This document discusses various physical quantities and measurement tools. It defines fundamental quantities like length, area, and volume. It explains units of measurement and converting between units. Measurement tools covered include vernier calipers, which provide accurate two decimal place measurements of length, and measuring cylinders, which are used to find volume by liquid displacement. Mass and density are also defined, with equations and examples provided.

1. 1
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Table 1 showing some common Basic or Fundamental Quantities.
Table 2 showing some common Derived Quantities.

2. 2
Conversion of Units
 1 kilometre (km) = 1000 metres (m)
 1 metre (m) = 100 centimetres (cm)
 1 centimetre (cm) = 10 millimetres (mm)
Example:
(a) Express 2.6 km into m.
Solution: 2.6 km = 2.6 x 1000 m
= 2600 m
(b) Express 389 mm into cm.
Solution: 389 mm = 389/10
= 38.9 cm
(c) Express 8673 cm into km.
Solution: 8673 cm = 8673/100000
= 0.08673 km

3. 3
Vernier Calipers
 A pair of vernier calipers is used to measure internal and external diameters and
depth of an object.
 A pair of vernier calipers has a few important features:
 Tail (used to measure the depth of an object)
 Inside jaws (used to measure the internal diameter of an object)
 Outside jaws (used to measure the external diameter of an object)
 Main scale (gives a measurement of one decimal place)
 Vernier scale (gives a measurement of two decimal place)
 Each reading of an object must be in two decimal places.
 This instrument provides a very accurate measurement than a metre rule.
Measurement of length using a pair of vernier calipers
 Close the jaws of vernier calipers to ensure no zero error occur.
 Clamp the object firmly within the jaws.
SCIENCE SECONDARY 2 2021 science worksheet SEMESTER 2
NAME:………………………………………………………………………………………….CLASS:……………NO:…………

4. 4
 Read the main scale followed by vernier scale and add them up if there’s no
zero error.
Zero error
 Zero error has two types: positive zero error
negative zero error
 These zero errors will occur when the jaws of
vernier calipers are fully closed but the zero
marking on the main scale does not coincide
with the zero marking on the vernier scale.
Find the zero error in the figure below:
a. b. c.
Diameter of an object = main scale reading + vernier scale reading

5. 5
Find the reading of the vernier calipers and zero error below by show solution.

6. 6
Measurement of Area
(a) Regular Area
- You can use mathematical formula to calculate area of regular figures.
(b) Irregular Area
- You can estimate the area of an object by counting squares within its outline drawn on
a graph paper

7. 7
- Count only squares which are more than half covered/shaded
Example:
Measurement of Volume
(a) Regular solid fig - You can use mathematical formula to calculate volume of regular
figures.

8. 8
(b) Irregular solid figures Measuring cylinder
With the liquid level to be read at the bottom of the curve called the meniscus.
Eureka area or displacement can: The amount of water being displaced out after adding the
object into Eureka can is the volume of an object.
Units for length, Area and Volume
Physical Quantity SI unit Common Units
Length m mm; cm; km
Area m2
mm2
; cm2
; km2
Volume m3
mm3
; cm3
; km3
What is the area of the figure enclosed by the outline below?
1. area = ……………………… 2. area = ………………………….
meniscus
meniscus

9. 9
Mass and Density

10. 10
Mass
 Definition of mass:
 Mass of an object is the amount of matter in the object.
 Mass of an object is constant no matter where it is.
 mass of an object is 6 kg on the Earth, it is still 6 kg on the Moon.
 Weight of an object on the Earth will not be the same if it is placed on the Moon.
 The instruments used to measure mass are beam balance and electronic balance.
Units for mass
Physical
Quantity
SI uint Common Units
Name Symbol Name Symbol
mass kilogram kg tonne t
gram g
milligram mg
Conversion of Units
1 tonne(t) = 1000 kilograms (kg)
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
Example
(a) Express 82 kg into g.
solution: 82 kg =
=
(b) Express 17 mg into g. (c) Express 9287 g into tonnes.
solution: 17 mg = solution: 9287 g =
= =

11. 11
1. Boy placed a piece of iron block, a gold bar and an ice cube in a jar containing cooking
oil, mercury and water. Can you identify these substances in the diagram below?
(Hint: gold is the densest)
A: ……………………………………………………………………………
B: ……………………………………………………………………………
C: ……………………………………………………………………………
D: ……………………………………………………………………………
E: ……………………………………………………………………………
F: ……………………………………………………………………………
2. Convert the following:
(a) 550 kg = ………………………….. tonne (b) 4.68 kg = …………………………. gram
(c) 7691 mg = ……………………….. g (d) 72 g = ………………………………. mg
(e) 66 g = ………………………………. kg (f) 1.38 tonne = ……………………. kg
3. (a) What is the mass of a copper sheet, given the density of copper is 8.9 g/cm3
and the
volume of the sheet is 178 cm3
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Find the volume of copper sheet if the mass is 960 g.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What is the volume of mercury for the same mass of 960 g. given that its density is
13,600 kg/m3
?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. 12
Vector addition worksheet
Determine vectors to find resultant vector.

13. 13
Choose the best answer
1. Which of the following is the SI unit for length?
a. millimetre b. centimeter c. metre d. kilometer
2. What type of mistake is made when the eye is not placed directly above the reading of
the measuring instrument?
a. parallax error b. zero error c. human error d. ruler error
3. The tail in the vernier calipers is for measuring………………………
a. internal diameter b. external diameter c. millimeters d. depth of
holes
4. To measure the length of the laboratory, the instrument to use is the……………………………
a. measuring tape b. pipette c. vernier calipers d. rope
5. Which of the following reading is obtained with vernier calipers?
a. 5.01 mm b. 5.0 cm c. 5.01 cm d. 5 m
6. 0.25 m is the same as……………………….
a. 25 mm b. 2.5 cm c. 25 cm d. 250 cm
7. The area of the triangle shown below is ……………………
a. 20 mm2
b. 20 cm2
c. 400 mm2
d. 400 cm2
8. A Eureka can is filled to the level of overflow with 30 cm3
of water. 10 marbles of total
volumes 20 cm3
are immersed in water in the Eureka can. How much was the volume of water displaced?
a. 2 cm3
b. 10 cm3
c. 20 cm3
d. 30 cm3
9. From the above question 8, what was the volume of each marble, supposing they were
all of the same size?
a. 2 cm3
b. 3 cm3
c. 15 cm3
d. 20 cm3
10. Which of the following apparatus is best to use for measuring two portions of 25.0 cm3
of
salt solution?
a. burette b. pipette c. measuring cylinder d. beaker
4 cm
100 mm