Threats to wildlife
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•423 views
This document discusses threats to wildlife resources in the Philippines. It provides statistics on endemic mammal, bird, reptile, and amphibian species. It then lists several endangered species in the Philippines including the Philippine crocodile, Mindoro bleeding heart, and monkey-eating eagle. The main threats to wildlife are identified as climate change, habitat loss, illegal trapping and hunting, overexploitation, and pollution. The effects of these threats include trophic cascades, changes to food chains, and biodiversity loss. Prevention efforts include finding cruelty-free products and getting involved with conservation organizations.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
major National park of pakistan
This document discusses the major national parks of Pakistan. It outlines 9 national parks: Kirthar, Chinji, Hazarganji, Khunjerab, Margalla Hills, Chitral-Gol, Ayubia, Deosai, and Lal Sohanra. Each park is described in 1-2 paragraphs, highlighting its location, year established, key species found there such as ibex, markhor, brown bears, and objectives like protecting endangered wildlife. The document provides information on the purpose of national parks and prohibited activities within their boundaries.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservation
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Wildlife sanctuaries in pakistan
The document discusses several wildlife sanctuaries located across Pakistan that aim to conserve local species of birds and animals. It outlines sanctuaries in Sindh, Punjab, North West Province, and Balochistan provinces, providing details on each location's notable wildlife and purpose for being established as a protected area. Some of the major sanctuaries mentioned include Himeji Lake and Nara Desert in Sindh, Chashma and Taunsa Barrage Dolphin Sanctuary in Punjab, and Astor and Baltistan sanctuaries in North West Province.
Habitat & niche
The document discusses the concepts of habitat and niche. It defines habitat as the place where an organism lives, while niche refers to an organism's role in its environment. Some key points:
- Habitat can be similar for different organisms, but niches differ as organisms may have different trophic positions (what they eat).
- Niche includes spatial/habitat, trophic, and multidimensional components related to various environmental factors.
- Niche breadth refers to how widely an organism utilizes resources, while niche overlap measures how often species are found together, indicating competition.
- Gause's competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist if their niches are identical.
Biosystematics, and types of taxonomy
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
Evolution species to races
The document discusses the concept of biological races. It notes that races are populations that have diverged slightly from one another genetically, but are not fully isolated. There are different scientific views on how to define and classify races. Races are seen as temporary phenomena that evolve over time through various genetic and environmental factors like mutation, natural selection, and migration. The document provides examples of different races within species and discusses how modern humans evolved from earlier human species.
International Agencies Involved in Conservation & Management of Wildlife
A brief presentation of some of the most important international agencies involved in conservation and management of wildlife.
Primate evolution
1) Primates first evolved around 65 million years ago and split into two main groups - one containing lemurs and lorises, and the other containing tarsiers and anthropoids like monkeys, apes and humans.
2) Early hominines like Australopithecus afarensis had adaptations for both walking upright and spending time in trees, as evidenced by fossils like "Lucy".
3) Later hominines evolved adaptations like an opposable thumb and larger brains that enabled tool use and were better suited for life on land. Fossils continue to provide new insights into human evolution but also raise new questions.
Recommended
major National park of pakistan
This document discusses the major national parks of Pakistan. It outlines 9 national parks: Kirthar, Chinji, Hazarganji, Khunjerab, Margalla Hills, Chitral-Gol, Ayubia, Deosai, and Lal Sohanra. Each park is described in 1-2 paragraphs, highlighting its location, year established, key species found there such as ibex, markhor, brown bears, and objectives like protecting endangered wildlife. The document provides information on the purpose of national parks and prohibited activities within their boundaries.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservation
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Wildlife sanctuaries in pakistan
The document discusses several wildlife sanctuaries located across Pakistan that aim to conserve local species of birds and animals. It outlines sanctuaries in Sindh, Punjab, North West Province, and Balochistan provinces, providing details on each location's notable wildlife and purpose for being established as a protected area. Some of the major sanctuaries mentioned include Himeji Lake and Nara Desert in Sindh, Chashma and Taunsa Barrage Dolphin Sanctuary in Punjab, and Astor and Baltistan sanctuaries in North West Province.
Habitat & niche
The document discusses the concepts of habitat and niche. It defines habitat as the place where an organism lives, while niche refers to an organism's role in its environment. Some key points:
- Habitat can be similar for different organisms, but niches differ as organisms may have different trophic positions (what they eat).
- Niche includes spatial/habitat, trophic, and multidimensional components related to various environmental factors.
- Niche breadth refers to how widely an organism utilizes resources, while niche overlap measures how often species are found together, indicating competition.
- Gause's competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist if their niches are identical.
