Science as a Rhetorical Enterprise
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This document discusses science as a rhetorical enterprise rather than an objective pursuit of facts. It outlines Thomas Kuhn's model of scientific revolutions as an alternative to seeing scientific work as a linear progression of discoveries. The key premises are that scientists aim to gain assent for their claims within their discourse community and that cultural narratives shape how scientists view and operate in their work. Specific rhetorical aspects of Charles Darwin's work are then examined, focusing on how he managed to publish his ideas with the help of supporters who vouched for him.
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Research Writing
Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist born in 1564 who made several important astronomical observations using one of the earliest telescopes. In 1610, he published Sidereus Nuncius which described his observations of the moon, stars, and planets. Notably, he observed the phases of Venus and concluded they provided evidence that Venus orbits the sun, supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. His observations provided compelling evidence for Copernicus' theory that displaced the geocentric Ptolemaic system that had been accepted for over a thousand years.
A2 Thomas Kuhn & Scientific Paradigms
Thomas Kuhn was an American physicist who radically changed views on the nature of science. He argued that science progresses not through linear knowledge gathering, but through periodic "paradigm shifts" where the nature of scientific inquiry in a field is suddenly transformed. A paradigm is the basic framework of assumptions and methods shared by a scientific community that governs their work. During normal science, scientists work within a paradigm to solve puzzles, but over time anomalies can lead to a paradigm shift opening up a new approach. Kuhn emphasized that science is shaped by subjective perspectives and there can be competing views until a new paradigm is widely accepted.
Ewrt 2 class 16 p lato
Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" will be discussed in class. Students will be introduced to a group project where they will draw and label a picture of Plato's Cave, and consider the rhetorical strategies and questions for critical reading of the allegory. Essay #4 on privilege and perspective will be introduced, prompting students to respond to questions on Plato or Virginia Woolf for a 500-750 word essay to be written in class.
Ewrt 2 class 16 variation
This document provides an agenda and background information for a class discussion on Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" from The Republic. It includes:
1. A brief biography of Plato and overview of his philosophical works and founding of the Academy.
2. Discussion questions about the allegory, Plato's rhetorical strategies, and themes of perception and reality.
3. An assignment for students to complete a group project drawing and labeling aspects of the cave.
4. An announcement of the upcoming Essay #4 assignment on privilege and perspective, prompting students to read selections from Cicero, Thoreau, Plato and Woolf to prepare.
Demarcation problem
This document summarizes Larry Laudan's argument that philosophers have failed to identify features that clearly demarcate science from other domains of knowledge. It discusses past attempts by philosophers like Aristotle, logical positivists and Popper to establish criteria for demarcating science. Laudan argues that these attempts have failed due to heterogeneity within science and problems with proposed criteria. He concludes that demarcation is a "pseudo-problem" and we should instead focus on what makes beliefs well-founded. The document also briefly summarizes Massimo Pigliucci's response that abandoning demarcation would be premature given issues like anti-vaccination movements.
Karl Popper’s demarcation problem
Karl Popper, as a critical rationalist, was an opponent of all forms of skepticism, conventionalism and relativism in science. A major argument of Popper is Hume's critique of induction, arguing that induction should never be used in science. But he disagrees with the skepticism associated with Hume, nor with the support of Bacon and Newton's pure "observation" as a starting point in the formation of theories, as there are no pure observations that do not imply certain theories. Instead, Popper proposes falsifiability as a method of scientific investigation.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11481.36967
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The document discusses the concept of paradigms and paradigm shifts. It defines a paradigm as a set of assumptions and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality for a community. It describes Thomas Kuhn's theory that science undergoes periods of "normal science" punctuated by "revolutions" where one paradigm replaces another. Some examples given of paradigm shifts include the Copernican revolution and the transition from Newtonian to Einsteinian physics. The document also discusses how paradigms can shift in other contexts through radical changes in thought patterns or organizations.
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The document discusses falsification and its importance in philosophy of science. [1] Falsification proposes that for a theory to be considered scientific, it must be possible to prove it false through testing or observation. [2] Karl Popper introduced the principle of falsification, stating that a theory is scientific if we can identify potential evidence that could show it is incorrect. [3] Being able to falsify theories allows them to be rigorously tested and improved in science, distinguishing science from non-falsifiable claims.
