A Slide on Research Writing

4. Galileo Galilei

5. Galileo Galilei
 He was born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy, where he lived until the age of
11 and received his early education. His family then moved to
Florence where he attended school at the monastery at
Vallombrosa. Galileo later returned to Pisa to study medicine but
never received a degree. He then studied mathematics first
formally and then privately. He was ultimately appointed to a
chair in mathematics at Padua in 1592 where he remained until
1610. Galileo's academic interests were diverse covering the
disciplines of Mechanics, Astronomy, Mathematics, Optics, and
Natural Philosophy.

6. Galileo Galilei
 It is not the purpose of
this summary to
chronicle the life and
works of Galileo.
However, some of Galileo's
observations with his primitive
telescope were profound, and will be
discussed below.

7. Galileo Galilei
 In 1610 Galileo published
Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry
Messenger). The book is not so
much a scientific discourse on
Astronomy, but rather a
summary of observations that
proved Copernicus' Heliocentric
Universe to be fact.

8. Galileo Galilei
 Possibly the most compelling argument Galileo made in
favor of the Heliocentric Universe of Copernicus was
based on the observations of Venus. Galileo observed the
phases of Venus throughout the year. At times Venus
presented a small but circular disk and at other times a
large crescent. Based on these facts as illustrated in his
drawings in Sidereus Nuncius, Galileo reasoned that
Venus must orbit the Sun; proof of the Copernican
Universe.

9. Galileo Galilei

10. Copernican
heliocentrism is the
name given to the
astronomical model
developed by Nicolaus
Copernicus and
published in 1543. It
positioned the Sun near
the center of the
Universe, motionless,
with Earth and the other
planets orbiting around it
in circular paths modified
by epicycles and at
uniform speeds.

12.  A research is simply coined as a systematic
process of collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting information to increase our
understanding of a phenomenon about which
we are interested or concerned.

13.  In its truest sense, we can say that the
purpose of doing research is not merely to
attain a specific knowledge of an occurrence
we are fascinated with, but rather, to ensure
that the results of research would somehow
alleviate problems in the lives of people.

15. Galileo Galilei

19.  Work with a Familiar Subject - you know what your
sources and where to find them
 Try Something that Piques Your Interest - try
researching something beyond your comfort zone
 Browse Through Available Research Materials -
exhaust every possible means of getting sources to
add more insight and depth to your paper

23.  Observations - using your senses to write down and
observe descriptively and objectively each and every detail
you observe.
 Interviews - one excellent primary source of information is
people. Plan the interview by preparing questions
beforehand and adjusting to his/her schedule. During the
interview, ask the important questions that will help your
research. Take down notes or record the interview.

25.  Secondary sources are those whose information offers second-
hand data to you like books, newspapers, magazines, thesis,
dissertations, and online articles.
 Dewey Decimal System - a library system used to organize
books and other resource materials, to keep track of who
borrows and returns them in the library, and to determine which
books are new acquisitions, and which books are in need of
reprinting. The system is made up of ten classes, or subjects,
to facilitate ease of organization of books.

26.  Encyclopedias and disciplinary guides - have general
information and offer the most important details of a given
subject.
 Books, periodicals, newspapers, and magazines - Books
have been edited, peer-reviewed multiple times before
publishing, hence, making it highly reputable and credible.
Some books are called seminal works for they have held the
semblance to truth credibility, and reputability ever since they
got published. The most up-to-date sources you can get are
periodicals, newspapers, and magazines.

29.  Technology is bane when the learner is made to accept
the information from the internet as gospel truth.
Using Internet Sources
 View the URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
 Question the Author
 Detailed info, accuracy, and grammar
 Timeliness

31.  Making a Working Bibliography is listing all of
the sources you have come across as you are
doing your research.

33.  Plagiarism is both consciously and
unconsciously copying someone’s
work and claiming the copy as your
own without due citation. It is
considered a form of dishonesty and
raises the issue of intellectual property
rights.

34.  Direct Plagiarism - exactly copying
 Self-Plagiarism - using your own previous work
passing it as if it’s a new submission
 Mosaic Plagiarism - patch writing attempting to
paraphrase but maintains the original text as is.
 Accidental Plagiarism - is done unintentionally due to
carelessness.

36.  A.P.A. Citation Guide by the American Association
of Psychologists is used under social science
disciplines in citing references.

38.  Paraphrasing is taking one whole paragraph into
consideration and rewriting all of it using your own words.
 Summarizing calls for the gist of the reference by writing
a six-sentence idea into two sentences.
 Quoting is acknowledging by placing selected passages
inside quotation marks and to provide a bibliographic entry
at the end of the paper for every quote used in the text.

41.  Title: Thank You, Invertor/ Scientist ! (Written Work)
 Research on an invention that you deemed is significant
and useful to man’s life. Draw it.
 If it is a scientific discovery, draw the scientist
 Under it is your short message of gratitude thanking him/
her for his discovery.
 Use A.P.A. Citation to cite your book/ website.