This document discusses health, diseases, and disease prevention. It defines health as being well and explains that an individual's health depends on their surroundings and environment. It defines disease as an illness that affects the body or mind. Diseases are classified as infectious, caused by microbes, or non-infectious, arising from genetic or internal factors. Infectious diseases can spread through air, water, or sexual contact. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms or kill the cause. Disease prevention includes practices like vaccination, screening, and treatment to avoid progression or complications.

1. Kendriya vidyalaya
Kutra , Sundergarh

2. IndexIndex
Significance of HealthSignificance of Health
DiseasesDiseases
Causes of diseaseCauses of disease
Means of spreadMeans of spread
Principles of treatmentPrinciples of treatment
PreventionPrevention

3. Significance of HealthSignificance of Health
What does this word healthWhat does this word health
means?means?
We have heard the wordWe have heard the word
“HEALTH” used frequently all“HEALTH” used frequently all
around us.around us.
It implies the idea of beingIt implies the idea of being
WELL.WELL.
It is a state of being wellIt is a state of being well

4. Personal and CommunityPersonal and Community
issuesissues
The health of all organisms depend on theirThe health of all organisms depend on their
SURROUNDINGS or their ENVIRONMENT.SURROUNDINGS or their ENVIRONMENT.
The environment includes the physicalThe environment includes the physical
environment.environment.
For eg:health is at risk in a cyclone in manyFor eg:health is at risk in a cyclone in many
ways.ways.
Therefore public cleanliness is important forTherefore public cleanliness is important for
individual health.individual health.

5. DiseaseDisease
 A disease is an illness that affects the body (aA disease is an illness that affects the body (a
single area or the whole system) and/or mindsingle area or the whole system) and/or mind
within a single organism (World Healthwithin a single organism (World Health
Organization).Organization).
 Basically when a person is in a diseased state,Basically when a person is in a diseased state,
they are no longer classified by modern andthey are no longer classified by modern and
traditional medical diagnosis as “healthy”.traditional medical diagnosis as “healthy”.
 Some examples of common diseases worldwideSome examples of common diseases worldwide
are: Influenza A virus, Asthma, HIV/AIDS, HPV,are: Influenza A virus, Asthma, HIV/AIDS, HPV,
Malaria, and Sickle Cell Anemia.Malaria, and Sickle Cell Anemia.
 In addition, diseases are generally classified intoIn addition, diseases are generally classified into
three categories, which include: Genetic,three categories, which include: Genetic,
infectious, and non-infectious.infectious, and non-infectious.

6. Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases
 AnAn infectious diseaseinfectious disease is a clinically evidentis a clinically evident
diseasedisease resulting from the presence ofresulting from the presence of
pathogenic microbialpathogenic microbial agents.agents.
 It includesIt includes pathogenic virusespathogenic viruses, pathogenic, pathogenic
bacteria, fungi, protozoa and aberrant proteinsbacteria, fungi, protozoa and aberrant proteins
known as prions.known as prions.
 These pathogens are able to cause disease inThese pathogens are able to cause disease in
animals and plants.animals and plants.
 Infectious pathologies are usually qualified asInfectious pathologies are usually qualified as
contagious diseasescontagious diseases which is also calledwhich is also called
communicable diseasescommunicable diseases
 Transmission of an infectious disease may occurTransmission of an infectious disease may occur
through one or more of diverse pathwaysthrough one or more of diverse pathways
including physical contact with infectedincluding physical contact with infected
individuals.individuals.

7. Non Infectious DiseasesNon Infectious Diseases
 In contrast to infectious, non infectious
conditions are neither contagious nor
communicable.
 They arise from inside the body as a result of
hereditary conditions or other causes, such as
dietary deficiencies.
 The essay Disease classifies noninfectious
diseases as follows: hereditary or genetic
diseases.
 For eg :glandular diseases, or conditions
involving a group of cells that filters material
from the blood (e.g., diabetes mellitus, also
included in the present essay)

8. Causes of DiseasesCauses of Diseases
 The disease is caused from two sources:The disease is caused from two sources:
- From outside with food, air, water, medications, etc.- From outside with food, air, water, medications, etc.
-Produced in our-Produced in our
body as a result of its own life processes and lifebody as a result of its own life processes and life
processes of bacteria living in it.processes of bacteria living in it.
 According to Chinese pathology, there are threeAccording to Chinese pathology, there are three
principal causes of the disharmony that brings aboutprincipal causes of the disharmony that brings about
disease: external factors, emotions, and irregularities indisease: external factors, emotions, and irregularities in
day-to-day living.day-to-day living.

