Sc2220 Lecture 6 2009
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This document discusses gender representations in popular culture and advertising. It notes that standards of beauty seem to impact women more than men and influence clothing styles. Advertising often portrays men as experts and in roles of authority, while women are younger, receive advice, and are objectified based on appearance. Cultural differences also influence beauty standards based on factors like food availability and skin color associations with social status. Popular culture and mass media are argued to increase body image pressures across societies.
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This document is a paper on gender stereotypes in media by Suyash Naik submitted on January 9th, 2018 for the class FYBMM. The paper discusses how gender stereotypes have existed since the 1800s and were perpetuated by mass media. Even as feminist movements called for women's equality, traditional stereotypes of women as homemakers and sex objects and men as successful and masculine continued in advertising. Common stereotypes portrayed in media include women as housewives, seductresses, or health-obsessed, while men are shown as muscular and successful or ordinary guys. These stereotypes are often unrealistic and fail to acknowledge strong, independent women.
Gender inequality in media
Gender inequality in media is a major issue that affects both men and women. Women are often portrayed more negatively and are underrepresented compared to men. In television commercials, women are usually depicted as homemakers, while men are shown as strong decision makers. Magazines also commonly objectify or stereotype women, such as focusing on their appearance, sexuality, or domestic roles. The music industry also exploits and degrades women, portraying them as sexual objects. To address these issues, advertising needs to avoid enforcing strict gender roles for children. Media representation of both women and men should be more equal and avoid negative stereotypes that can harm self-esteem and confidence. Laws and awareness campaigns are also needed to promote gender equality.
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This document discusses gender and media. It introduces gender studies as a field that analyzes how race, ethnicity, sexuality and other factors intersect with gender. Gender studies challenges the distinction between sex and gender, arguing that both are socially constructed. The document examines how movies, advertising and other media influence ideas of beauty, masculinity and femininity from a young age. It also discusses Judith Butler's theory of gender as performative and looks at some examples of how historical advertising reflected and shaped gender norms.
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This document discusses various topics relating to media and gender presentation. It begins by defining what media is, noting it is ubiquitous in contemporary society and comes in many forms. It then discusses how media functions as a single entity that communicates understandings of gender. Media is described as an institution that shares conventions through the construction of content and audiences. Television is used as an example of how the economics of media is driven through commercials and product placement targeted at audiences. The document also discusses how media exerts power over gender norms and representations, and influences social norms around issues like gender, race, and class.
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The document discusses the objectification of women in Indian advertisements. It notes that advertisements often portray women exclusively as housewives, sexual objects, or focus solely on their beauty, skin tone, and body weight. This objectifies women and promotes harmful gender stereotypes. The document examines controversial advertisements from companies like Amul Macho and Calvin Klein and discusses regulatory frameworks in India regarding indecent representation of women in media. It provides a Kantian analysis of why objectification is unethical as it treats women as means rather than ends. A utilitarian approach is also presented, but this approach could still be problematic as it does not consider the dignity and respect of all individuals.
Gender and the media
This presentation discusses how media representations of gender and beauty influence societal norms. Unrealistic ideals are portrayed - women are expected to be extremely thin while men must be muscular. These portrayals shape gender roles, with women often depicted as weak victims and men as strong protectors or villains. Scenes of violence like rape also usually portray women as helpless and men as powerful. The media gaze constructs women as passive objects for the male audience. Through constant exposure, these images shape perceptions of appropriate gender roles and relationships.
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This document is a paper on gender stereotypes in media by Suyash Naik submitted on January 9th, 2018 for the class FYBMM. The paper discusses how gender stereotypes have existed since the 1800s and were perpetuated by mass media. Even as feminist movements called for women's equality, traditional stereotypes of women as homemakers and sex objects and men as successful and masculine continued in advertising. Common stereotypes portrayed in media include women as housewives, seductresses, or health-obsessed, while men are shown as muscular and successful or ordinary guys. These stereotypes are often unrealistic and fail to acknowledge strong, independent women.
