Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to provide access and a safe working platform for construction workers. The main types are putlog scaffolds, which use horizontal members called putlogs attached to a single row of uprights, and independent scaffolds, which have two rows of uprights connected by cross members. Scaffolding materials include tubular steel, tubular aluminum alloy, and timber. Safety precautions include inspecting scaffolds regularly and ensuring all components like handrails, boards, and braces are securely in place before use.

1. SCAFFOLDING

2. DEFINITION “ A temporary structure from which persons can gain access to a place in order to carry out building operation” “ A temporary frame usually constructed from steel or aluminium alloy tubes clipped or coupled together to provide a means of access to high-level working areas as well as providing as a safe platform from which to work.”

3. FUNCTION As a working platform - so that the worker can stand on the platform do the work easily & safely As a platform for placing material & logistic needed by the workers to carry out their job As a platform and walking passage - scaffolding support the platform that been used by the worker as their walking path to transport the material & logistic

4. 2 Basic forms of scaffolding are as follows: Putlog Scaffold - Single row of uprights / standards set outside the perimeter of the building. - It’s a partly supported by the structure Independent Scaffolds - It have 2 rows of standards that are tied by cross members called transoms.

5. Among the factors need to be considered during the design process of scaffold are as follows: Easier to be erected Strong Light / Not heavy Safe Suitable Passage Link / Passage connecting to other places

6. Scaffold can be made of the following material: Tubular steel b) Tubular aluminium alloy c) Timber

7. STEEL SCAFFOLD Steel tubes are nearly 3 times heavier than aluminium alloy tubes but are far stronger. Longer span can be used since it deflection is approximately 1/3 of aluminium alloy tubes. There 2 types that is: - Galvanized steel tubes - Ungalvanized steel tubes that need special care (painting, varnishing or oil bath after use)

8. Steel Scaffolding

9. ALUMINIUM SCAFFOLDS Need protective treatment when they are to be used in contact with materials such as damp line, wet cement & sea water to prevent corrosion to the tubes. Coating the tube with bitumastic paint before using it would be a suitable protective treatment.

10. Aluminium Scaffolding

11. TIMBER SCAFFOLD Extensively used in the developing country Members are lashed together with wire or rope instead of the coupling fittings used with metal scaffolds.

12. Timber Scaffold

13. Bamboo Scaffolding (In Hong Kong)

14. Bamboo Scaffolding

15. SCAFFOLD ELEMENTS Standards / “Tiang” Ledger / “belebas” Transom / “Pepat” Double Coupler / “Pengganding Berkembar” Swivel Coupler / “Pengganding Swivel” Putlog Coupler / “Pengganding Putlog” Base Plate / Split Joint Pin Reveal Pin Putlog End

16. BASE PLATE DOUBLE COUPLER STANDARD

17. STANDARD

18. Double Coupler - the only real loadbearing fitting used in scaffolding - used to join ledgers to standards Swivel Coupler - Composed of 2 single coupler riveted together so that it is possible to rotate them & use them for connecting 2 scaffold tubes at any angle. c) Putlog Coupler - use solely for fixing putlogs/transoms to the horizontal ledgers.

19. d) Base Plate - It is used to distribute the load from the foot of a standard on to a sole plate or firm ground. e) Split Joint Pin - A connection fitting used to joint scaffold tubes end to end. - A centre bolt expands the 2 segments that grip on the bore of the tubes f) Reveal Pin - Fits into the end of a tube to form an adjustable strut

20. g) Putlog End - A flat plate that fits on the end of a scaffold tube to convert it into a putlog

21. Putlog Coupler

22. Double Coupler

23. Swivel Coupler

24. Base Plate For Scaffold

25. PUTLOG SCAFFOLDS It consists of a single row of uprights or standards set away from the wall at a distance that will accommodate the required width of the working platform. The standards are joined together with horizontal members called “ledgers” The ledgers are tied to the building with cross members called putlog. It is erected as the building rises & mostly used for buildings of traditional brick construction

26. Putlog Scaffold tied into the brickwork using putlogs or tubes with putlog adaptors

27. INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLD This scaffold has 2 rows of standards that are toed by cross members called transoms. This scaffold doesn’t rely upon the building for support Suitable for use in conjunction with framed structures.

28. Independent Scaffold

29. OTHER TYPES OF SCAFFOLD Besides pulog scaffold & independent scaffold there are other such as: Slung Scaffold Truss-Out Scaffold Suspended Scaffolds Mobile Tower Scaffold Birdcage Scaffolds Gantries

30. MOBILE TOWER SCAFFOLD The mobile scaffold would have small tyres under the standards. Designed to be easily moved Commonly used for things such as painting and plastering, where workers must frequently change position. Used mainly by painters & maintenance to gain access to ceilings.

31. Mobile Tower Scaffold

32. Mobile Scaffold

33. Suspended Scaffold It is platform that is suspended by rope or other non-rigid means, from an overhead structure There are many types of suspended scaffolds such two point (swing stage), multipoint adjustable, catenary and others.

34. Two Point (Swing Stage) is hung by ropes or cable connected to stirrups at each end of the platform. It is used by window washers or skyscrapers

35. Two Point (Swing Stage)

36. SAFETY PRECAUTION Standard must be on the same level and vertically straight on the base plate. The supporting platform wood must be supported properly. Working platform must been equipped with safety elements such as hand rail. Scaffold must be inspected at certain times. Use safety tools such as safety boots, safety helmet and etc when using platform.

37. Supervision of scaffold erection & progress /safety reports are undertaken by a suitable experience & qualified person that normally occurs: a) within the preceding 7 days b) after adverse weather conditions that may have affected the scaffold’s strength or stability c) whenever alterations / additions are made to the scaffold

38. The report made after inspection must consist : Location & description of scaffold Date of inspection Result of inspection, statin the condition of scaffold Signature & office of the person making the inspection Badly assembled & neglected scaffold have been a significant contributory factor to the high accident rate associated with the construction industry.