This document provides an overview of schizophrenia presented by Ms. Bhoomika Patel. It defines schizophrenia as a chronic severe brain disorder characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms. It discusses the history and etiology of schizophrenia, including genetic and biochemical factors. Different types of schizophrenia are described such as paranoid, catatonic, and residual. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms and ruling out other conditions. Treatment involves typical and atypical antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms.
The document provides an overview of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) for classifying mental health disorders. ICD-10 was published by the World Health Organization in 1992 and includes 1000 categorical slots for mental disorders from F00-F99. The document describes the main categories of disorders in ICD-10 including organic disorders, substance use disorders, schizophrenia and psychotic disorders, mood disorders, neurotic disorders, and dissociative disorders. It also compares ICD-10 to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) which is used primarily in the United States.
Dr. Irfan Ahmad Khan discusses the management of schizophrenia. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by breakdown of thought processes and poor emotional responsiveness. It typically begins in early adulthood.
- Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms like affective flattening and anhedonia.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests dopamine excess in the mesolimbic pathway contributes to symptoms. Current antipsychotics target dopamine and serotonin receptors.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic drugs, including classical antipsychotics that mainly target D2 receptors, and atypical antipsychotics that have multi-receptor profiles and cause
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder. It provides information on the prevalence, clinical features, course, differential diagnosis, etiology and treatment options for each disorder. The treatment options discussed include pharmacological interventions like antidepressants and anxiolytics as well as psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
This document discusses covert conduct disorder, a subtype of conduct disorder characterized by deceitful and manipulative behaviors rather than overt aggression. It defines covert conduct disorder and describes common behaviors such as lying, truancy, running away, and substance abuse. The document also discusses casual factors, assessment methods, and prevention strategies for covert conduct disorder as it is difficult to observe and involves long-term observation and self-reports.
Schizophrenia is a group of psychoses affecting young adults that causes changes in behavior, perception, thoughts and emotions. It has a prevalence of 0.5-1% globally. Genetics plays a role, with a higher risk for those with a family history. Environmental factors like family dynamics, stress, drugs and infections during pregnancy may also contribute. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, psychosocial support, rehabilitation and family education. Outcomes vary, with about 30% making a good recovery and 30% remaining handicapped long-term.
This document provides information on sexual dysfunctions and disorders according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic systems. It discusses various sexual disorders including those involving sexual desire, arousal, orgasm and pain. It also covers paraphilias, gender identity disorders, homosexuality and sexual deviations. The document provides details on evaluation and treatment of these conditions.
This document provides information on Unipolar Mood Disorder and defines Unipolar Disorder as a mental disorder characterized by pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest in enjoyable activities. It discusses the manifestations of Unipolar Disorder which can affect daily life for weeks or longer by interfering with social, family, work, academic, and health aspects of life. The document also lists and describes several types of Depressive Disorders including Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. It provides details on the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, causes, assessment tools, prognosis, prevalence, and treatment options for these disorders.
The document provides an overview of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) for classifying mental health disorders. ICD-10 was published by the World Health Organization in 1992 and includes 1000 categorical slots for mental disorders from F00-F99. The document describes the main categories of disorders in ICD-10 including organic disorders, substance use disorders, schizophrenia and psychotic disorders, mood disorders, neurotic disorders, and dissociative disorders. It also compares ICD-10 to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) which is used primarily in the United States.
Dr. Irfan Ahmad Khan discusses the management of schizophrenia. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by breakdown of thought processes and poor emotional responsiveness. It typically begins in early adulthood.
- Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms like affective flattening and anhedonia.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests dopamine excess in the mesolimbic pathway contributes to symptoms. Current antipsychotics target dopamine and serotonin receptors.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic drugs, including classical antipsychotics that mainly target D2 receptors, and atypical antipsychotics that have multi-receptor profiles and cause
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder. It provides information on the prevalence, clinical features, course, differential diagnosis, etiology and treatment options for each disorder. The treatment options discussed include pharmacological interventions like antidepressants and anxiolytics as well as psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
This document discusses covert conduct disorder, a subtype of conduct disorder characterized by deceitful and manipulative behaviors rather than overt aggression. It defines covert conduct disorder and describes common behaviors such as lying, truancy, running away, and substance abuse. The document also discusses casual factors, assessment methods, and prevention strategies for covert conduct disorder as it is difficult to observe and involves long-term observation and self-reports.
Schizophrenia is a group of psychoses affecting young adults that causes changes in behavior, perception, thoughts and emotions. It has a prevalence of 0.5-1% globally. Genetics plays a role, with a higher risk for those with a family history. Environmental factors like family dynamics, stress, drugs and infections during pregnancy may also contribute. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, psychosocial support, rehabilitation and family education. Outcomes vary, with about 30% making a good recovery and 30% remaining handicapped long-term.