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women in the media
The Roaring 20s saw the rise of a new independent woman known as the flapper. She cut her hair short, wore revealing clothing, used makeup, drank, smoked, and had premarital relations, which represented a major shift in social norms. Advertising played on this new image of female independence but also reinforced traditional domestic roles. Fashion evolved to reflect the flapper lifestyle with styles like short skirts, bobbed hair, and use of makeup in public. By the late 1920s, flapper fashion began to influence styles for all women.
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In modern era, electronic media is significant part of our life & a key to change the society.
The role and status of women in any society can be studied through the images of women which the media projects.
But the presentation of women in the media is biased because it emphasises women’s domestic, sexual, consumer & marital activities to the exclusion of all else.
Objectification
The document discusses gender representation in media and Hollywood. It notes that women are often portrayed as sexual objects in films, with unrealistic physical attributes. This can have negative impacts, giving both girls and boys unrealistic expectations of women's bodies. Additionally, research suggests that women are more likely to be viewed as collections of body parts rather than as whole persons due to such objectification in media. As a result, many teens and young adults struggle with issues like anorexia, depression, and low self-esteem stemming from Hollywood's female portrayals.
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This document discusses how stereotypes are portrayed in advertising and their harmful effects. It notes that entertainment, sports, and media influence how people learn gender roles and stereotypes from a young age. Specifically, it analyzes how male archetypes in advertising often emphasize aggression, violence, and danger to represent masculinity. Similarly, women's roles in ads frequently focus on beauty, sex appeal, and thinness. The document encourages people to think critically about these stereotypes and how they limit potential by restricting how different genders can express themselves.
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The document discusses how gender is socially constructed and reinforced through various institutions including family, education, religion, media, and the state. It examines how media in particular helps define appropriate roles, qualities, behaviors, and value associated with each sex. The media creates stereotypes about gender realities and perpetuates the existence of gender through the portrayals and definitions it promotes. It conditions gendered experiences by reinforcing narrow ideas about how men and women should look, act, and what they can achieve. The media industry also provides many career opportunities for both men and women.
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This document discusses gender roles and related concepts such as patriarchy, feminism, masculinity, and homophobia. It provides definitions for key terms and highlights how gender socialization teaches rigid categories of masculine and feminine behavior. While society promotes difference between genders, true gender identity arises from within and exists on a broader spectrum. The document calls for dismantling power structures that subordinate women and unfairly advantage men.
Representation of gender in media
The document discusses representations of gender in media. It notes that males are commonly portrayed as strong, bold, powerful, and independent, while females are often depicted as weak, domestic, passive, emotional, and sensitive. Examples are given of how the media has created and reinforced views of gender, such as by portraying women as sexual objects and emphasizing parts of their bodies. The media also infantilizes women by portraying them as child-like and vulnerable. In contrast, men are frequently glamorized in the media and shown as heroic protectors who are in control and hold power over women.
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This document discusses the representation of women in contemporary visual culture and advertising. It provides a brief history of feminism and its influence on media and popular culture. The document then analyzes how women are often portrayed in advertising through objectification, as sex objects, and in ways that promote inequality. It also discusses how feminism has been adopted by advertisers to market products, which can diminish its political meaning. In conclusion, advertising both reflects and helps shape societal stereotypes around gender, and feminism is now sometimes used to sell commodities.
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Sexism is portrayed in various media sources such as TV shows, movies, advertisements and books. A survey of 23 people found that most had witnessed sexism towards women, including portrayals of women as inferior or belonging in the kitchen. However, opinions varied on whether sexism is a major problem, with about half believing it is a problem and half not seeing it as a big deal. While some media sources portray women in sexual or subservient roles, the impact of these portrayals is unclear according to the survey responses.