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Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist born in 1564 who made several important astronomical observations using one of the earliest telescopes. In 1610, he published Sidereus Nuncius which described his observations of the moon, stars, and planets. Notably, he observed the phases of Venus and concluded they provided evidence that Venus orbits the sun, supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. His observations provided compelling evidence for Copernicus' theory that displaced the geocentric Ptolemaic system that had been accepted for over a thousand years.
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Thomas Kuhn was an American physicist who radically changed views on the nature of science. He argued that science progresses not through linear knowledge gathering, but through periodic "paradigm shifts" where the nature of scientific inquiry in a field is suddenly transformed. A paradigm is the basic framework of assumptions and methods shared by a scientific community that governs their work. During normal science, scientists work within a paradigm to solve puzzles, but over time anomalies can lead to a paradigm shift opening up a new approach. Kuhn emphasized that science is shaped by subjective perspectives and there can be competing views until a new paradigm is widely accepted.
Ewrt 2 class 16 p lato
Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" will be discussed in class. Students will be introduced to a group project where they will draw and label a picture of Plato's Cave, and consider the rhetorical strategies and questions for critical reading of the allegory. Essay #4 on privilege and perspective will be introduced, prompting students to respond to questions on Plato or Virginia Woolf for a 500-750 word essay to be written in class.
Ewrt 2 class 16 variation
This document provides an agenda and background information for a class discussion on Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" from The Republic. It includes:
1. A brief biography of Plato and overview of his philosophical works and founding of the Academy.
2. Discussion questions about the allegory, Plato's rhetorical strategies, and themes of perception and reality.
3. An assignment for students to complete a group project drawing and labeling aspects of the cave.
4. An announcement of the upcoming Essay #4 assignment on privilege and perspective, prompting students to read selections from Cicero, Thoreau, Plato and Woolf to prepare.
Demarcation problem
This document summarizes Larry Laudan's argument that philosophers have failed to identify features that clearly demarcate science from other domains of knowledge. It discusses past attempts by philosophers like Aristotle, logical positivists and Popper to establish criteria for demarcating science. Laudan argues that these attempts have failed due to heterogeneity within science and problems with proposed criteria. He concludes that demarcation is a "pseudo-problem" and we should instead focus on what makes beliefs well-founded. The document also briefly summarizes Massimo Pigliucci's response that abandoning demarcation would be premature given issues like anti-vaccination movements.
Karl Popper’s demarcation problem
Karl Popper, as a critical rationalist, was an opponent of all forms of skepticism, conventionalism and relativism in science. A major argument of Popper is Hume's critique of induction, arguing that induction should never be used in science. But he disagrees with the skepticism associated with Hume, nor with the support of Bacon and Newton's pure "observation" as a starting point in the formation of theories, as there are no pure observations that do not imply certain theories. Instead, Popper proposes falsifiability as a method of scientific investigation.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11481.36967
Paradigms Thomas kuhn Theory
The document discusses the concept of paradigms and paradigm shifts. It defines a paradigm as a set of assumptions and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality for a community. It describes Thomas Kuhn's theory that science undergoes periods of "normal science" punctuated by "revolutions" where one paradigm replaces another. Some examples given of paradigm shifts include the Copernican revolution and the transition from Newtonian to Einsteinian physics. The document also discusses how paradigms can shift in other contexts through radical changes in thought patterns or organizations.
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The document discusses falsification and its importance in philosophy of science. [1] Falsification proposes that for a theory to be considered scientific, it must be possible to prove it false through testing or observation. [2] Karl Popper introduced the principle of falsification, stating that a theory is scientific if we can identify potential evidence that could show it is incorrect. [3] Being able to falsify theories allows them to be rigorously tested and improved in science, distinguishing science from non-falsifiable claims.
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This document provides an agenda for an English class discussing Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" and introducing an upcoming in-class essay assignment. The agenda includes:
1. A brief biography of Plato and overview of his philosophical works and founding of the Academy of Athens.
2. A group assignment to illustrate the Allegory of the Cave and discuss its rhetorical strategies and themes.
3. Introduction of an in-class essay prompt asking students to analyze Plato's allegory or Virginia Woolf's "Shakespeare's Sister" in 500-750 words.
