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This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its definition, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Schizophrenia is a syndrome characterized by major disturbances in behavior, affect, and thought. There are several types of schizophrenia, including paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual. Symptoms can be positive, such as hallucinations and delusions, or negative, like blunted affect and apathy. Diagnosis involves examination of symptoms and medical history, while treatment includes antipsychotic medication, electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy, and social support.
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Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
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Delusions are beliefs that are firmly held but on inadequate grounds and are not affected by rational argument or evidence. They are not conventional beliefs for a person's cultural background and education level. Primary delusions occur suddenly without other abnormal mental events, while secondary delusions arise from previous abnormal ideas or experiences like hallucinations or mood disorders. Related phenomena include delusional moods, perceptions, and memories. Shared delusions between two people are called folie à deux. Common delusional themes include persecution, reference, grandeur, guilt, worthlessness, control of thoughts, and religious or sexual beliefs.
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1. Demographic information about the patient such as name, age, gender, etc.
2. Details about the presenting complaints, such as duration and intensity.
3. The patient's medical, surgical, family, and developmental history.
4. An assessment of the patient's personality before the onset of illness, covering areas like relationships, self-image, habits, and reaction to stress.
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Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
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Schizophrenia and similar mental disorders
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It's characterized by psychosis, a type of mental illness that makes it difficult to distinguish between reality and imagination. People with schizophrenia may appear to have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and their loved ones.
Schizophrenia can result in a combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior that can impair daily functioning. It can affect all areas of life, including personal, family, social, educational, and occupational functioning.
Schizophrenia is usually treated with a combination of talking therapy and medicine. With ongoing treatment, most people can live normal or almost-normal lives. Most patients will get better but still have occasional episodes, but about 20 percent will recover within five years
Schizophrenia is a mental illness that affects how you think and behave. The symptoms of schizophrenia include:
Psychotic symptoms including hallucinations, hearing voices, or believing someone or something is out to get you
Negative symptoms such as a lack of interest or an inability to take pleasure in daily activities and spending time with others
Cognitive symptoms including trouble focusing and making decisions
Many of the symptoms of schizophrenia are also symptoms of other conditions. Because of this, people often get misdiagnosed.
Other disorders and conditions that are sometimes mistaken for schizophrenia include:
Schizoaffective disorder. Schizoaffective disorder causes many of the symptoms of schizophrenia, like delusions. But people with schizoaffective disorder also have periods of depression or periods where they feel extremely energized or happy (called mania). That’s not usually the case with schizophrenia.
Schizoid personality disorder. A person with schizoid personality disorder avoids social situations and interacting with others. They usually have a hard time feeling and expressing emotions. Even though schizoid personality disorder sounds a lot like schizophrenia, people who have schizoid personality disorder don’t have delusions or hallucinations.
Anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This autoimmune disease causes swelling in the brain. That swelling can lead to behaviors and thought patterns that look like schizophrenia, such as paranoia and hallucinations. But most people with anti-NMDAR encephalitis have other symptoms such as seizures and suddenly passing out.
Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is another form of mental illness. It causes severe mood swings that impact a person’s mood, energy, concentration, behavior, and ability to do daily tasks. People with bipolar disorder often have periods of being “up” or “on” when they’re extremely energized or happy, then fall into periods of deep depression. Some people with severe bipolar disorder have delusions or hallucinations. That’s why they may be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia.
Delusional disorder.
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
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Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. It is classified into Bipolar I and II based on the severity of manic episodes. The exact causes are unknown but genetic and biochemical factors are thought to play a role. Clinical features include changes in mood, energy, sleep patterns, and risk-taking behavior. Treatment involves mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and antidepressants to control symptoms and prevent future episodes. Prognosis depends on factors like comorbidities, stress levels, and medication compliance.
