The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, describing the basic levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems, and covering the key functions and components of major body systems including the nervous, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, lymphatic, integumentary, excretory, reproductive and endocrine systems. It also discusses basic life processes, homeostasis, and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.
This document provides a review of various human body systems, including the integumentary, respiratory, circulatory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, endocrine, nervous, and excretory systems. It lists the key parts and functions of each system and explains how some systems work together, such as the respiratory and circulatory systems in gas exchange and the circulatory and excretory systems in waste removal. Key terms related to anatomy and physiology are also defined.
Human Body Systems types blood vessel mucles and glandscahayagleo
The 11 major human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and removes wastes through the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The digestive system breaks down food through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The respiratory system intakes oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through the lungs, trachea and nose.
There are 11 major organ systems in the human body that work together to maintain homeostasis. The document proceeds to provide brief descriptions of several key organ systems, including the integumentary system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, muscular system, skeletal system, and reproductive system. Each system has specific structures and functions that work interdependently to keep the human body functioning properly.
The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems include the digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune, reproductive, and integumentary systems. Each system is composed of organs made of tissues and cells that work to perform a specific function for the body.
The skeleton provides shape, support, protection, and allows for movement. It is made up of 206 bones that are divided into flat, irregular, long, and sesamoid bones. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and work in pairs to enable movement via contraction and relaxation. The heart is a muscle that acts as a dual pump, circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the body and lungs via a system of valves that ensure blood flows in one direction only.
This presentation contains the explanation of different systems in our body. For example : respiratory,circulatory etc.I hope you will enjoy the presentation :)
The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, describing the basic levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems, and covering the key functions and components of major body systems including the nervous, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, lymphatic, integumentary, excretory, reproductive and endocrine systems. It also discusses basic life processes, homeostasis, and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.
This document provides a review of various human body systems, including the integumentary, respiratory, circulatory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, endocrine, nervous, and excretory systems. It lists the key parts and functions of each system and explains how some systems work together, such as the respiratory and circulatory systems in gas exchange and the circulatory and excretory systems in waste removal. Key terms related to anatomy and physiology are also defined.
Human Body Systems types blood vessel mucles and glandscahayagleo
The 11 major human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and removes wastes through the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The digestive system breaks down food through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The respiratory system intakes oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through the lungs, trachea and nose.
There are 11 major organ systems in the human body that work together to maintain homeostasis. The document proceeds to provide brief descriptions of several key organ systems, including the integumentary system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, muscular system, skeletal system, and reproductive system. Each system has specific structures and functions that work interdependently to keep the human body functioning properly.
The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems include the digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune, reproductive, and integumentary systems. Each system is composed of organs made of tissues and cells that work to perform a specific function for the body.
The skeleton provides shape, support, protection, and allows for movement. It is made up of 206 bones that are divided into flat, irregular, long, and sesamoid bones. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and work in pairs to enable movement via contraction and relaxation. The heart is a muscle that acts as a dual pump, circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the body and lungs via a system of valves that ensure blood flows in one direction only.
This presentation contains the explanation of different systems in our body. For example : respiratory,circulatory etc.I hope you will enjoy the presentation :)
This document provides information on multiple topics related to biology and the scientific process. It discusses key elements of experiments like placebos, informed consent, and sample size. It also defines important scientific terms like dependent variable, independent variable, and constant variable. Additionally, it outlines the structure and functions of major body systems like the skeletal system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and digestive system. It explains cellular structures and compares bacterial and animal cells. The document covers a wide range of biological concepts in a descriptive manner.
The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems include the digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune, reproductive, and integumentary systems. Each system is composed of organs made of tissues and cells that work interdependently to carry out specific functions for the body.
The human anatomy document summarizes key aspects of the muscular, skeletal, and circulatory systems. It describes that the muscular system is composed of muscle fibers that contract to enable movement. It lists several major muscle groups like the deltoid, flexors, chest, abdominal, quadriceps, and biceps muscles. The skeletal system forms a rigid framework that protects organs and allows movement. It is made up of over 200 bones including the skull, ribs, humerus, and femur. The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels that circulate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries to supply the entire body with nutrients and remove waste.
SCOPE OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pptxAvneshSingh3
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes the subdivisions of anatomy including gross (macroscopic) anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and clinical anatomy. It also discusses the levels of organization in the human body from the chemical level to the tissue, organ, and system levels. Key body cavities like the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are outlined. Major body organs in each cavity are identified. Anatomical terminology, planes, quadrants, and medical imaging techniques are also summarized.