Biosystematics, and types of taxonomy
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
Evolution species to races
The document discusses the concept of biological races. It notes that races are populations that have diverged slightly from one another genetically, but are not fully isolated. There are different scientific views on how to define and classify races. Races are seen as temporary phenomena that evolve over time through various genetic and environmental factors like mutation, natural selection, and migration. The document provides examples of different races within species and discusses how modern humans evolved from earlier human species.
International Agencies Involved in Conservation & Management of Wildlife
A brief presentation of some of the most important international agencies involved in conservation and management of wildlife.
Primate evolution
1) Primates first evolved around 65 million years ago and split into two main groups - one containing lemurs and lorises, and the other containing tarsiers and anthropoids like monkeys, apes and humans.
2) Early hominines like Australopithecus afarensis had adaptations for both walking upright and spending time in trees, as evidenced by fossils like "Lucy".
3) Later hominines evolved adaptations like an opposable thumb and larger brains that enabled tool use and were better suited for life on land. Fossils continue to provide new insights into human evolution but also raise new questions.
ICZN.pptx
The document discusses the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) which provides rules for formally naming animal species. It is published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and aims to ensure every animal has a unique and universally accepted scientific name. The ICZN has six main principles including binomial nomenclature, priority, coordination, and typification to determine the correct scientific name of animal taxa. It also outlines how names are structured at different taxonomic ranks from species to orders.
Taxonomic procedures
This document discusses different types of biological collections including dry collections, wet collections, and low-temperature collections. It describes various methods used to collect specimens such as mist nets, UV light traps, Malaise traps, beating and sweeping vegetation, plankton nets, trawling, dredging, collecting nets, aspirators, Berlese funnels, and floatation. It also discusses how to record data from collected specimens and proper storage and cataloguing of collections.
Community Ecology
The document summarizes key concepts in community ecology:
1. Community structure is described by physical appearance, species diversity, and niche structure.
2. Species diversity is influenced by factors like latitude and pollution.
3. The number of species on an island is determined by immigration and extinction rates, island size, and distance from mainland.
4. Species play roles like native, non-native, indicator, keystone, and foundation species that impact community ecology.
Higher taxa and higher category
- Higher category theory studies categories where some equalities are replaced by arrows, allowing the explicit study of structure behind those equalities.
- Strict higher categories generalize ordinary categories by including higher morphisms between lower morphisms, forming n-categories.
- Weak higher categories satisfy associativity and identity conditions only up to isomorphism or homotopy at the next level, making their definition more complex.
Species interactions
Species interactions can take several forms, including positive associations like mutualism, commensalism, and predation, as well as negative associations like competition. Predation involves one species hunting another for food, while coevolution describes how some species evolve together over time in response to each other. Symbiotic relationships like mutualism benefit both species, commensalism benefits one, and parasitism benefits one at the expense of the other. Competition for limited resources can lead to competitive exclusion of one species or resource partitioning where species divide resources to coexist.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
Wildlife management aims to maintain desirable wildlife populations and involves understanding population trends, influencing factors, species interactions, and landscape impacts. It addresses the balance between wildlife and human activities. Approaches include modifying animal behavior, human behavior, and interactions through barriers, zoning, and reserves. Depletion results from habitat loss, pollution, and absence of shelter. Conservation approaches encompass protection by law, sanctuaries, research, education, and international agreements like CITES that regulate trade. The goal is sustainable wildlife populations and balancing human and wildlife coexistence.
Isolating mechanism and speciation in time 1
This document discusses isolating mechanisms and theories of speciation. It defines isolating mechanisms as any factors that prevent interbreeding between related groups. There are two main types of mechanisms: pre-mating (preventing mating) and post-mating (preventing hybrid formation). Theories of speciation include gradualism, where new species evolve slowly over long periods, and punctuated equilibrium, where species remain largely unchanged apart from brief periods of rapid change leading to speciation. The key differences between these theories are that gradualism involves continuous small changes while punctuated equilibrium involves long periods of stasis punctuated by sudden speciation events.
Olfactory and gustatory receptors
The document discusses chemoreceptors, which include taste receptors and olfactory receptors. Taste and smell rely on chemical receptors being stimulated by certain molecules. Humans can taste sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami; taste and smell are directly related because they use the same types of receptors. Olfactory receptors are located in the nose, while taste receptors are located in the tongue and oral cavity. Both system detect chemicals and transmit signals to the brain.
Lateral line system
Origin of the Lateral Line System
Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations.
Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement.
Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci.
The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain.
The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm).
It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians.
As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates .
In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal.
Structure of the Lateral Line System
Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line.
Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells.
Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 μm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 μm).
The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands.
Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells.