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Mania
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
Schizoaffective Disorders
This case presentation discusses a 50-year-old African American female patient admitted to the hospital for schizoaffective disorder, manic episode. The patient has a history of schizoaffective disorder and has been living in a nursing home. The goals of hospitalization are to decrease restlessness, irritability, worry, anxiety and increase self-control and medication compliance. Interventions include medication management with Lamictal and Invega, nursing care, social work support, and education. The presentation provides context on schizoaffective disorder, symptoms, course, and treatment goals for managing the manic episode.
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2. Some of the main causes of schizophrenia include genetic factors and neurodevelopmental issues. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.
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This document provides an overview of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs). It discusses the benefits of LAIs including consistent drug delivery and improved compliance. It then describes the pharmacology of first-generation LAIs such as fluphenazine, haloperidol, and zuclopenthixol. Second-generation LAIs including risperidone, paliperidone, and olanzapine are also reviewed in terms of their absorption, metabolism, and indications. The advantages and disadvantages of different LAIs are compared.
Epistaxis or Nose bleeding
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
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This document provides an overview of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. It discusses Eugene Bleuler's description of schizophrenia symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, and other "accessory symptoms". It also covers Kurt Schneider's description of first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia. The document then defines different psychotic disorders according to DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and delusional disorder. It discusses symptoms of these disorders such as positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and diagnostic requirements. The causes, prevalence, types, diagnosis, and prognosis of schizophrenia are also summarized.
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Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder is a cyclical mood disorder that results in pathological mood swings from mania to depression. It has been recognized and studied for hundreds of years. There is strong evidence that bipolar disorder has a genetic component, with family and twin studies showing increased risk among relatives of those diagnosed. While specific genetic variants have not been consistently identified, heritability is stronger for bipolar disorder than for unipolar depression. Proper diagnosis distinguishes between bipolar I and II, as well as related disorders like cyclothymia, based on the presence and duration of manic or hypomanic episodes.
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This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings, treatment goals, and pharmacological management. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and perceptions. It has several clinical subtypes and is generally treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy, with goals of minimizing symptoms and improving functioning. The exact causes are unknown but involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain neurochemistry.
Schenider first rank symptoms
The document summarizes Kurt Schneider's concept of first-rank symptoms (FRS) of schizophrenia. Schneider was a German psychiatrist who studied schizophrenia in the early 20th century. He identified 11 symptoms that he believed were pathognomonic of schizophrenia, including auditory hallucinations, thought broadcasting, and somatic passivity. The document outlines each of Schneider's 11 proposed FRS and provides examples. It discusses the evolution of concepts of schizophrenia from Kraepelin to Bleuler. Overall, the summary focuses on Schneider's influential work defining first-rank symptoms to aid in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Heavy drinking over a period of time can lead to alcohol withdrawal syndrome when blood alcohol levels fall, which is a potentially life-threatening condition requiring immediate medical care. Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal generally present within 6-8 hours and include anxiety, agitation, nausea, vomiting, tremors, and seizures within 12-48 hours. Delirium tremens occurs in around 5% of patients after 2-5 days and is a medical emergency characterized by severe tremors, confusion, hallucinations and fever. Benzodiazepines are commonly used to manage withdrawal symptoms while delirium tremens requires quick-acting benzodiazepines and antipsychotics.
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Schizophrenia and similar mental disorders
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It's characterized by psychosis, a type of mental illness that makes it difficult to distinguish between reality and imagination. People with schizophrenia may appear to have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and their loved ones.
Schizophrenia can result in a combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior that can impair daily functioning. It can affect all areas of life, including personal, family, social, educational, and occupational functioning.
Schizophrenia is usually treated with a combination of talking therapy and medicine. With ongoing treatment, most people can live normal or almost-normal lives. Most patients will get better but still have occasional episodes, but about 20 percent will recover within five years
Schizophrenia is a mental illness that affects how you think and behave. The symptoms of schizophrenia include:
Psychotic symptoms including hallucinations, hearing voices, or believing someone or something is out to get you
Negative symptoms such as a lack of interest or an inability to take pleasure in daily activities and spending time with others
Cognitive symptoms including trouble focusing and making decisions
Many of the symptoms of schizophrenia are also symptoms of other conditions. Because of this, people often get misdiagnosed.