This document provides information on sexual dysfunctions and disorders according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic systems. It discusses various sexual disorders including those involving sexual desire, arousal, orgasm and pain. It also covers paraphilias, gender identity disorders, homosexuality and sexual deviations. The document provides details on evaluation and treatment of these conditions.
This document provides information on Unipolar Mood Disorder and defines Unipolar Disorder as a mental disorder characterized by pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest in enjoyable activities. It discusses the manifestations of Unipolar Disorder which can affect daily life for weeks or longer by interfering with social, family, work, academic, and health aspects of life. The document also lists and describes several types of Depressive Disorders including Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. It provides details on the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, causes, assessment tools, prognosis, prevalence, and treatment options for these disorders.
1. Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior.
2. It affects about 1% of the population and is one of the most challenging diseases for psychiatrists to treat.
3. The causes are unknown but likely involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Management involves antipsychotic medications along with psychosocial therapies.
Personality disorder are a group of mental health conditions that are characterized by inflexible and atypical patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
A personality disorder is a mental health condition that involves long-lasting, all-encompassing, disruptive patterns of thinking, behavior, mood and relating to others. These patterns cause a person significant distress and/or impair their ability to function.
This document provides information about schizophrenia, including:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder often characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and behavior.
- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms involving loss of functions, and cognitive symptoms involving difficulties with memory and concentration.
- Types include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and schizoaffective. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy with the goal of controlling symptoms.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental illness characterized by instability in moods, behavior, and relationships. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as childhood trauma. People with BPD may experience extreme mood swings, impulsivity, feelings of emptiness, fear of abandonment, and unstable self-image. Treatment involves medication to reduce symptoms like anxiety and depression as well as psychotherapy approaches like dialectical behavior therapy which teach skills for managing emotions and improving relationships.
This document defines and describes organic mental disorders and organic mental syndromes. It discusses disorders, syndromes, and organic mental syndrome. Organic mental disorders result from changes in the brain due to various causes like toxicity, tumors, infections, or metabolic changes. The document outlines classifications of organic mental disorders in ICD-10 and DSM-IV and describes specific disorders like dementia, delirium, and amnestic syndromes. It discusses causes, risk factors, types, and features of organic mental disorders and provides detailed descriptions of delirium and dementia.
Lecture 8 sexual and gender identity disordersgsjus
This document summarizes a lecture on sexual and gender identity disorders given by Prof. Domingo O. Barcarse. It discusses normal sexuality and various disorders, including gender identity disorder, sexual dysfunctions (e.g. hypoactive sexual desire disorder, sexual aversion disorder, sexual arousal disorders, orgasmic disorders), and sexual pain disorders. It provides DSM-IV criteria for diagnosing these disorders and discusses myths related to sexuality.
This document discusses substance use disorder and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, dependence, and psychoactive substances. It describes the etiology, signs and symptoms, psychiatric disorders, and complications of alcohol dependence. It discusses the properties of alcohol, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment including detoxification, disulfiram, and the nursing role in management.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is diagnosed based on signs of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and other symptoms. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications along with psychosocial therapies like family therapy, social skills training and milieu therapy. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, administering medications properly, and supporting recovery through acceptance, trust-building and encouraging social functioning.
Anxiety disorder and medical comorbidityAndri Andri
This document discusses the relationship between anxiety disorders and medical comorbidities. It begins by outlining the talk and reviewing the epidemiology of anxiety disorders. It then examines how anxiety can be both primary or secondary to medical conditions and substance abuse. Several studies are cited showing links between anxiety and increased risks of heart disease, respiratory illness, and gastrointestinal problems. The document also reviews treatment approaches for anxiety disorders like SSRIs, SNRIs, benzodiazepines, and cognitive behavioral therapy. It provides efficacy evidence and tolerability profiles for sertraline and alprazolam in particular. Finally, it emphasizes that treating anxiety in medically ill patients can improve disease management and reduce risks.
This document discusses anxiety disorders and methods for screening anxiolytic drugs. It defines anxiety and lists some common clinically recognized anxiety disorders. The causes of anxiety are described including neural circuits in the brain, genetics, medical conditions, substance use, and poor coping skills. Methods for screening potential anxiolytic drugs are outlined, including binding assays, tests based on unconditioned and conditioned responses in animals, and the elevated plus maze test in rats. The elevated plus maze test procedure and parameters measured are detailed.
