to the improvement
of the growth and development of roots and shoots of
spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety Avatar for
2 weeks and increases the content of photosynthetic
pigments in plant leaves. The plant growth-regulating
activity of these synthetic compounds was similar or
exceeded that of auxins IAA and NAA used at similar
M. The practical use of the syn-
thetic compounds, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives:
Methyur, Kamethur, Ivin, as well as the most active se-
lected compounds № 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 for improving the
development of shoots and roots, increasing the bio-
mass of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety
Avatar in the vegetative phase, and increasing the con-
tent of photosynthetic pigments in plant leaves is pro-
posed.
Statement of Conflict of Interest.
The authors are declared that they have no con-
flict with this research article.
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ECONOMIC SCIENCES
HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS IN ENSURING AND FINANCING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
INCLUSION OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS: UKRAINIAN AND FOREIGN
EXPERIENCE
Chvertko L.
Associate Professor of the Department of Finance,
Accounting and Economic Security
Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, Uman, Ukraine
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8327854
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the study of the problems of ensuring the socio-economic inclusion of persons who,
as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, were forced to leave their places
of permanent residence. The author assesses the humanitarian missions of Ukrainian and international non-gov-
ernmental organizations, substantiates their role and importance for the financing and implementation of humani-
tarian projects aimed at supporting IDPs. The author analyzes the Ukrainian and foreign experience of humanitar-
ian organizations, their unions and associations in providing vital assistance and various types of support to war-
affected Ukrainians. It is noted that given the course of hostilities in Ukraine, the scale of destruction and its
consequences for the population of the country, and, accordingly, the indefinite period of stay of internally dis-
placed persons in places of temporary residence, the need for humanitarian assistance and support of Ukrainians
by international humanitarian organizations will continue to be relevant. It has been proven that measures for the
integration of refugees and their socio-economic inclusion are effective through benefits for both refugees and the
economy of the community or host country.
Keywords: internally displaced persons, humanitarian organisation, non-governmental organisation, human-
itarian aid, Russian aggression, socio-economic inclusion, financial support.
Problem statement. Russia's open military attack
on Ukraine in February 2022 tested both the national
consolidation of Ukrainian society and the democratic
values of the international community. A significant
number of Ukrainians are forced to leave their places of
permanent residence and move to safer places within
Ukraine or to other countries due to threats to their lives
and health as a result of the hostilities. For the most
part, IDPs find themselves in difficult life circum-
stances, experiencing confusion and stress, and need to
adapt to new living conditions. Under these circum-
stances, the need to implement any kind of charitable
activities aimed at preventing their socio-economic ex-
clusion becomes especially important.
In the context of Russia's aggressive war against
Ukraine, charity and humanitarian activities of interna-
tional and domestic non-governmental organizations,
their unions, and associations that provide various types
of humanitarian aid to the war-affected population play
an extremely important role. Many humanitarian initi-
atives are aimed at supporting Ukrainians who were
forced to leave their homes and seek temporary shelter
in other regions of the country or abroad. Humanitarian
organizations provide the victims with food, medicine,
hygiene items, and other non-food items, organize fi-
nancial support, legal and psychological assistance, and
ensure the transportation of citizens to safer places, etc.
According to the Ministry of Social Policy, the
Unified Information Database on Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs) currently contains information on 4.8
million internally displaced persons in Ukraine. At the
same time, almost 4.1 million Ukrainians (as of the end
of June 2023) have temporary protection status in the
European Union. Most of them are in Ukraine's neigh-
boring countries and other OECD countries, including
Poland – 1.5 million people, Germany – 1.02 million,
the Czech Republic – almost 0.46 million, the United
States of America – almost 0.17 million, Italy – more
than 0.16 million, Spain – more than 0.15 million, more
than 0.14 million IDPs are in Turkey, and approxi-
mately the same number are in the United Kingdom [1].
Given the indefinite period of stay of internally
displaced persons in places of temporary residence, the
issue of their socio-economic integration into society is
particularly acute. After all, people who have come to
a new place of temporary residence and the community
that hosts them have found themselves in new realities.
Analysis of recent research and publications. The
surge in forced migration and the challenges that ac-
company it have led to an increased interest among
Ukrainian and foreign scholars in studying theoretical
aspects and practical developments related to creating
a favorable environment for ensuring the socio-eco-
nomic integration of internally displaced persons. In
particular, these issues are considered by I. Titar [2], O.
Fedorenko [3], and others. Conceptual issues of the
economic integration of different categories of mi-
grants are covered in the scientific work of P. Kaczmar-
czyk, Z. Brunarska, A. Brzozowska, K. Kardaszewicz
[4]. U. Sadova, O. Ryndzak and N. Andrusyshyn em-
phasize that the most important indicators of the inte-
gration of displaced persons into society are their level
of employment and socio-psychological state [5].
Many researchers have devoted their scientific
works to the problems of organizing various measures
aimed at overcoming new forms of inequality, studying
practices, and finding ways to finance them. For exam-
ple, financial instruments to promote social inclusion of
internally displaced persons and stabilize their lives are
considered by A. Diachenko [6], O. Kravchenko [7].

Sciences of Europe No 124 (2023)

Sciences of Europe No 124 (2023)

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