4. Homework directing students to read Woolf's essay and post discussion questions.
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Ernst von Glasersfeld (1996) Farewell to Objectivity 1
Systems Research, 13(3), 279–286, 1996. 187
Farewell to Objectivity1
Abstract. The paper is focused on one of the major contributions Heinz
von Foerster has made to epistemology and the philosophy of science. It
traces earlier disagreements with the traditional theory of knowledge and
sketches the history to which von Foerster’s interpretation of the principle
of undifferentiated coding supplied a decisive final chapter.
To the generation that lives through them, changes in the environment, social
revolutions, and the breakdown of concepts that formed the basis of a world view,
always seem to be deeper and vastly more portentous than all the earlier upheavals
history has recorded. Nevertheless I would say that during the eight decades that
Heinz von Foerster has so far witnessed, more traditional beliefs were superseded and
new perspectives opened than ever before. And among the pioneers who initiated new
ways of thinking he deserves a prominent place. This becomes clear above all if one
considers the intimate domain where each thinker chooses how he or she should view
that treasury of facts, notions, and fixed points that we call knowledge.
The very act of knowing has become questionable in our time. There have, of
course, been individual questioners in other centuries who tried to move in the
direction that now seems inevitable, but their attempts were brushed aside by the
momentum of philosophical tradition and their writings remain curiosa at the
margins of the history of ideas. Heinz von Foerster did not start as a philosopher but
as a physicist with an uncommon interest in the processes of thinking. His
epistemological ideas did not spring from quietly reading ancient authors but from his
scientist’s intuition and his experiences with people in a rather turbulent world. It
would take a meticulous biographer to map von Foerster’s intellectual itinerary.
Instead, I shall try to show that his constructivist theory of knowledge can be
substantiated also by snippets from the history of philosophy.
The conceptual revolution that has shaken the 20th century is more profound
than the one initiated by Copernicus, who dislocated the human being from the
cherished position at the hub of the universe. But even if mankind was relegated to an
insignificant minor planet, it could still maintain the belief that it represented the
crowning achievement of God’s creation and that the human mind towered over
everything else because it was able to perceive and understand God’s work, at least in
1 Revised and expanded version of Abschied von der Objektivität, in P. Watzlawick & P. Krieg
(Eds.), Das Auge des Betrachters. Munich: Piper, 1991.
Ernst von Glasersfeld (1996) Farewell to Objectivity 2
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Toleukhan A. MIW №4.pptx
Science is a sphere of human activity in which objective knowledge about reality is developed and systematized theoretically. The main functions of science are explanatory and predictive functions. Science is a complex multifaceted integral phenomenon, and the process of development of scientific knowledge is not a unidirectional process, but a nonlinear one, characterized by multidirection. This is a process in which new growth points, diverse opportunities and situations of choice arise.
Science studies not only the surrounding reality, but also itself as a part of this reality. There is a whole complex of disciplines studying science, which includes the history and logic of science, psychology of scientific creativity, sociology of knowledge, etc. However, it is the philosophy of science that studies science as an integral phenomenon, exploring the general laws of scientific and cognitive activity, the structure and dynamics of scientific knowledge, its levels and forms, its socio-cultural determination, means and methods of scientific cognition, ways of its justification and mechanisms of knowledge development.
The philosophy of science began to take shape in the middle of the twentieth century. As a scientific discipline, the philosophy of science differs from the direction in Western and domestic philosophy, which bears the same name and originated a century earlier.
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Evolution vs creation science
This document discusses and analyzes evolution and creation science from an inductive reasoning perspective. It introduces the two models of origin - evolution, which is accepted as the scientific model, and creation science, which has religious origins but is claimed as science by some followers. The document aims to determine if creation science can be considered a genuine scientific alternative to evolution through an unbiased, induction-based analysis. It outlines the scope of using inductive logic and addressing issues like falsifiability and eliminating psychological biases from the analysis. The principal section then conducts an inductive logic analysis of the two models and discusses the roles of induction in scientific reasoning and theory development.