- Schizophrenia was originally described as having distinct subtypes with different symptoms, but all involve dissociative thinking. Genes on multiple chromosomes have been implicated in schizophrenia risk. Environmental factors like lower birth weight, stress in pregnancy, and advanced paternal age may also play a role.
- Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia include enlarged ventricles, reduced hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volume, and abnormal prefrontal function. The hypofrontality hypothesis suggests dysfunction in prefrontal regions, supported by brain imaging studies. Psychedelic drugs can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms, and NMDA receptor antagonists like PCP and ketamine also produce similar effects in animals. Current drug treatments target dopamine and serotonin receptors.
Help your children improve behavior with play therapy whereby children can interact with therapist and easily deal with psychology issues effectively without any hindrance.
Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder involving breakdowns in thought, emotion, and behavior. It has genetic and environmental causes and is associated with excessive dopamine in the brain. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms like lack of pleasure, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, and treatment involves antipsychotic medication as well as family and social support.
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
The document summarizes mood disorders and their classification. It describes the main features of manic episodes, depressive episodes, bipolar mood disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, and persistent mood disorder. Manic episodes are characterized by elevated mood and increased psychomotor activity. Depressive episodes involve depressed mood, loss of interest, and feelings of worthlessness. Bipolar disorder involves recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Treatment involves medications like antidepressants, lithium, antipsychotics as well as psychosocial therapies.
This document provides information on schizophrenia, including its epidemiology, types, symptoms, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes schizophrenia as a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts and behaviors. The lifetime prevalence is reported to be 0.3-0.7%, most commonly onset in late adolescence to early adulthood. Treatment involves both pharmacological approaches using antipsychotics like clozapine and risperidone, and non-pharmacological psychosocial rehabilitation programs.
1) Psychosis refers to impaired reality testing, such as believing events that are not real occurred. Psychotic disorders include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder.
2) Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the population and is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. It has both positive symptoms like hallucinations and negative symptoms like lack of emotion.
3) Schizoaffective disorder involves symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder at the same time. Delusional disorder involves nonbizarre delusions not caused by other conditions.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
The document discusses mental disorders, specifically focusing on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It provides definitions and descriptions of the disorders, including common signs and symptoms. For schizophrenia, it covers causes such as genetic and environmental factors, as well as effects on relationships, daily functioning, and increased suicide risk. For bipolar disorder, it describes the different types including mania, hypomania, depression, and rapid cycling, and the associated symptoms for each mood state. It also discusses the increased suicide risk during depressive phases of bipolar disorder.
1. Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior.
2. It affects about 1% of the population and is one of the most challenging diseases for psychiatrists to treat.
3. The causes are unknown but likely involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Management involves antipsychotic medications along with psychosocial therapies.
Personality disorder are a group of mental health conditions that are characterized by inflexible and atypical patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
A personality disorder is a mental health condition that involves long-lasting, all-encompassing, disruptive patterns of thinking, behavior, mood and relating to others. These patterns cause a person significant distress and/or impair their ability to function.
This document provides information about schizophrenia, including:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder often characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and behavior.
- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms involving loss of functions, and cognitive symptoms involving difficulties with memory and concentration.
- Types include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and schizoaffective. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy with the goal of controlling symptoms.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental illness characterized by instability in moods, behavior, and relationships. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as childhood trauma. People with BPD may experience extreme mood swings, impulsivity, feelings of emptiness, fear of abandonment, and unstable self-image. Treatment involves medication to reduce symptoms like anxiety and depression as well as psychotherapy approaches like dialectical behavior therapy which teach skills for managing emotions and improving relationships.
This document defines and describes organic mental disorders and organic mental syndromes. It discusses disorders, syndromes, and organic mental syndrome. Organic mental disorders result from changes in the brain due to various causes like toxicity, tumors, infections, or metabolic changes. The document outlines classifications of organic mental disorders in ICD-10 and DSM-IV and describes specific disorders like dementia, delirium, and amnestic syndromes. It discusses causes, risk factors, types, and features of organic mental disorders and provides detailed descriptions of delirium and dementia.
Lecture 8 sexual and gender identity disordersgsjus
This document summarizes a lecture on sexual and gender identity disorders given by Prof. Domingo O. Barcarse. It discusses normal sexuality and various disorders, including gender identity disorder, sexual dysfunctions (e.g. hypoactive sexual desire disorder, sexual aversion disorder, sexual arousal disorders, orgasmic disorders), and sexual pain disorders. It provides DSM-IV criteria for diagnosing these disorders and discusses myths related to sexuality.