Media representation of gender
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Stereotype issues masculinity
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Representation of gender in media
The document discusses representation of gender in media. It notes that gender is a basic way humans categorize themselves and others, and is key to identity and how people view each other. Media represents many objects as masculine or feminine, especially in advertising, and this helps shape what viewers see as appropriate gender characteristics from a young age. Two tables are included that show stereotypical portrayals of gender in media - with males often shown as muscular, authoritative, and aggressive while females are depicted as objects of desire and emotionally vulnerable.
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This document discusses how different age groups are represented in media. It notes that after gender and ethnicity, age is the most common way people are stereotyped. It then examines stereotypes of teenagers as yobbish or involved in gangs/crime, and of older people as poor, fussy, or senile. The document suggests these representations are socially constructed to justify social control. It analyzes how moral panics over youth groups can influence legislation and media texts that perpetuate stereotypes like EastEnders character Martin Fowler.
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Sexism takes many forms including discriminatory treatment of women, violence against women, and economic disadvantages faced by women. Some key points are:
- Sexism includes prejudicial language that excludes women from certain professions as well as the idea that men are superior.
- Approximately 1.5 million women are raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner each year in the US.
- Poverty has increasingly become an issue for women, especially those with children, due to factors like divorce and abandonment.
- Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign broke barriers, being the first woman nominated for president by a major party, but she and other female candidates still face sexist attitudes.
Fem-vertising: A feminist approach in adverting
The document discusses the feminist approach to analyzing portrayals of women in advertising over time. It provides context on the waves of feminism and the goals of each wave. It also summarizes several studies that analyzed the shifting depictions of women in magazines from the 1950s to 2000s, noting that while women have more roles today, sexism and objectification still exist. The document also discusses how some feminist magazines and campaigns challenged sexist advertising and promoted alternative portrayals of women.
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This document discusses the social construction of gender and sexism. It begins with an activity asking participants to reflect on how they performed their gender that day. It then discusses how gender is defined differently in other cultures, providing examples of eunuchs, hijras, and the socialization of children along gender lines. The document also covers patriarchy and how it influences sexism. Examples are given of sexism in the media and cultural norms. Throughout, it prompts reflection on how gender stereotypes can be challenged to reduce harmful impacts.
Objectification of women in advertisments
This document discusses the objectification of women in advertisements. It defines objectification as representing an abstraction as a physical thing. Advertisements have become integral to modern life through TV and other media. The advertisement industry aims to satisfy clients. Women are often objectified in ads to make them feel inadequate and that products will improve their looks and attractiveness. This can negatively impact women's self-image and lead to issues like eating disorders. While objectification exists for men as well, women are more commonly fragmented and depicted as objects in ads. The document concludes that objectifying women in advertisements has become an ingrained social norm that is now difficult to change.
The sociology of mass media: Representations of gender on the media
The document discusses representations of gender in mass media and their reflection of patriarchal norms. It describes how media historically portrayed men as breadwinners and heads of household while women were depicted as domestic, maternal, and subordinate. Studies found women underrepresented in achievements and more likely to be sexualized. Magazines in particular were found to promote rigid gender ideals and focus on women's appearance, care for family, and relationship to men.
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This document discusses gender portrayal in media. It begins by introducing the topic and explaining the author's interest in exploring how gender is depicted in media and the negative influence it can have, especially on children. It then discusses several ways gender is commonly portrayed negatively in media, such as through sexual objectification of women, unrealistic body standards, and stereotypical gender roles. Several impacts of this are also mentioned, like low self-esteem and eating disorders. Examples are provided from various media like advertisements, magazines, television and movies. The document advocates for more positive and accurate gender representations in media to counter these harmful portrayals and influence.
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This document discusses the evolution of gender roles and stereotypes over time for both women and men. It describes how women were traditionally stereotyped as housewives in the 1930s but began moving into the corporate world in the 1950s. Women have increasingly broken down barriers to show they can achieve anything. Similarly, men were traditionally seen as providers and leaders but now also take on caregiver roles. Gender roles for both women and men have become more flexible and balanced over recent decades.