9. Means of spread.Means of spread.
Disease can be spread through:Disease can be spread through:
AIRAIR
WATERWATER
SEXUAL ACTSEXUAL ACT

10. Through Air.Through Air.
ThisoccursthroughthelittledropletsthrownoutbyaninfectedThisoccursthroughthelittledropletsthrownoutbyaninfected
personwhosneezesorcoughs.personwhosneezesorcoughs.
SomeonestandingclosebycanbreatheinthesedropletsandtheSomeonestandingclosebycanbreatheinthesedropletsandthe
microbesgetachancetostartanewinfection.microbesgetachancetostartanewinfection.
Forex: commoncold,pneumoniaandtuberculosis.Forex: commoncold,pneumoniaandtuberculosis.

11. Through waterThrough water
 This occurs if theThis occurs if the
excreta fromexcreta from
someone sufferingsomeone suffering
from an infectious gutfrom an infectious gut
disease get mixeddisease get mixed
with the drinkingwith the drinking
water used by peoplewater used by people
leaving nearby.leaving nearby.
 For eg: cholera.For eg: cholera.

12. Through sexual Act
 This occurs throughThis occurs through
physical contactphysical contact
between two people.between two people.
 There are microbialThere are microbial
diseases that arediseases that are
transmitted by sexualtransmitted by sexual
contact from onecontact from one
partner to the other.partner to the other.
 For eg:AIDS, syphilisFor eg:AIDS, syphilis..

13. Principles ofPrinciples of
TreatmentTreatment
 The initial cause of the diseased state may lieThe initial cause of the diseased state may lie
within the individual organism itself.within the individual organism itself.
 The disease is then said to be idiopathic, innate,The disease is then said to be idiopathic, innate,
primary, or “essential.”primary, or “essential.”
 It may result from a course of medical treatment,It may result from a course of medical treatment,
either as an unavoidable side effect or becauseeither as an unavoidable side effect or because
the treatment itself was ill-advised; in either casethe treatment itself was ill-advised; in either case
the disease is classed as iatrogenicthe disease is classed as iatrogenic.

14. There are two ways to treat the diseases:There are two ways to treat the diseases:
-One would be to reduce the effects of the diseases.-One would be to reduce the effects of the diseases.
-Other can be to kill the cause of diseases.-Other can be to kill the cause of diseases.
For the first, we can provide treatment that willFor the first, we can provide treatment that will
reduce the symptoms.reduce the symptoms.
For ex:medicines bring down fever,reduce pain.For ex:medicines bring down fever,reduce pain.
For the later,use of medicines to kill microbes.For the later,use of medicines to kill microbes.
Microbes are bacteria, fungi,virus.Microbes are bacteria, fungi,virus.

15. Principle of PreventationPrinciple of Preventation
 Disease prevention is the deferral or elimination ofDisease prevention is the deferral or elimination of
specific illnesses and conditions by one or morespecific illnesses and conditions by one or more
interventions of proven efficacy.interventions of proven efficacy.
 It is useful to distinguish among three levels ofIt is useful to distinguish among three levels of
prevention—primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment.prevention—primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment.
Primary TreatmentPrimary Treatment
 "Primary prevention" refers to the prevention of diseases"Primary prevention" refers to the prevention of diseases
before their biological onset.before their biological onset.
 For example, pasteurizing milk essentially eliminatesFor example, pasteurizing milk essentially eliminates
bacterial pathogens that could cause illnesses, andbacterial pathogens that could cause illnesses, and
measles immunization prevents clinical illness before itmeasles immunization prevents clinical illness before it
can get started.can get started.

16. Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention
 Secondary prevention" refers to the preventionSecondary prevention" refers to the prevention
of clinical illness through the early andof clinical illness through the early and
asymptomatic detection and remediation ofasymptomatic detection and remediation of
certain diseases and conditions that, if leftcertain diseases and conditions that, if left
undetected, would likely become clinicallyundetected, would likely become clinically
apparent and harmful.apparent and harmful.
 This is often referred to as "screening.“This is often referred to as "screening.“
 There are many examples of secondary diseaseThere are many examples of secondary disease
prevention, including routine bacteriologicalprevention, including routine bacteriological
culturing for sexually transmitted organisms inculturing for sexually transmitted organisms in
asymptomatic persons; routine serologicalasymptomatic persons; routine serological
testing for preclinical infections such as syphilistesting for preclinical infections such as syphilis..

17. Tertiary PreventionTertiary Prevention
"Tertiary prevention" refers to the prevention of"Tertiary prevention" refers to the prevention of
disease progression and additional diseasedisease progression and additional disease
complications after overt clinical diseases arecomplications after overt clinical diseases are
manifested.manifested.
For ex:lowering a high blood cholesterol levelFor ex:lowering a high blood cholesterol level
after a heart attack can prevent the occurrence ofafter a heart attack can prevent the occurrence of
further heart attacks.further heart attacks.

18. MADE BYMADE BY
Rahul Kumar SarangiRahul Kumar Sarangi
Class-9Class-9
Roll no-20Roll no-20
Science ProjectScience Project
Kendriya Vidyalaya , KutraKendriya Vidyalaya , Kutra