This document discusses substance use disorder and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, dependence, and psychoactive substances. It describes the etiology, signs and symptoms, psychiatric disorders, and complications of alcohol dependence. It discusses the properties of alcohol, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment including detoxification, disulfiram, and the nursing role in management.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is diagnosed based on signs of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and other symptoms. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications along with psychosocial therapies like family therapy, social skills training and milieu therapy. Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, administering medications properly, and supporting recovery through acceptance, trust-building and encouraging social functioning.
Anxiety disorder and medical comorbidityAndri Andri
This document discusses the relationship between anxiety disorders and medical comorbidities. It begins by outlining the talk and reviewing the epidemiology of anxiety disorders. It then examines how anxiety can be both primary or secondary to medical conditions and substance abuse. Several studies are cited showing links between anxiety and increased risks of heart disease, respiratory illness, and gastrointestinal problems. The document also reviews treatment approaches for anxiety disorders like SSRIs, SNRIs, benzodiazepines, and cognitive behavioral therapy. It provides efficacy evidence and tolerability profiles for sertraline and alprazolam in particular. Finally, it emphasizes that treating anxiety in medically ill patients can improve disease management and reduce risks.
This document discusses anxiety disorders and methods for screening anxiolytic drugs. It defines anxiety and lists some common clinically recognized anxiety disorders. The causes of anxiety are described including neural circuits in the brain, genetics, medical conditions, substance use, and poor coping skills. Methods for screening potential anxiolytic drugs are outlined, including binding assays, tests based on unconditioned and conditioned responses in animals, and the elevated plus maze test in rats. The elevated plus maze test procedure and parameters measured are detailed.
- Schizophrenia was originally described as having distinct subtypes with different symptoms, but all involve dissociative thinking. Genes on multiple chromosomes have been implicated in schizophrenia risk. Environmental factors like lower birth weight, stress in pregnancy, and advanced paternal age may also play a role.
- Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia include enlarged ventricles, reduced hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volume, and abnormal prefrontal function. The hypofrontality hypothesis suggests dysfunction in prefrontal regions, supported by brain imaging studies. Psychedelic drugs can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms, and NMDA receptor antagonists like PCP and ketamine also produce similar effects in animals. Current drug treatments target dopamine and serotonin receptors.
Help your children improve behavior with play therapy whereby children can interact with therapist and easily deal with psychology issues effectively without any hindrance.
Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder involving breakdowns in thought, emotion, and behavior. It has genetic and environmental causes and is associated with excessive dopamine in the brain. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms like lack of pleasure, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, and treatment involves antipsychotic medication as well as family and social support.
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
The document summarizes mood disorders and their classification. It describes the main features of manic episodes, depressive episodes, bipolar mood disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, and persistent mood disorder. Manic episodes are characterized by elevated mood and increased psychomotor activity. Depressive episodes involve depressed mood, loss of interest, and feelings of worthlessness. Bipolar disorder involves recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Treatment involves medications like antidepressants, lithium, antipsychotics as well as psychosocial therapies.
This document provides information on schizophrenia, including its epidemiology, types, symptoms, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. It describes schizophrenia as a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts and behaviors. The lifetime prevalence is reported to be 0.3-0.7%, most commonly onset in late adolescence to early adulthood. Treatment involves both pharmacological approaches using antipsychotics like clozapine and risperidone, and non-pharmacological psychosocial rehabilitation programs.
1) Psychosis refers to impaired reality testing, such as believing events that are not real occurred. Psychotic disorders include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder.
2) Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the population and is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. It has both positive symptoms like hallucinations and negative symptoms like lack of emotion.
3) Schizoaffective disorder involves symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder at the same time. Delusional disorder involves nonbizarre delusions not caused by other conditions.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
The document discusses mental disorders, specifically focusing on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It provides definitions and descriptions of the disorders, including common signs and symptoms. For schizophrenia, it covers causes such as genetic and environmental factors, as well as effects on relationships, daily functioning, and increased suicide risk. For bipolar disorder, it describes the different types including mania, hypomania, depression, and rapid cycling, and the associated symptoms for each mood state. It also discusses the increased suicide risk during depressive phases of bipolar disorder.
The document discusses mental disorders and provides information on several types of disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It describes the key symptoms and characteristics of schizophrenia such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. The document also discusses possible causes of schizophrenia including genetic and environmental factors as well as brain chemical imbalances. Effects of the disorder are outlined including relationship and daily life difficulties as well as increased risk of substance abuse and suicide. Bipolar disorder is briefly introduced as involving severe fluctuations in mood.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The document discusses the history, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia including antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy. Nursing management focuses on safety, medication administration and psychosocial support.
1. Dr. Rahul Sharma discusses schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, behavior, and emotion.
2. Some of the main causes of schizophrenia include genetic factors and neurodevelopmental issues. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.