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In modern era, electronic media is significant part of our life & a key to change the society.
The role and status of women in any society can be studied through the images of women which the media projects.
But the presentation of women in the media is biased because it emphasises women’s domestic, sexual, consumer & marital activities to the exclusion of all else.
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The document discusses gender representation in media and Hollywood. It notes that women are often portrayed as sexual objects in films, with unrealistic physical attributes. This can have negative impacts, giving both girls and boys unrealistic expectations of women's bodies. Additionally, research suggests that women are more likely to be viewed as collections of body parts rather than as whole persons due to such objectification in media. As a result, many teens and young adults struggle with issues like anorexia, depression, and low self-esteem stemming from Hollywood's female portrayals.
Research Paper on Sexual Objectification of Women in Indian Advertisements.
Indian advertisements often sexually objectify and stereotype women. Women are portrayed as objects of male sexual desire and are judged based on their physical appearance rather than accomplishments. They are shown in subordinate roles to men and used to increase sales by adding an "oomph factor". This objectification promotes unrealistic beauty standards and can negatively impact women's self-image and mental health. The paper aims to prove this prevalent objectification and stereotyping in Indian ads fails to further gender equality.
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This document discusses how stereotypes are portrayed in advertising and their harmful effects. It notes that entertainment, sports, and media influence how people learn gender roles and stereotypes from a young age. Specifically, it analyzes how male archetypes in advertising often emphasize aggression, violence, and danger to represent masculinity. Similarly, women's roles in ads frequently focus on beauty, sex appeal, and thinness. The document encourages people to think critically about these stereotypes and how they limit potential by restricting how different genders can express themselves.
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The document discusses how gender is socially constructed and reinforced through various institutions including family, education, religion, media, and the state. It examines how media in particular helps define appropriate roles, qualities, behaviors, and value associated with each sex. The media creates stereotypes about gender realities and perpetuates the existence of gender through the portrayals and definitions it promotes. It conditions gendered experiences by reinforcing narrow ideas about how men and women should look, act, and what they can achieve. The media industry also provides many career opportunities for both men and women.
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This document discusses gender roles and related concepts such as patriarchy, feminism, masculinity, and homophobia. It provides definitions for key terms and highlights how gender socialization teaches rigid categories of masculine and feminine behavior. While society promotes difference between genders, true gender identity arises from within and exists on a broader spectrum. The document calls for dismantling power structures that subordinate women and unfairly advantage men.
Representation of gender in media
The document discusses representations of gender in media. It notes that males are commonly portrayed as strong, bold, powerful, and independent, while females are often depicted as weak, domestic, passive, emotional, and sensitive. Examples are given of how the media has created and reinforced views of gender, such as by portraying women as sexual objects and emphasizing parts of their bodies. The media also infantilizes women by portraying them as child-like and vulnerable. In contrast, men are frequently glamorized in the media and shown as heroic protectors who are in control and hold power over women.
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The document discusses gender representations in media. It notes that males and females are portrayed differently, with males generally given more prominent and positive roles. For example, in advertisements, males are often shown as powerful professionals while females are depicted as thin, beautiful objects or in traditional domestic roles. The media also tends to focus more on male athletes and sports. Furthermore, males are commonly represented in media as independent, strong, and leaders, while females are often shown as dependent, emotional, and passive.
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Stereotypes in media are used to quickly convey information to wide audiences but can be problematic. They reduce diversity to oversimplified categories and perpetuate social prejudice. While media portrays men as powerful and violent, this reinforces narrow assumptions of masculinity and how men should act. Some men are speaking out against stereotypes promoted by certain magazines and media that restrict discussion of gender issues and encourage rejection of intelligence. Advertisements in the 1990s began showing women in a more positive light but sometimes did so by portraying men in unfavorable or trivializing situations, which some found offensive.