Gravity is bringing us down, it's time for a change.
A research paper I wrote for a philosophy class. The ideas are a little out there but it's interesting to think about.
Discovery of the fourth dimension mental time travel and human evolution (s...
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This document discusses the thesis that mental time travel, or the ability to mentally experience past and future events, was a key development in human evolution. The author argues that while other primates have memory and anticipation, they do not have the same advanced abilities to re-experience past events or imagine possible futures. The first half examines evidence that episodic memory depends on other cognitive capabilities like self-awareness. The second half contrasts flexible thinking about the future in humans versus other forms of anticipatory behavior in primates. The author proposes that mental time travel was an adaptive ability that contributed to humanity's dramatic impact on the planet.Discovery of the fourth dimension mental time travel and human evolution (s...
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The Qur’an And Modern Science
Dr. Maurice Bucaille
Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 23 | Size: 1 MB
The Quran and Modern Science: This book has statements of a scientific nature contained in the Qur’an and other subjects to specialists from other disciplines. Astronomers, zoologists, geologists and specialists in the history of the earth would all have been struck, just as forcibly as medical doctors, by the presence in the Qur’an of highly accurate reflections on natural phenomena.
On the 9th of November, 1976, an unusual lecture was given at the French Academy of Medicine. Its title was “Physiological and Embryological data in the Qur’an”. I presented the study based on the existence of certain statements concerning physiology and reproduction in the Qur’an. My reason for presenting this lecture was because it is impossible to explain how a text produced in the seventh century could have contained ideas that have only been discovered in modern times.
For the first time, I spoke to members of a learned medical society on subjects whose basic concepts they all knew well, but I could, just as easily, have pointed out statements of a scientific nature contained in the Qur’an and other subjects to specialists from other disciplines. Astronomers, zoologists, geologists and specialists in the history of the earth would all have been struck, just as forcibly as medical doctors, by the presence in the Qur’an of highly accurate reflections on natural phenomena. These reflections are particularly astonishing when we consider the history of science, and can only lead us to the conclusion that they are a challenge to human explanation.
There is no human work in existence that contains statements as far beyond the level of knowledge of its time as the Qur’an. Scientific opinions comparable to those in the Qur’an are the result of modern knowledge. In the commentaries to translations of the Qur’an that have appeared in European languages, I have only been able to find scattered and vague references to them. Nor do commentators writing in Arabic provide a complete study of the aspects of the Qur’an that deal with scientific matters. This is why the idea of a comprehensive study of the problem appealed to me.
In addition to this, a comparative study of similar data contained in the Bible (Old Testament and Gospels) seemed desirable. Thus, a research project was developed from the comparison of certain passages in the Holy Scriptures of each monotheistic religion with modern scientific knowledge. The project resulted in the publication of a book entitled, The Bible, the Qur’an and Science. The first French edition appeared in May 1976. English and Arabic editions have since been published.
What Is A Thesis In An Essay. College essay: Thesis in writing
what is marrs thesis statement concerning the word and the sword. What to include in a thesis. Thesis Statements: Definition and .... What is a thesis statement in an essay examples. 15 Thesis Statement .... What Are The Different Types of Thesis Statements. Thesis Introduction Examples Examples - How to write a thesis .... 45 Perfect Thesis Statement Templates Examples ᐅ TemplateLab. 5 Types of Thesis Statements Digital Learning Commons. How to Write a Thesis Statement: Fill-in-the-Blank Formula Writing a .... Thesis. Parts Of Thesis Paper In The Philippines - INKSTERSCHOOLS.ORG. 006 Essay Example Thesis Statement Examples For Essays Thatsnotus. Mastering the Thesis Statement: Examples and Tips for Academic Success .... How to Write a Good Thesis Statement - Student-Tutor Blog. Art Thesis Statement Examples / Essay Example Compare Examples College .... Unusual Essay Thesis Examples Thatsnotus. What is a thesis s. What is a Thesis Defense?. 2019-01-11. THESIS. School thesis statements / best essay writing help. Thesis Statements: Expanded Version. Thesis - Examples and Definition of Thesis - A thesis statement .... Writing The Thesis Statement: Write An A Research Paper - How to write .... Proper Essay Format Example Lukisan. Meet your deadlines for dissertation essays. Writing thesis papers - National Sports Clinics. College essay: Thesis in writing. How To Write a Thesis Statement: Step-By-Step Part 1 Essay Writing. What is a thesis paper - helponlinepc.web.fc2.com. FREE 9 College Essay Examples in PDF Examples - How to write english .... 017 Thesis Of An Essay Example Thatsnotus. How to Come up With a Thesis: 13 Steps with Pictures - wikiHow - How .... Strong thesis examples. A Strong Thesis Statement: Tips and Examples .... Writing a thesis. How to write a thesis statement for persuasive essays Belgian Greetings What Is A Thesis In An Essay What Is A Thesis In An Essay. College essay: Thesis in writing
Tnhp daniel garber
This document discusses Daniel Garber's approach to teaching a new history of philosophy course. Some key points:
1) The course focuses on philosophy and science during the Scientific Revolution, reading works by philosophers like Descartes alongside scientists like Galileo and Boyle.