3. There are several types of schizophrenia including paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated. Diagnosis involves medical exams and history collection. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy.
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders including their history, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, course, and related conditions. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. It has a genetic basis and likely involves dopamine and other neurotransmitter abnormalities.
- Other psychotic disorders discussed include brief psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder. They share psychotic features with schizophrenia but differ in duration of symptoms and presence of mood symptoms.
- Diagnosis is based on DSM criteria and involves ruling out substance-induced or medical
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders including their history, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, course, and related conditions. Some key points include:
- Schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. It has a genetic basis and likely involves dopamine and other neurotransmitter abnormalities.
- Other psychotic disorders discussed include schizoaffective disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and delusional disorder, each with their own diagnostic criteria and clinical presentations.
- Understanding the history, theories, and ongoing research on the biology and treatment of these severe mental illnesses provides important context for diagnosis and patient care
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders including their history, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, course, and related conditions. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. It has a genetic basis and likely involves dopamine and other neurotransmitter abnormalities.
- Other psychotic disorders discussed include brief psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder. They share psychotic features with schizophrenia but differ in duration of symptoms and presence of mood symptoms.
- Diagnosis is based on DSM criteria and involves ruling out substance-induced or medical
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder characterized by abnormalities in perception or expression of reality. It affects about 1.1% of the US population aged 18 and older. Common symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms like diminished emotional expression. It is considered a spectrum of disorders with various subtypes. Treatment focuses on eliminating symptoms through antipsychotic medications and psychosocial support.
The document provides information about schizophrenia, including its definition, symptoms, diagnosis, course, treatment, and etiology. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is defined by positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months and cause deterioration in functioning.
- It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in late adolescence/early adulthood.
- Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, emotional blunting, and lack of motivation.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic medication and psychosocial support like therapy. The exact causes are unknown but are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain development.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. The document discusses the different types of schizophrenia including disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated and residual schizophrenia. It also covers schizoaffective disorder and other psychotic disorders. Biological, genetic, developmental and social factors are believed to play a role in the causes of schizophrenia. Symptoms can include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, lack of motivation and emotional expression.
This document summarizes schizophrenia, including its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical pictures and types. It discusses potential genetic and environmental predisposing factors. Four main types of schizophrenia are described: paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, and simple. Treatment options mentioned include antipsychotic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy, and social/vocational rehabilitation programs.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is defined by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms. The disorder has been recognized since the late 19th century and was termed "dementia praecox" and later "schizophrenia". It affects about 1% of the population and has varying levels of severity and outcomes depending on factors like symptom type, treatment adherence and social support. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies.
The document discusses schizophrenia, a type of psychosis characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It defines schizophrenia and describes its subtypes according to the ICD-10 classification system. The causes are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Signs and symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms such as reduced emotional expression. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, and treatment includes antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy and social/vocational support.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that generally appears in late adolescence or early adulthood - however, it can emerge at any time in life. It is one of many brain diseases that may include delusions, loss of personality (flat affect), confusion, agitation, social withdrawal, psychosis, and bizarre behavior.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia including:
- Definitions and classifications according to ICD-10 including paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual, and simple schizophrenia.
- Etiology including biological, psychological, and sociocultural theories. Biological theories discuss genetic and neurobiological factors.
- Clinical features including positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations and negative symptoms.
- Management involves hospitalization if needed, pharmacotherapy primarily with antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, and nursing care to address symptoms and promote self-care.
- Nursing diagnoses may include altered thought processes, social isolation, and self-care deficits.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. Common symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, lack of motivation and flat affect. It typically emerges in late teens to early twenties. Theories suggest both genetic and environmental factors contribute to vulnerability. Treatments include medications to reduce positive symptoms, and therapy, social skills training, and family support to improve functioning. Recovery rates vary but many experience ongoing challenges.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. Common symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, lack of motivation and flat affect. It typically emerges in late teens to early twenties. Theories suggest both genetic and environmental factors contribute to vulnerability. Treatments include medications to reduce positive symptoms, and therapy, social skills training, and family support to improve functioning. Recovery rates vary but many experience ongoing challenges.
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Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Feeding plate for a newborn with Cleft Palate.pptxSatvikaPrasad
A feeding plate is a prosthetic device used for newborns with a cleft palate to assist in feeding and improve nutrition intake. From a prosthodontic perspective, this plate acts as a barrier between the oral and nasal cavities, facilitating effective sucking and swallowing by providing a more normal anatomical structure. It helps to prevent milk from entering the nasal passage, thereby reducing the risk of aspiration and enhancing the infant's ability to feed efficiently. The feeding plate also aids in the development of the oral muscles and can contribute to better growth and weight gain. Its custom fabrication and proper fitting by a prosthodontist are crucial for ensuring comfort and functionality, as well as for minimizing potential complications. Early intervention with a feeding plate can significantly improve the quality of life for both the infant and the parents.