The document provides information about the nervous system and its main components. It discusses (1) how the nervous system controls all activities of the body, (2) the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord as the control center, and (3) the outer nervous system which connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body using nerves and sense organs. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem which each have specific functions. The spinal cord connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system and carries messages throughout the body.
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and come together to form tissues like muscle and bone. Multiple tissues combine to create organs such as the stomach and liver. Systems are groups of organs that work together, such as the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems, which work to transport nutrients, gases, and signals throughout the body.
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and come together to form tissues like muscle and bone. Multiple tissues combine to create organs such as the stomach and liver. Systems group several organs together to carry out important functions - examples include the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. The human body contains 11 major organ systems that work together intricately to keep us alive.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy, focusing on key body systems and structures. It discusses the anatomical position, anatomical terms, structural levels of the body including cells, tissues, organs and systems. Specific systems covered include the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, skeletal, nervous, muscular and endocrine systems. For each system, the major components and their functions are described. The document also discusses bones, joints, movement, proprioception, and the anatomy of specific areas like the shoulder girdle and rotator cuff muscles.
This document provides an overview of the human body systems, including the skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and digestive system. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. The main sections describe the components, functions, and key facts about each body system. Diagrams and images are included to illustrate different bones, muscles, organs, and processes. The text provides a high-level educational summary of multiple important systems within the human body.
The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Each system is composed of organs made of tissues and cells that work interdependently to carry out vital functions.
The human body contains 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems and their functions are:
- Digestive system breaks down food for absorption and provides energy
- Excretory system removes waste from the body through urine, sweat and breath
- Respiratory system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body through breathing
The human body contains 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems and their functions are:
- Digestive system breaks down food for absorption and uses organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
- Excretory system removes waste from the body through organs like the kidneys, skin, lungs, and rectum.
- Respiratory system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body using the nose, throat, lungs and diaphragm.
The human body contains 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems and their functions are:
- Digestive system breaks down food for absorption and uses organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines.
- Excretory system removes waste from the body through organs like the kidneys, skin and lungs.
- Respiratory system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body using the nose, throat, lungs and diaphragm.
- Circulatory system transports blood, oxygen, nutrients and hormones around the body with organs like the heart, arteries and veins.
The science of yoga is the scientific basis of modern yoga as exercise in human sciences such as anatomy, physiology, and psychology. Yoga's effects are to some extent shared with other forms of exercise,[O 1] though it differs in the amount of stretching involved, and because of its frequent use of long holds and relaxation, in its ability to reduce stress. Yoga is here treated separately from meditation, which has effects of its own, though yoga and meditation are combined in some schools of yoga.
The document provides information about several key human body systems, including:
1. The skeletal system, which provides structure, shape, and protection for organs. It works with the muscular system to allow movement as muscles contract and bones lever against each other at joints.
2. The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue that allow both voluntary and involuntary movement. Muscles work in pairs to contract and relax in order to move bones at joints.
3. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other materials throughout the body via the blood and returns carbon dioxide and wastes to the lungs and kidneys. It works with all body systems to support cellular respiration and homeostasis.
The document provides information about several key human body systems, including:
1. The skeletal system, which provides structure, shape, and protection for organs. It works with the muscular system to allow movement as muscles contract and bones lever against each other at joints.
2. The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue that allow both voluntary and involuntary movement. Muscles work in pairs to contract and relax in order to move bones at joints.
3. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other materials throughout the body via the blood and returns carbon dioxide and wastes to the lungs and kidneys. It works with all body systems to support cellular respiration and homeostasis.
The document provides information about several of the major human body systems, including:
1. The skeletal system, which provides structure and support and protects organs. It includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
2. The muscular system, which helps the body move and includes three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Muscles contract to cause movement.
3. The circulatory system, which carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other materials to cells and removes wastes. It includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood. The circulatory system works with the respiratory system during cellular respiration.
The document provides information about several key human body systems, including:
1. The skeletal system, which provides structure, shape, and protection for organs. It works with the muscular system to enable movement as muscles contract and bones lever against each other at joints.
2. The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue that allow both voluntary and involuntary movement. Muscles work in pairs to contract and relax in order to move bones at joints.
3. The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body using the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It works with all body systems to deliver oxygen and remove wastes.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology as it relates to hatha yoga. It discusses the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. For each system, it identifies the major organs and their functions. It also explains how understanding functional anatomy can help yoga students optimize their practice and avoid injuries by applying science to yoga through correct anatomical alignment in poses. Videos are included to supplement the anatomical explanations.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
This document provides information on multiple topics related to biology and the scientific process. It discusses key elements of experiments like placebos, informed consent, and sample size. It also defines important scientific terms like dependent variable, independent variable, and constant variable. Additionally, it outlines the structure and functions of major body systems like the skeletal system, circulatory system, respiratory system, and digestive system. It explains cellular structures and compares bacterial and animal cells. The document covers a wide range of biological concepts in a descriptive manner.