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This document discusses how different age groups are represented in media. It notes that after gender and ethnicity, age is the most common way people are stereotyped. It then examines stereotypes of teenagers as yobbish or involved in gangs/crime, and of older people as poor, fussy, or senile. The document suggests these representations are socially constructed to justify social control. It analyzes how moral panics over youth groups can influence legislation and media texts that perpetuate stereotypes like EastEnders character Martin Fowler.
Men's Right Activists ppt
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Sexism presentation
Sexism takes many forms including discriminatory treatment of women, violence against women, and economic disadvantages faced by women. Some key points are:
- Sexism includes prejudicial language that excludes women from certain professions as well as the idea that men are superior.
- Approximately 1.5 million women are raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner each year in the US.
- Poverty has increasingly become an issue for women, especially those with children, due to factors like divorce and abandonment.
- Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign broke barriers, being the first woman nominated for president by a major party, but she and other female candidates still face sexist attitudes.
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The sociology of mass media: Representations of gender on the media
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1. Laura Mulvey introduced the concept of the "male gaze" in film theory, which refers to the way films are typically shot from the perspective of the heterosexual male viewer. This objectifies women and turns them into objects to be looked at.
2. The theory suggests that women are often denied agency and identity in films, existing primarily as objects for the male gaze. This can influence how women see themselves.
3. The male gaze is argued to be prevalent in many mainstream films and media, potentially reinforcing patriarchal social norms and power dynamics by influencing how both men and women see gender roles.
The Male Gaze Laura Mulvey
The document discusses Laura Mulvey's concept of the "male gaze" in film theory. Mulvey argues that films typically present the perspective of a heterosexual male viewer who objectifies female characters. This relegates women to the status of objects and viewers must identify with the male perspective. The male gaze lingers on women's bodies and defines events through a man's reaction. While some argue this allows female sexuality, critics say it still treats women as objects for the male viewer's pleasure through their visual representation.
Television advertising techniques
This document discusses various styles, techniques, and conventions used in television advertising. It provides examples of different styles such as documentary, mini fiction, animation and talking heads. It also discusses techniques like hidden messages, overt messages, emotional response, celebrity endorsement, and repetition. Finally, it covers conventions such as soundtracks, brand logos, dialogue, special effects, and characteristics of products/services including benefits, advantages over competitors, and lifestyle appeal. The document is an overview of creative and marketing elements commonly employed in television commercials.
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Sc2220 lecture 5 2011
Advertising plays a powerful role in shaping gender beliefs and reinforcing stereotypes. It often portrays women as "sex objects" and men as "success objects", playing on evolved psychological tendencies. While some aspects of beauty are consistent across cultures, such as symmetry, standards of beauty vary widely and are influenced by factors like status, food availability, and skin exposure norms. Gender systems have complex determinants from culture, social relations, and biology.
Sc2220 lecture 5 2012
The document discusses how advertising reinforces gender stereotypes by portraying women as sex objects and men as success objects. It notes that while some aspects of beauty are consistent across cultures, such as symmetry and waist-to-hip ratio, standards of beauty vary widely between societies and are influenced by factors like available resources, technology, and racism. The document concludes that gender systems are shaped by multiple cultural, social, and biological factors rather than having a single cause.
Research paper -revised_women_in_adv
This document provides a literature review and content analysis of the portrayal of women in advertising over time. It discusses how women have historically been used as sex objects to sell products in ads. While recent studies show some improvement, stereotypical portrayals persist, such as only showing young, thin, attractive women. This leads to unrealistic standards that harm women's self-esteem and mental health. The document presents a hypothesis about current portrayals and describes a methodology for analyzing ads to test this hypothesis. It will analyze units such as gender roles and appearances to understand stereotypes faced by women.