Other disorders and conditions that are sometimes mistaken for schizophrenia include:
Schizoaffective disorder. Schizoaffective disorder causes many of the symptoms of schizophrenia, like delusions. But people with schizoaffective disorder also have periods of depression or periods where they feel extremely energized or happy (called mania). That’s not usually the case with schizophrenia.
Schizoid personality disorder. A person with schizoid personality disorder avoids social situations and interacting with others. They usually have a hard time feeling and expressing emotions. Even though schizoid personality disorder sounds a lot like schizophrenia, people who have schizoid personality disorder don’t have delusions or hallucinations.
Anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This autoimmune disease causes swelling in the brain. That swelling can lead to behaviors and thought patterns that look like schizophrenia, such as paranoia and hallucinations. But most people with anti-NMDAR encephalitis have other symptoms such as seizures and suddenly passing out.
Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is another form of mental illness. It causes severe mood swings that impact a person’s mood, energy, concentration, behavior, and ability to do daily tasks. People with bipolar disorder often have periods of being “up” or “on” when they’re extremely energized or happy, then fall into periods of deep depression. Some people with severe bipolar disorder have delusions or hallucinations. That’s why they may be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia.
Delusional disorder.
Psicopatologia
This document provides an overview of psychopathology and mental disorders. It discusses definitions and classifications of mental disorders, as well as diagnosis. Specific disorders like schizophrenia and mood disorders are examined in more detail. For schizophrenia, it describes symptoms, course, heritability, neuroanatomical deficits, and treatment approaches. For mood disorders, it distinguishes between depression and mania, provides DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder, and discusses prevalence and causal factors. Biological, psychological, and social aspects of mental disorders are considered throughout.
Schizophrenia
Here is a nursing care plan for a schizophrenic patient:
Nursing Diagnosis: Disturbed thought processes related to hallucinations and delusions
Goals:
- Patient will demonstrate logical and reality-based thinking
- Reduce symptoms of psychosis
Interventions:
- Reorient patient frequently to time, place and situation
- Engage in therapeutic communication to assess thought processes
- Monitor for paranoid or dangerous thoughts and report immediately
- Encourage patient to verbalize thoughts and feelings to increase insight
- Provide distraction from auditory or visual hallucinations
Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for self-harm related to command hallucinations
Goals:
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a major psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. It has been defined and categorized in different ways over time. Current diagnostic criteria require symptoms for at least one month. The causes are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. The disorder follows a variable course with acute episodes potentially followed by chronic or residual phases with negative symptoms. Diagnosis involves assessing for specified symptoms and impairment. Treatment aims to control symptoms and improve functioning.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental illness which demands immediate attention by the family. There are certain types of schizophrenia based on its symptom presentation and its management mostly depends sxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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1. Schizophrenia is a psychotic condition characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior. It is a chronic condition with varied presentations and courses.
2. Key figures in the history and understanding of schizophrenia include Kraepelin who described "dementia praecox" and Bleuler who coined the term "schizophrenia". Diagnosis involves assessment of positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms.
3. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms as well as psychosocial interventions. Nursing care focuses on safety, reducing symptoms, promoting functioning, and supporting overall health.
schizophrenia
This document summarizes key information about schizophrenia. It begins by explaining the original term for the disorder, dementia praecox, and how the current term schizophrenia was coined. It then describes the four main symptoms - blunted affect, loose associations, autism, and ambivalence. The next section provides diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to the DSM-5, including characteristic symptoms, social/occupational dysfunction, duration of signs, and exclusions. The document concludes by outlining demographic factors, potential causes, symptoms, course, and treatment of schizophrenia.
schizophrenia
This document summarizes schizophrenia, including its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical pictures and types. It discusses potential genetic and environmental predisposing factors. Four main types of schizophrenia are described: paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, and simple. Treatment options mentioned include antipsychotic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy, and social/vocational rehabilitation programs.