2) Rather than portraying figures like Descartes as representing a unified "mechanical philosophy" opposing Aristotelianism, the course emphasizes their significant differences and alternatives to Aristotelianism.
3) The course aims to provide students a more nuanced picture of the philosophical debates and diversity of thought during this period than traditional histories of philosophy.
Science of oneness
This document provides an introduction to a book that presents a new scientific model of the universe based on concepts like zero-point energy and synchronicity. It argues that mainstream science has become dogmatic in clinging to outdated theories and rejects new evidence. The book aims to show scientifically that a predicted spiritual transformation of humanity is imminent. It also addresses the reality of extraterrestrial life and the disclosure of secret government knowledge about crashed UFOs and exotic technology.
Invading the invisibles-ja_edgarton-1931-359pgs-phi
This document provides an introduction to the work by outlining the relationship between philosophy and civilization. It argues that philosophies shape civilizations by expressing their fundamental character. It gives examples of how Confucianism influenced China's static development and how beliefs in reincarnation similarly affected India. The author contends that fixed concepts tend to retard progress. The discussion introduces how the work will explore the new philosophies emerging from recent scientific discoveries and changes in worldviews.
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Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Science as a Rhetorical Enterprise
- 1. Science as a Rhetorical Enterprise
- 2. FACTS Often, it seems like we talk about the work of scientists as the objective pursuit of “facts.” In this view, the job of scientific writing would be to get out of the way so that these facts can shine through as clearly as possible.
- 3. In this way of thinking (illustrated by this stock photo), scientific work in a given field is seen as progressing and building with each new discovery and study. This is an arhetorical view of scientific work.
- 4. In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn provides another model for thinking about science.
- 5. Basic premises of rhetorical study of science: • that scientists are attempting to gain assent within their discourse community about the validity of their claims. • that we (including scientists) are inevitably and mostly invisibly shaped by cultural narratives, concepts, and metaphors, and these affect how we see and therefore behave. hey, how’s the water today? what the hell is water??
- 6. What are some specific rhetorical aspects of scientific work? (see Google Doc)
- 7. Somewhat easy test case: Charles Darwin
- 8. Joseph Dalton Hooker (British botanist, 1817- 1911P Perceived as rhetorically deficient, but managed with a little help from his friends… Sir Charles Lyell (Scottish geologist, 1797- 1875) Asa Gray (American botanist, 1810- 1888) Thomas Henry Huxley (English biologist, 1825- 1895)
- 9. WHEN on board H.M.S. 'Beagle,' as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. On my return home, it occurred to me, in 1837, that something might perhaps be made out on this question by patiently accumulating and reflecting on all sorts of facts which could possibly have any bearing on it. After five years' work I allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes; these I enlarged in 1844 into a sketch of the conclusions, which then seemed to me probable: from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object. I hope that I may be excused for entering on these personal details, as I give them to show that I have not been hasty in coming to a decision. What rhetorical moves does Darwin make here?
- 10. More contemporary research (BV) Read the abstract and introduction of the article posted on the “What’s Rhetorical about Science?” Google Doc, and identify the things that make it rhetorical.