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3. WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA?
A chronic severe brain disorder; often they hear
voices, believe media are broadcasting their
thoughts to the world or may believe someone
is trying to harm them.
In men it usually develops in teen years and
early 20s; in women it usually develops in 20s
and 30s.
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4. HISTORY
Eugen Bleuler: He renamed the dementia praecox as
schizophrenia (1911); he recognized the cognitive
impairment in this illness, which he named as a
―splitting― of mind.
The term Schizophrenia origin from Greek roots
SKHIZEN- Split and phren- mind
This disorder mainly affect cognition but also usually
contributes to chronic problems with behavior and
emotion.
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5. DEFINITIONS
The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in
general by fundamental and characteristic distortions
of thinking and perception, and affects that are
inappropriate or blunted. Clear consciousness and
intellectual capacity are usually maintained although
certain cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of
time.
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6. Schizophrenia is defined by
A group of characteristic positive and negative
symptoms deterioration in social, occupational, or
interpersonal relationships continuous signs of the
disturbance for at least 6 months
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7. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
1. Biological
Biochemical, neurostructural, genetic and
perinatal risk factors
A. Genetic:
The disease is more common among people born of
consanguineous marriage.
It is accepted, that schizophrenia which origin is multi
factorial:
internal factors – inborn, biochemical
external factors – trauma, infection of CNS, stress
Twin and adoption study
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8. B. BIOCHEMICAL - DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS
Excessive dopamine release
Mesolimbic system
Increased level of dopamine in Mesolimbic system of brain. Or
hyperactivity on this pathway is associated with positive symptoms
of schizophrenia.
Mesocortical pathway:
Deficit in dopamine in this pathway is associated with negative and
cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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9. Nigrostriatal pathway:
This is the part of extrapyramidal system
and its controls motor movements.
Blockade of D2 receptors cause deficiency in
dopamine in this pathway leads to movement
disorders such as Parkinson’s disease.
Hyperkinetic disorder such as Tardive
Dyskinesia.
Tuberoinfundibular pathway:
Increased neuronal activity of this pathway
inhibits Prolactin Release.
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11. Serotonin, nor epinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine
and Gaba, Neuroregulators (Prostaglandin, Endorphins)
C. NEUROSTRUCTURAL:
Prefrontal cortex and limbic cortex
Decreased brain volume, larger third and
lateral ventricles, atrophy in frontal lobe,
cerebellum and limbic structures.
Increased size of sulci on the surface
D. PERINATAL RISK FACTORS
Maternal influenza, birth during late winter
or early spring, complications in delivery
Physical condition
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12. 2. PSYCHODYNAMIC
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES: Regression to the oral stage of
psychosexual development by using Denial, projection and
reaction formation. Poor ego, superego dominency, id
behaviour
FAMILY THEORIES: MOTHER CHILD RELATIONSHIP,
DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY SYSTEM, DOUBLE BLIND
COMMUNICATION
3. VUNERABILITY STRESS MODEL
4. SOCIAL FACTORS
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14. SCHINEIDER’S SYMPTOMS- 1959
AUDIBLE TTHOUGHTS OR THOUGHT ECHO
HALLUCINATORY VOICES
THOUGHT WITHDRAWAL
THOUGHT INSERTION
THOUGHT BROADCASTING
DELUSIONAL PERCEPTION
SOMATIC PASSIVITY
MADE VOLITION OR ACT, MADE IMPULSES
MADE FEELINGS OR AFFECT
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16. OTHER SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms of schizophrenia generally are
divided into three categories — positive, negative and
cognitive.
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17. Positive symptoms
Positive symptoms are psychotic behaviors
not seen in healthy people. People with
positive symptoms often "lose touch" with
reality. These symptoms can come and go.
Sometimes they are severe and at other
times hardly noticeable, depending on
whether the individual is receiving
treatment.
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18. POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
In schizophrenia, positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion
of normal functions. These active, abnormal symptoms may
include:
DELUSIONS
HALLUCINATIONS
EXCITEMENT OR AGITATION
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
SUSPICIOUSNESS
SUCIDAL TENDENCIES
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19. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
Negative symptoms are associated with disruptions to
normal emotions and behaviors. These symptoms are harder to
recognize as part of the disorder and can be mistaken for
depression or other conditions.