The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems include the digestive, excretory, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune, reproductive, and integumentary systems. Each system is composed of organs made of tissues and cells that work interdependently to carry out specific functions for the body.
The human anatomy document summarizes key aspects of the muscular, skeletal, and circulatory systems. It describes that the muscular system is composed of muscle fibers that contract to enable movement. It lists several major muscle groups like the deltoid, flexors, chest, abdominal, quadriceps, and biceps muscles. The skeletal system forms a rigid framework that protects organs and allows movement. It is made up of over 200 bones including the skull, ribs, humerus, and femur. The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels that circulate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries to supply the entire body with nutrients and remove waste.
SCOPE OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pptxAvneshSingh3
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes the subdivisions of anatomy including gross (macroscopic) anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and clinical anatomy. It also discusses the levels of organization in the human body from the chemical level to the tissue, organ, and system levels. Key body cavities like the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are outlined. Major body organs in each cavity are identified. Anatomical terminology, planes, quadrants, and medical imaging techniques are also summarized.
The document provides information about the nervous system and its main components. It discusses (1) how the nervous system controls all activities of the body, (2) the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord as the control center, and (3) the outer nervous system which connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body using nerves and sense organs. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem which each have specific functions. The spinal cord connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system and carries messages throughout the body.
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and come together to form tissues like muscle and bone. Multiple tissues combine to create organs such as the stomach and liver. Systems are groups of organs that work together, such as the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems, which work to transport nutrients, gases, and signals throughout the body.
The human body is made up of trillions of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and come together to form tissues like muscle and bone. Multiple tissues combine to create organs such as the stomach and liver. Systems group several organs together to carry out important functions - examples include the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. The human body contains 11 major organ systems that work together intricately to keep us alive.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy, focusing on key body systems and structures. It discusses the anatomical position, anatomical terms, structural levels of the body including cells, tissues, organs and systems. Specific systems covered include the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, skeletal, nervous, muscular and endocrine systems. For each system, the major components and their functions are described. The document also discusses bones, joints, movement, proprioception, and the anatomy of specific areas like the shoulder girdle and rotator cuff muscles.
This document provides an overview of the human body systems, including the skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and digestive system. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. The main sections describe the components, functions, and key facts about each body system. Diagrams and images are included to illustrate different bones, muscles, organs, and processes. The text provides a high-level educational summary of multiple important systems within the human body.
The human body is organized into 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Each system is composed of organs made of tissues and cells that work interdependently to carry out vital functions.
The human body contains 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems and their functions are:
- Digestive system breaks down food for absorption and provides energy
- Excretory system removes waste from the body through urine, sweat and breath
- Respiratory system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body through breathing
The human body contains 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems and their functions are:
- Digestive system breaks down food for absorption and uses organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
- Excretory system removes waste from the body through organs like the kidneys, skin, lungs, and rectum.
- Respiratory system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body using the nose, throat, lungs and diaphragm.
The human body contains 11 organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. The organ systems and their functions are:
- Digestive system breaks down food for absorption and uses organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines.
- Excretory system removes waste from the body through organs like the kidneys, skin and lungs.
- Respiratory system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body using the nose, throat, lungs and diaphragm.
- Circulatory system transports blood, oxygen, nutrients and hormones around the body with organs like the heart, arteries and veins.
The science of yoga is the scientific basis of modern yoga as exercise in human sciences such as anatomy, physiology, and psychology. Yoga's effects are to some extent shared with other forms of exercise,[O 1] though it differs in the amount of stretching involved, and because of its frequent use of long holds and relaxation, in its ability to reduce stress. Yoga is here treated separately from meditation, which has effects of its own, though yoga and meditation are combined in some schools of yoga.
The document provides information about several key human body systems, including:
1. The skeletal system, which provides structure, shape, and protection for organs. It works with the muscular system to allow movement as muscles contract and bones lever against each other at joints.
2. The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue that allow both voluntary and involuntary movement. Muscles work in pairs to contract and relax in order to move bones at joints.
3. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other materials throughout the body via the blood and returns carbon dioxide and wastes to the lungs and kidneys. It works with all body systems to support cellular respiration and homeostasis.
The document provides information about several key human body systems, including:
1. The skeletal system, which provides structure, shape, and protection for organs. It works with the muscular system to allow movement as muscles contract and bones lever against each other at joints.
2. The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue that allow both voluntary and involuntary movement. Muscles work in pairs to contract and relax in order to move bones at joints.
3. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other materials throughout the body via the blood and returns carbon dioxide and wastes to the lungs and kidneys. It works with all body systems to support cellular respiration and homeostasis.
The document provides information about several of the major human body systems, including:
1. The skeletal system, which provides structure and support and protects organs. It includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
2. The muscular system, which helps the body move and includes three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Muscles contract to cause movement.
3. The circulatory system, which carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other materials to cells and removes wastes. It includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood. The circulatory system works with the respiratory system during cellular respiration.
The document provides information about several key human body systems, including:
1. The skeletal system, which provides structure, shape, and protection for organs. It works with the muscular system to enable movement as muscles contract and bones lever against each other at joints.
2. The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue that allow both voluntary and involuntary movement. Muscles work in pairs to contract and relax in order to move bones at joints.
3. The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body using the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It works with all body systems to deliver oxygen and remove wastes.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology as it relates to hatha yoga. It discusses the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. For each system, it identifies the major organs and their functions. It also explains how understanding functional anatomy can help yoga students optimize their practice and avoid injuries by applying science to yoga through correct anatomical alignment in poses. Videos are included to supplement the anatomical explanations.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
2. MID1A – Science
BRAIN – Our computer: receives, processes and
sends out data.
Brain is the control centre of the Nervous
System, and it controls our body
Brain + Spinal cord + Nerves = nervous system
Organ: description (overview)
BRAIN and the NERVOUS system
3. MID1A – Science
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
BRAIN – Our computer: receives, processes and sends out data.
SPINAL CORD -- pathway for messages
sent by:
brain body and
body brain
NERVES – throughout
the body (e.g. TO MUSCLES or
FROM SENSORY CELLS)
4. Neurons (also called nerve cells): VERY peculiar cells
Neurons are specialized to receive and transmit signals (synapse)
axon
dendrites
myelin sheath
MID1A – Science
Nerves are enclosed, cable-like bundles of nerve fibres (axons) in the peripheral nervous system
Like cables, they transport signals (electro-chemically). For example, to muscles.
axon end branches
6. MID1A – Science
BRAIN is our computer.
Brain
Receives and Decode,
Process and Transmit,
Organize and Store
information
NERVES are our cables
Transmit the signals
to brain: stimulus > brain
from brain: brain > effectors)
8. MID1A – Science
The super-simple scheme: the mechanics of the Musculoskeletal system
Muscle
Bone 1
Bone 2
Tendon
Ligament
Motor nerve
Muscle and nerves and bones
9. MID1A – Science
The super-simple scheme: the mechanics of the Musculoskeletal system
Muscle
Bone 1
Motor nerve
axon
Impulse from brain
(move!)
Bone 1
BEFORE
Impulse from brain
AFTER
(muscle contraction)
No impulse
Yes impulse
10. MID1A – Science
The super-simple scheme: the basic concept of how muscle contraction allows movement
Length of muscle, L1
If relaxed (longer)
L1
Length of muscle, L2
If contracted (shorter)
L2
A B
When muscle is relaxed (A) its length is L1. When muscle is engaged (B), it become shorter: its length is L2.
Since it is attached to bones (1 and 2), the shortening pulls bone 2. The movement is shown in GREEN
Bone 1
Bone 2
11. MID1A – Science
The super-simple scheme
L1
L2
Bone 1
Bone 2
Impulse from brain
L2 < L1, therefore ---> Bone 2 is PULLED (green arrow)
Bone 2
Muscle contraction and movement
12. MID1A – Science
A more realistic depiction of the contraction movement (in the example, the arm)
Note that more than one muscle is involved: in this case, the two shown are biceps and triceps
(also called an “antagonist” pair, as they sort of do opposing jobs: if one is contracted, the other
is relaxed)
13. 1) Skeleton is the scaffold 2) on which MUSCLES operate, and are reached by 3) NERVES and
4) Blood VESSELS (arteries and veins) --- muscles need a lot of Oxygen! And produce a lot of CO2!
MID1A – Science
They all concur to the movement (bone+muscle+nerve+blood)
Musculoskeletal system blood
nerves
15. MID1A – Science Musculoskeletal system
Musculoskeletal system provides shape, support, stability, and movement to the
body. Made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments,
joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together.
16. MID1A – Science
Joint
The point at which two (or more) bones meet
(bone to bone)
Cartilage
Soft connective tissue found at the end of the
bones (e.g. in joints, see picture on the right and
on next slide)
Ligaments
Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone at a
joint
Tendons Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
It provides support, stability, shape, and movement
Musculoskeletal system
Let’s see some key terms
Musculoskeletal system
17. MID1A – Science
Bone, Muscles, Joints, Ligaments
and Tendons
Ligament (b--b): bone – to – bone
Tendon (b--m): bone – to – muscle
18. Ball and socket joint
A joint in which the rounded surface
of a bone moves within a depression
on another bone, allowing greater
freedom of movement than any
other kind of joint.