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Schizophrenia.ppt psy od d/h
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by splitting of psychic functions and disturbed harmony between thought, emotions, and behavior. It has a prevalence of 0.5% and typically onset is in late adolescence or early adulthood. Etiology involves genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Symptoms include positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms such as social withdrawal, and cognitive impairment. Diagnosis involves meeting criteria for symptoms lasting at least 6 months from scales like PANSS. Treatment involves atypical antipsychotic medication which can have side effects as well as psychosocial therapies and hospitalization if risks are present.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, f...
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and for their family a
Schizophrenia (Psychotic condition)
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder. People with this disorder experience distortions of reality, often experiencing delusions or hallucinations.
The exact cause of schizophrenia isn't known, but a combination of genetics, environment and altered brain chemistry and structure may play a role.
Schizophrenia is characterised by thoughts or experiences that seem out of touch with reality, disorganised speech or behaviour and decreased participation in daily activities. Difficulty with concentration and memory may also be present.
Treatment is usually lifelong and often involves a combination of medications, psychotherapy and coordinated speciality care services.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects approximately 0.85% of the world's population. It has been studied since the early 20th century, with theorists proposing genetic, biochemical, neurological, psychological, and social factors as potential causes. Diagnosis involves symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. Treatment includes antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies.
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1. Schizophrenia is a group of disorders with heterogeneous causes and unknown exact etiology. It has a worldwide prevalence of 0.6-1.9% and peak onset ages of 10-25 for males and 25-35 for females.
2. The etiology involves genetic, biological, neurological, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The stress-diathesis model integrates these factors. Dopamine dysfunction and abnormalities in brain structures like the limbic system are also involved.
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1. Schizophrenia is a group of disorders with heterogeneous causes and unknown exact etiology. It has a worldwide prevalence of 0.6-1.9% and peak onset ages of 10-25 for males and 25-35 for females.
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3. Diagnosis is based on DSM-IV criteria including two characteristic symptoms for at least 6 months along with social/occupational dysfunction. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, psychosocial therapies, and hospitalization if needed for safety or stabilization
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Schzophrenia.pptx
- 3. INTRODUCTION • The name dementia precox was given to Schizophrenia by Emil kraepelin . • The name schizophrenia was given by Eugen Bleular in 1908 which means- Schizo + Phrenia | | Split Mind (Human abnormal behaviour)
- 4. Definition -: A / c to “American psychiatric association “ “ Schizophrenia is not disorder it is a syndrome, characterized by Major disturbance in BAT- Behaviour, affection,and thought” •World Schizophrenia day- 24 may Etiology & Risk factor – 1+2+3+4 Some facts- • Sex Ratio- more common in male. • Marrietal Status – more common in Unmarried.
- 5. I.Q level- more common in low I.Q level. Socio–economic stutus – more common in low I.Q socioeconomic status. Types- (1) Simple Schizophrenia -: •Commonly occurs in young age (17-25 years) •The Behaviour of person becomes socially Withdrawal.
- 6. ECT- not effective Prognosis – poor (2)Hebephrenic Schizophrenia/Disorganised Schzophrenia-: • Common occurs in 30-40 yr. of age . •The behaviour of the person become childish /Silly/ regressive. • Disorganised thinking with baunt affect and Inappropriate emotion. it is usually found In adult age.
- 7. ECT- not effective Prognosis- poor (3) Paranoid Schizophrenia -: (m/c type of Schizophrenia) • Commonly occurs in 25-40 yr. of age. •The behaviour becomes persecutory delusion of Persecution. Is most marked feature. • Motar activity strongly increase and decrease. •Pt. is unable to talk.