ALOGIA (POVERTY OF SPEECH)
AFFECTIVE FLATTENING
ANHEDONIA (INABILITY TO EXPERIENCE THE PLEASURE)
ASSOCIALITY (LACK OF DESIRE TO FORM RELATIONSHIP)
AVOLITION (LACK OF MOTIVATION)
ATTENTION IMPAIRMENT
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20. "Flat affect" (a person's face does not move or he or she talks
in a dull or monotonous voice)
Lack of pleasure in everyday life
Speaking little, even when forced to interact.
People with negative symptoms need help with everyday tasks.
They often neglect basic personal hygiene. This may make
them seem lazy or unwilling to help themselves, but the
problems are symptoms caused by the schizophrenia.
Negative symptoms respond less well to medication
comparatively to the positive symptoms.
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21. COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS
Cognitive symptoms are subtle. Like negative symptoms,
cognitive symptoms may be difficult to recognize as part
of the disorder. Often, they are detected only when
other tests are performed. Cognitive symptoms include
the following:
Poor "executive functioning" (the ability to understand
information and use it to make decisions)
Trouble focusing or paying attention
Problems with "working memory" (the ability to use
information immediately after learning it).
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23. PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA
Persons are very suspicious of others and often have grand
schemes of persecution at the root of their behavior.
For example, they may believe that others are deliberately:
Cheating them
Harassing them
Poisoning them
Spying upon them
DELUSION OF PERSECUTION, JEALOUSY, GRANDIOSITY,
HALLUCINATORY VOICES
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24. HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA (OR)
DISORGANIZED SCHIZOPHRENIA
Disorganized schizophrenia; characterized by
emotionless, incongruous, or silly behavior,
intellectual deterioration, frequently beginning
insidiously during adolescence.
May be verbally incoherent and may have moods
and emotions that are not appropriate to the
situation.
SENSLEES GIGGLING,
MIRRORGAZING,GRIMACING,MANNERISMS
Hallucinations not usually present, WORST
PROGNOSIS
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25. CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
Person is extremely withdrawn, negative and isolated.
People with this type of schizophrenia can be clumsy and
uncoordinated. They may also show involuntary movements,
grimacing, or unusual mannerisms. They may repeat certain
motions over and over or, in extreme cases, may become
catatonic.
IT INCLUDE CATATONIC STUPOR, CATATONIC EXCITEMENT
AND ALTERNATING BETWEEN TWO.
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26. CATATONIC EXCITMENT
INCREASE IN PSYCHOMOTOR ACTIVITY
INCREASE IN SPEECH PRODUCTION
LOOSENING OF ASSOCIATION
SOMETIMES RIGIDITY, HYPERTHERMIA, AND
DEHYDRATION LEADS TO DEATH
KNOWN AS ACTUAL LETHAL CATATONIA OR
PERNICIOUS CATATONIA
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28. SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER
There will be symptoms of schizophrenia as well as
mood disorder (depression, bipolar, mixed mania).
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29. UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA
Conditions meeting the general diagnostic criteria for
schizophrenia but not conforming to any of the
previous types.
Exhibits more than one of the previous types without a
clear dominance of one.
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30. RESIDUAL SCHIZOPHRENIA
Lacks motivation and interest in day-to-day living.
Person is not usually having delusions, hallucinations or
disorganized speech.
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31. With this schizophrenia type, a person no longer shows
positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized
speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior), but
still shows negative symptoms, which can include:
Flat affect (for example, immobile facial expression and
monotonous voice)
Lack of pleasure in everyday life
Diminished ability to initiate and sustain planned activity
Speaking infrequently, even when forced to interact.
People with residual schizophrenia often neglect basic
hygiene and need help with everyday living activities.
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32. SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA
EARLY AND INSIDIOUS ONSET
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS, BAGUE
HYPOCHONDRICAL FEATURES,
WANDERING TENDENCY, AIMLESS
ACTIVITY
NO ANY EPISODE OF PROMINENT
SYMPTOMS
THE PROGNOSIS IS VERY POOR
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33. TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
When doctors suspect someone has schizophrenia, they
typically ask for medical and psychiatric histories, conduct a
physical exam, and run medical and psychological tests and
exams. These tests and exams generally include:
Laboratory tests. These may include a complete blood count
(CBC), other blood tests that may help to rule out other
conditions with similar symptoms, screening for alcohol and
drugs, and imaging studies, such as an MRI or CT scan.
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34. Psychological evaluation.
A doctor or mental health provider will check mental
status by observing appearance and demeanor and
asking about thoughts, moods, delusions, hallucinations,
substance abuse, and potential for violence or suicide.
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35. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA
To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, a person must
meet the criteria spelled out in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This
manual is published by the American Psychiatric
Association and is used by mental health providers to
diagnose mental conditions.