Hinge joint
A joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each
other to permit motion only in one plane.
MID1B – Science joints
There are other types of joints (e.g. fibrous joints – in the skull; facet joints – backbone), which we will not
cover in this unit (although we saw some pictures in class)
19. MID1B – Science Human Skeleton
SKELETON
The human skeleton is the
internal framework of the
human body
(made of more than 200 bones (as adult,
206; more at birth).
21. MID1B – Science Human Bone
Bone are not only Structure
and protection!
Bone marrow (found in spongy part
of the bone) contains hematopoietic
cells (particularly in red marrow) and
fat cells (yellow marrow).
Hematopoietic cells in bone marrow
are progenitor cells which are
destined to mature into blood and
lymphoid cells (red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets)
22. Skeleton (easy) -- video 1 (simpler images, but rather exahustive)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k6H2Vnn3o4
Skeleton (easy) -- video 2 (simple content, more realistic images)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywDOiNEdJVc
Musculoskeletal system (easy) – video 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynVRDsDC-84
Locomotor system (easy) -- video 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghpmVXSUfWs
MID1A – Science Muscles and bones
23. BRAIN – SNC (both easy, the first more cartoonish, but well outlined)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZVeFTDszTs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O-0CVAgaEM
BRAIN – SNC (medium; it contains some info on neurons, their synapses and nerves)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6w0_j6mWbo
OPTIONAL
Motor units (advanced, not super – but some simple images – 1.30 min to 4.00 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTt_2oPI2kk
Neuro junctions (too advanced, but good – useful at the beginning 0.00 - 1.10 )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbo0i1r1pXA
MID1A – Science Muscles and nerves
25. Major stages of the digestive system:
1. Chewing - Chewing is the first stage of the digestive system. When you chew your food it breaks
up big pieces into little pieces that are easier to digest and swallow. Also, your saliva is more than just
water. It has special enzymes that start to break down starchy food (potatoes, bread) while you chew.
2. Swallowing - Food doesn't just fall down our throats into our stomach. First, our tongue helps to
push food into the back of our throat. Then there are special throat muscles that force the food down
into a long tube that leads to our stomach, called the esophagus.
MID1A – Science Digestive system
26. 3. Stomach:
The next stage is the stomach. Food hangs out in the stomach for around four hours. While the food sits
there, more enzymes go to work on it, breaking down things like proteins that our bodies can use. The
stomach kills a lot of bad bacteria as well, so we don't get sick.
4. Small Intestine:
4a: The first part of the small intestine works with juices from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas
to continue to break down our food.
4b: In the second part the food gets absorbed from the intestine and into our blood.
5. Large Intestine:
The last stage is the large intestine. Any food that the body doesn't need or can't use is sent to the large
intestine and later leaves the body as waste.
MID1A – Science Digestive system
28. KIDNEYS – filtering blood
Where are your kidneys?
Kidneys are shaped like beans. Each kidney is about 10-12 centimeters long.
Kidneys are in your lower back.
What do kidneys do?
They are like washing machines for the blood in the body. The kidneys filter the
blood and take out all the waste in the blood (while not wasting important
components). The kidneys send the waste on to the bladder in the form of urine.
29. What Do Kidneys Do?
One of the main jobs of the kidneys is to filter the waste out of the blood. How does the waste get in your blood?
Well, your blood delivers nutrients to your body. Chemical reactions in the cells of your body break down the
nutrients. Some of the waste is the result of these chemical reactions. Some is just stuff your body doesn't need
because it already has enough. The waste has to go somewhere; this is where the kidneys come in.
MID1 – Science KIDNEYS
https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/kidneys.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZREDWD_5bA
30. Blood flows through the kidneys into tiny capillaries. The capillaries lead then to tiny tubes
called nephrons (there are more than one million of these nephrons in each kidney). In these
tubes, water in excess is removed and substances (e.g. salts, vitamins, etc) are checked: if a
substance is not useful, or simply we have too much of it, then it will be exctreted with the
excess water. This exctretion is urine
Urine will then pass from the kidney to bladder, which stores it until it leaves the body..
A claryfing note:
Kidneys, while filtering, take actually back most of the useful nutrients and most of the water
(and send it back into the blood). Only water in excess, and non-useful substances are instead
excreted as urine.
KIDNEYS – filtering blood