Representations of Women (blog version of class slides)
The document discusses representations of gender in children's books called Little Miss/Mr. Men. It notes that the titles represent notions of femininity and masculinity, with female characters like Little Miss Tidy focusing on cleaning, while male characters like Mr. Busy are fast, productive and efficient. While Little Miss Busy and Mr. Busy seem equal at first, her duties are domestic while his accomplishments are building a house, showing differing gender roles are still constructed even for young audiences.
Week 8 Beauty & the BodyToday’s GoalsBe able to.docx
Week 8:
Beauty & the Body
Today’s Goals
Be able to explain how gender, race and class shape our embodied life experiences.
Embodied: to give a bodily form to, incarnate
Understand how the socially constructed “Beauty Myth” encourages us to believe that some bodies are more attractive than others, and in essence, worth more than others.
Analyze media and advertising messages for the “hidden” norms and values they support, including messages about masculinity and femininity.
Apply a critical feminist lens to cosmetic surgery and eating disorders– two experiences which impact more women than men in our society.
Constructing the Gendered Body
Biology
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Culture
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Embodied Experiences
Gender socialization, Performing gender, Constructed norms
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The body is a metaphor for culture
Social and political futures are imagined in and through the body
The body is a direct locus of social control
Foucault: The “docile body” regulated by the organization and regulation of our daily lives
Female bodies become docile bodies through the focus on self-improvement by diet, make up, fashion, plastic surgery
The body is a site of struggle
We must transform our daily practices to resist gender domination
We must maintain a skeptical attitude toward instant gratification offered by popular culture
The Nature-Culture dichotomy
Women have historically been defined as closer to nature
Women understood as creators through their bodies (reproduction)
Men have historically been defined as producers of culture
Men defined as creating with their minds/intellect/reason
Experiencing the body
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Many gendered activities have an impact on our bodies. Some performances—such as the masculinized activity of weight lifting—have a very obvious impact on the body. Other activities—such as the gendered norm of discussing feelings in women’s friendships—have a less immediately obvious impact on the body. However, the stress reduction achieved through close relationships can improve long-term physical and psychological health outcomes.
How does the media depict male & female bodies
Does not portray real lives and behaviors of actual men and women
Creates an ideal image of both bodies and lifestyles that relies on beauty and wealth
Assumes men and women will try to imitate both the physical appearance and lifestyles of men and women in ads
Media messages about the body
Women should be thin, young, beautiful, light skinned
Men should be tough, strong
Women should look sexy but be innocent
Women’s bodies are constantly dismembered, objectified, and used to sell products they have no.
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This document discusses how gender roles and societal expectations of masculinity and femininity influence consumers' self-concept and purchasing behaviors. It explores how marketing often promotes gender stereotypes through targeted products and gendered portrayals. The document also examines how exposure to media ideals of beauty can negatively impact body image, particularly for women, and how these ideals have changed over time and vary cross-culturally.
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The document discusses how the media portrays unrealistic standards that pressure men and women. It summarizes research showing that women see hundreds of advertisements per day emphasizing beauty, causing many to feel pressure to be thin. Men are often depicted as hyper-masculine and dominant. A survey found that both men and women feel the media influences them to conform to stereotypes, with women feeling pressure to be thin and beautiful, and men feeling pressure to be strong and muscular. While the media impacts both sexes, it pressures them in different ways and can lower self-esteem, especially in women.
Globalcompose.com sample term paper on sexism in us media
This document analyzes how sexism is portrayed in American media, particularly through advertising. It discusses how women are often depicted as sex objects in ads, shown in revealing clothing more so than men. This perpetuates the idea that women are sexual objects rather than equals. The settings where women are depicted, such as the home, also reinforce traditional gender stereotypes. Celebrity endorsements disproportionately feature attractive, feminine women over accomplished female athletes. Such portrayals can negatively impact women's self-esteem and mental health by making them feel they must adhere to unrealistic beauty standards. Overall, the document examines how prevalent sexism in American media advertising continues to undermine gender equality.