- 8. Delusion of persecution that means mistrustfull but speech and emotion may be unaffected. • Pt. have risk of or suicidal and bilateral Behaviour. •ECT- effective Prognosis – Good (4)Catatonic Schizophrenia -: most dangerous • Commonly occurs in 25-40 yr.of age.
- 9. Motor activity strongly increase and decrease. Pt is unable to talk. Pt have risk for malnutrition and self injury. Catatonia 1. Catatonic 2. Catatonic stuper • Person behaviour like • Patient becomes a Wildish animal & may mute and motionless. harmful to self & another.
- 10. •ECT- effective Prognosis – Best (5) Undifference Schizophrenia -: Some characteristic of paranoid, hebephrenia, and catatonic Schizophrenia but does not have obciously one of these type. (6) Residual Schizophrenia -: Past history of Schizophrenia but presently any Schizophrenia Symptoms are absent.
- 11. (1) Primary Symptoms/ fundamental Symptoms -: • These Symptoms are present in every case of Schizophrenia,they are also consider as of Schizophrenia which are- “4A Symptoms” A-Associative disturbance - ( Inability to think logically) A- Autistism Thinking – (little concern for external reality) A- Ambivalence - ( Conflict to do not to do) A- Affect disturbance - ( appropriate emotion response)
- 12. (2) Secondary symptoms/ Accessory symptoms-: • Symptoms may or may not be present in Schizophrenia, these are. • Stupor / violency • Neativism • Suicidal • Catalepsy • Mannerism • Verbigration
- 13. Hallucinations Delusion, incoherence, through preserveration Insight absent Judgement loss Memory impairment Poor personal hygiene Disorder of perception (hallucision) Disorder of thought (delusion,thought block, thought withdrawal)
- 14. NOTE-:Acc. To recent concept-: The. Symptoms of Schizophrenia are classified as- | Positive Symptoms Negative Symptoms ( Additional Behaviour) ( Defficient Behaviour) •Viilency • Blunt Affect •Aggressio • Flat Affect •hallucination. • Apathy • delision. • Stupor • Circumstantiality • Alogia
- 15. Diagnostic measure-: . -History/ Physical Examination - MSE (Mental stutus examination) - Mini – mental stutus examination(MMSE) - C.T scan - MRI Medical Management -: ECT-effect in catanic & franoid Schizophrenia . Not effective in simple & tubephrenic Schizophrenia
- 16. Psychopharmacology -: (N) (P) . • Tab. (RSP)/ HPD • Tab.THP/ Benztropine (to treat ESP) • Tab. Lzp Hs Antipsychotic drugs-; - Resperidol - Halloperidol - olanzapine
- 17. Antidepressant drugs-: Imiperamide ECT-(Electroconvulsive therapy) Behaviour therapy Group therapy Family therapy Hospitalization Psychotherapy -: Surface / supportive - Conditional procedure
- 18. Marrietal therapy Occupitional therapy Music therapy Nursing management -: (1) Disturb thought process related 2 mobility to trust as audance by suspeciousness of other . (2) Ineffective health maintain related to inability . to trust as evidence by poor diet intake.
- 19. (3)Self care deficiate related to withdrawal as evidence by difficulty in caring associated with . Hygiene dressing, eating,and sleeping. . (4) Risk for life threateing injury related to, increase motor activity and hallucinations as, evidence by social condition.
- 20. ACC. to ICD -10 the Mental disorder are classified=Classification of Schizophrenia acc. to ICD- 10 = F00- Faa = F20 - F29 F20.0 – P- Paranoid Schizophrenia F20.1 – H- Hebephrenia Schizophrenia F20.2 – C- Catatonic Schizophrenia F20.3 – U- Undifferentiated Schizophrenia F20.4 – P- Post Schizophrenia depression
- 21. F20.5- R –Residual Schizophrenia F20.6- S –Simple Schizophrenia F20.8- O- Other Schizophrenia F20.9- S- Schizophrenia Unspecified
- 22. Thank you ❤️ks