Diagnosis of schizophrenia involves ruling out other
mental health disorders and determining that symptoms
aren't due to substance abuse, medication or a medical
condition. In addition, a person must:
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36. Have at least two of the common symptoms of the disorder —
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized
or catatonic behavior, or presence of negative symptoms for a
significant amount of time during one month
Experience significant impairment in the ability to work,
attend school or perform normal daily tasks
Have had symptoms for at least six months
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37. There are several subtypes of schizophrenia, but not everyone
easily fits into a specific category. The five most common
subtypes are:
Paranoid. Characterized by delusions and hallucinations, this
type generally involves less functional impairment and offers
the best hope for improvement.
Catatonic. People with this subtype don't interact with others,
get into bizarre positions, or engage in meaningless gestures
or activities.
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38. Disorganized. Characterized by disorganized thoughts and
inappropriate expressions of emotion, this type generally
involves the most functional impairment and offers the least
hope for improvement.
Undifferentiated. This is the largest group of people with
schizophrenia, whose dominant symptoms come from more
than one subtype
Residual. This type is characterized by extended periods
without prominent positive symptoms, but other symptoms
continue.
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46. TYPICAL - PHENOTHIAZINES
Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists
Chlorpromazine first developed from promethazine,
first tricyclic antihistamine
Haloperidol
Used in 1970s almost exclusively
No anticholinergic effects – therefore used in patients
with delirium
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48. ATYPICALS
Atypicals do not induce EPSE
Block D2 receptors and 5-HT seratonin receptors
(decreases EPSE)
As opposed to typicals, these are more loosely bound to
D2 receptors
Easier dissociation
Shown that higher occupation of D2 receptors by drug,
higher incidence of EPSE
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49. 5-HT SERATONIN RECEPTORS
Blocking 5-HT seratonin receptors decreases
negative symptoms and EPSE
Mechanism is unknown
Seratonin inhibits dopamine release
Positive symptoms associated with
hyperdopaminergic condition in limbic lobe – more
D2 receptors here, so D2 blocking prevails
Negative symptoms associated with
hypodopaminergic condition in frontal lobe – more
5-HT receptors here, so seratonin inhibits dopamine
release – stabilizes dopamine level
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51. CLOZAPINE
First atypical (1990)
Most dangerous atypical: risk of agranulocytosis (severe
decrease in WBC count)
Most effective in reducing EPSE, also in reducing negative
symptoms
Increases Fos-positive neurons in the prefrontal cortex (shown to
affect negative symptoms)
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52. RISPERIDONE
Low doses needed
Predominantly blocks D2, then 5-HT
Does not exhibit multireceptor action
Lacks anticholinergic activity – makes it better for
youth, elderly
Problem – increases prolactin levels (shouldn’t give to
people with breast cancer)
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53. OLANZAPINE
Zyprexa is number one antipsychotic in sales (Eli Lilly)
Exhibits multireceptor action
Good for controlling mood symptoms
Problems: Sedation and
weight gain
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54. COMBINATIONS
Example is Symbyax
Combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine (Prozac)
Can also treat bipolar disorder
Combination of ziprasidone and clozapine
Can be used to combat treatment resistance
Combination of aripriprazole and clozapine
Eletroconvulsive therapy
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55. PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
Group therapy (Social interaction)
behavior therapy (To increase appropriate behavior)
Social skill training (Training behavior such as eye to
eye contact, facial expression etc through Role play)
Cognitive thinking (reducing distractibility and
correcting judgment)
Family therapy (A brief program of family education
about schizophrenia )
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56. PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION
This includes the activity therapy to develop the work habit,
training in a new vocation or retraining in the previous skills.
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57. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Disturbed thought process related to inability to trust, panic
anxiety, heredity or biochemical factors as evidenced by
delusional thinking.
Disturbed sensory perception (Auditory) related to panic
anxiety or biochemical factors as evidenced by inappropriate
responses.
Ineffective health maintenance related to inability to trust,
extreme suspiciousness as evidenced by poor intake of food.
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58. Self-care deficit related to withdrawal,
regression, panic anxiety, cognitive
impairment, inability to trust evidenced by
difficulty in carry out the task, hygiene,
dressing, eating and sleeping.
Potential for violence, self directed or at others
related to command hallucination evidenced
by physical violence.
Risk for self-inflicted related to command
hallucination evidenced by suicidal ideas.
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59. Social isolation related to inability to
trust, panic anxiety, delusional thinking
as evidenced by withdrawal.
Impaired verbal communication related
to panic anxiety, unrealistic thinking
evidenced by poor eye to eye contact.
Ineffective family coping related to
impaired family communication as
evidenced by neglectful care of patient.
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