Womens Studies Chapter 1 Powerpoint
The document discusses societal pressures and unrealistic standards of beauty that women face. It notes that from a young age, women are judged based on their appearance and feel pressure to meet constantly changing beauty ideals promoted by media. Studies show attractive people are perceived more positively in areas like jobs and criminal sentencing. The multi-billion dollar beauty industry relies on making women feel insecure to drive sales. While some cultures value the aging process, American society sees aging as something to fight and cure. The document advocates for accepting one's natural body.
As tv drama & representation
The document discusses various concepts related to representation in media texts including signs, codes, ideologies, and the representation of social groups such as gender, ethnicity, age, sexuality, class, ability, and region. It provides examples of common representations within each social group and questions to consider when analyzing representations, such as whether they reinforce stereotypes or provide diverse portrayals.
Representation
The document discusses various concepts related to representation in media texts including signs, codes, ideologies, and the representation of social groups such as gender, ethnicity, age, sexuality, class, ability, and region. It provides examples of common representations within each social group and questions to consider when analyzing representations, such as whether they reinforce stereotypes or provide diverse portrayals.
COMMODITISING FEMALE BODY THROUGH ELECTRONICMEDIA
The document discusses the exploitation of women through their portrayal in electronic media advertisements. It notes that advertisements commonly use women's bodies to sell products in unnecessary ways. The document presents examples of advertisements for products like fairness creams, deodorants, and drinks that prominently feature actresses' physical attributes rather than promoting the products. It argues this objectifies women and promotes unrealistic beauty standards. The document also summarizes interviews with common women about their views on these advertisements and their influence on consumers. It aims to analyze the trend of overusing women's bodies in advertising from a feminist perspective.
Real beauty redefined
This document discusses redefining beauty by dispelling common myths about appearance. It argues that true beauty comes from within, not superficial standards promoted by the multi-billion dollar beauty industry. Five common myths are presented, such as the idea that thinness or youthfulness equals beauty. In reality, beauty comes in all shapes and sizes. The document advocates developing self-esteem from inner qualities like character rather than looking to artificial measures of worth.
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This document discusses gender issues in Singapore, including the "flight from marriage" phenomenon where many educated Singaporean women are choosing not to marry. It has led to a skewed gender ratio in the marriage market. The document also examines how Singapore imports foreign female labor as domestic workers and brides to compensate for the marriage gap. This has contributed to the rise of "transnational patriarchy" where Singaporean men leverage their citizenship to marry foreign women from countries like Thailand in order to maintain patriarchal privileges of having a traditional wife and family. However, this often results in cultural conflicts between the expectations of Singaporean men and their families and the backgrounds of their foreign brides.
Sc2220 lecture 9 2012
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on gender studies, including: the history of gender studies; gender socialization and systems; explanations for the gender wage gap such as choices women make, gendered organizations, and discrimination; the "double shift" worked by women; and the marginalization of men in domestic work. It also discusses cultural bias against stay-at-home fathers and the concept of gendered institutions.
Sc2220 lecture 8 2012
The document discusses explanations for the development of patriarchal societies. It argues that three interrelated factors contributed: 1) the greater biological investment required of women in child rearing due to pregnancy and lactation, 2) the potential for male cuckoldry creating disincentives for paternal investment, and 3) how these first two factors influenced the development of sexual and resource exchange systems between men and women that gave men influence over female sexuality and children.
Sc2220 lecture 7 2012
This document provides an overview of key concepts in gender studies, including:
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Sc2220 lecture 6 2012
The document provides information about various topics for an upcoming gender studies course. It begins by reminding students of upcoming deadlines to submit wiki contributions and complete a midterm feedback survey. It then announces an event called "The Hijab Challenge" and provides a link for more information. The rest of the document outlines topics that have already been covered in the course and topics that will be covered going forward, including gender in popular culture, social relations, and contemporary Singapore. It addresses some student feedback and questions about applying the knowledge from the course.
Sc2220 lecture 4 2012
Gender systems are complex and change through the interaction of beliefs and practices at multiple levels over time. Both changing beliefs and changing practices can drive gender system change, and the relationship between the two is dynamic and bidirectional.
Sc2220 lecture 3 2012
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Sc2220 lecture 2 2012
This document discusses a lecture on human sex and sexuality. It begins by covering key facts about sexual reproduction, including how it creates more variety than asexual reproduction and allows for faster evolution. It then discusses different types of sexual reproduction in species, including sequential hermaphrodites and simultaneous hermaphrodites. The document emphasizes that biology does not determine gender, as gender is a social and cultural construct, and different cultures interpret human biology in various ways. It also notes that biological sex exists on multiple levels and is not strictly binary, as some individuals are intersex.
Sc2220 Lecture 1 2012
The document outlines the syllabus for a gender studies course, including warnings about course content involving sex and sexuality, assignments such as participating in discussion groups and contributing to a course wiki, and a final exam that will be comprehensive and involve writing two essays to answer questions about all material covered in the course.
Sc2218 lecture 12 (2011)
The document discusses recent trends in anthropology, focusing on three main challenges: who anthropologists are, evolving theoretical frameworks, and understanding a changing world. It analyzes trends in American anthropology, noting influential scholars and shifting influences from other disciplines. Key areas of study include globalization, identity, politics, and local experiences. Overall, anthropology is moving from describing isolated cultures to understanding dynamic cultural processes and local perspectives on global issues.
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Sc2218 lecture 9 (2011)
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Sc2218 lecture 8 (2011)
The document discusses the cultural aspects of economics and exchange. It examines how value is created through branding and consumption in modern capitalist societies. Commodification of human relationships through money and commodity fetishism is also analyzed, where social relationships become abstracted and mediated by monetary exchange rather than direct interaction. Finally, the cultural differences between patron-client networks and bureaucratic rational systems of organizing social relationships are compared.
Sc2218 lecture 7 (2011)
The document discusses the concept of economics and exchange from an anthropological perspective. It provides examples of exchange systems from different cultures around the world, including the Hxaro exchange of the Ju/'hoansi people, Potlatch ceremonies of Native North Americans, and the Kula ring of Trobriand Islanders. These examples show that economic systems are cultural phenomena that serve social and relationship purposes beyond just meeting basic needs. The document also examines the cultural aspects of economics through a case study of the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo.
Sc2218 lecture 6 (2011)
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a lecture on gender and sexuality in anthropology. It defines and distinguishes among sex, gender, and sexuality. It discusses how gender is a social and cultural elaboration of biological sex. Examples of gender systems like marriage, inheritance, and residence patterns are presented to show how they vary across cultures. The influence of sexual bonding and reproduction on the development of gender is also discussed.
Sc2218 lecture 5 (2011)
The document discusses the concept of kinship in anthropology. It defines kinship as the social and cultural interpretations of biological reproduction, including concepts like marriage and paternity. Kinship is a primary organizing principle in most societies. The document then discusses kinship structures among the Ju/'hoansi people and how kinship becomes less complex and important an organizing factor in industrial societies, with new institutions taking kinship's place. It ends by discussing new horizons for kinship with technological developments like surrogacy and sperm donation.
Sc2218 lecture 4 (2011)
This document provides an outline and summary of a lecture on culture and the human condition. It discusses definitions of culture, how human cultures have evolved significantly in the past 50,000 years through processes like the agricultural and industrial revolutions. It also distinguishes between culture as systems of meaning and society as systems of interaction and exchange. Specific examples are provided to illustrate how urban systems and nation-states arise from social and cultural dynamics.
Sc2218 lecture 3 (2011)
1. The document discusses the concept of human diversity and challenges the idea that diversity can be explained by biological races. It argues that race is a social construct not supported by genetic evidence.
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Sc2218 lecture 2 (2011)
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