At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers.
Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium.
The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
Niche concept
Dr. Manju Bhaskar discusses the ecological niche concept. An ecological niche describes a species' functional role and position based on factors like resources, predators, habitat characteristics. G. Evelyn Hutchinson described the fundamental niche, being all conditions a species can survive in alone, and the realized niche, being conditions after interactions with other species. Niches allow populations to persist by reducing competition and filling different roles in food webs and ecosystems. Understanding niches provides insights into community composition and species responses to one another.
Animal behavior
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
The evolution of kin selection
Kin selection theory explains the evolution of altruism. While altruism seems to go against individual survival and fitness, kin selection demonstrates that altruistic behavior can persist if the altruistic individual helps genetically similar relatives to survive and pass on shared genes. Key examples discussed are sterile worker ants helping their queen sister reproduce since they share three-quarters of their genes, and ground squirrels whose alarm calls risk individual safety but benefit genetically related neighbors. The theory was developed by W.D. Hamilton and others to explain how natural selection can favor altruism between kin.
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservation
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservationMirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur AJK
The document discusses wildlife and conservation efforts in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of wildlife found in Pakistan, including 188 mammal species and 666 bird species. It then outlines several major threats facing Pakistani wildlife, such as habitat loss due to deforestation, agriculture, and urban growth. The document also describes Pakistan's national parks system and the 21 national parks established to protect the country's biodiversity and wildlife. It emphasizes that conservation is important to preserve Pakistan's biological heritage for future generations.Orthogenesis, Allometry & Adaptive Radiations
Orthogenesis is the theory that organisms evolve in a definite direction due to some internal mechanism, rejecting natural selection. Allometry describes the relationship between an organism's size and its body parts, such as brain size increasing with body size. Adaptive radiations occur when environmental changes open new niches, causing rapid speciation and phenotypic adaptation in a relatively short time, as seen with Hawaiian honeycreepers adapting to different island environments.
different kinds of taxonomic characters and its function
This document discusses the five main types of taxonomic characters used to classify organisms: morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, and geographical. It provides examples of characters under each type, such as external features, anatomy, genetics, metabolism, behavior, habitat preferences, and geographic distributions. The document emphasizes that taxonomic characters should be evaluated together to properly identify and relate different species.
Feeding habit in fish
This document discusses the feeding habits of fish. It begins by defining feeding habit as the kind of food an animal habitually consumes during its life or at a particular stage. It then describes different modes of feeding such as herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and limnivores. The document highlights that understanding the feeding habits of fish is important for polyculture systems. It also discusses the major types of feeding like grazing, predation, straining, sucking, and parasitism. Finally, it provides examples of different mouth structures in fish and how they relate to the fish's diet.
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zada
Systematics has made immense contributions to biology and humankind. It was systematists who originally studied organic diversity and brought major evolutionary problems to light. Systematics reveals patterns in organic diversity and determines the reasons behind similarities through common descent or adaptation. It also contributes significantly to applied fields like medicine, agriculture, conservation, and resource management by identifying organisms and relationships. Systematics plays a key role in theoretical biology as well, such as developing population thinking and upholding natural selection.
Taxonomic collection and identification
Biological collections are valuable for preserving extinct species and rare specimens. They allow researchers to verify original data and study specimens that are otherwise inaccessible. Effective collections involve sampling populations across species' ranges and variations, including larvae and parasites. Specimens are collected using various methods and preserved appropriately through methods like alcohol, stuffing, or formalin depending on the taxon. Proper long-term labeling with data like location, date, life stage, and collector is critical for research.
The zoogeographical region
1. The document discusses the distribution of various geographical regions from a zoogeographical perspective, beginning with the first distribution by Dr. P.L. Sclater in 1857 and subsequent distributions by Huxley in 1868 and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1876.
2. It provides details on the faunal composition and characteristics of key regions including the Palaearctic, Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. Each region is defined by its physical features, climate, and unique endemic families of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and other fauna.
3. The document analyzes similarities and differences in fauna between regions, with the Australian region noted as
Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT)
Presentation on Optimal Foraging Theory (a behavioral ecology model that helps predict how an animal behaves when searching for food).
Threats to biological diversity
The document discusses various threats to biological diversity, including:
1) Habitat loss and degradation from human activities like agriculture, deforestation, pollution, and climate change which drive many species to extinction.
2) Overexploitation of natural resources and overharvesting of species beyond sustainable levels.
3) Introduction of exotic invasive species which outcompete and prey upon native species, especially threatening island ecosystems. Loss of species leads to impoverished ecosystems and permanent loss of genetic diversity.
Bio diversity by shreedhar beese
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, benefits, threats, and importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, between species, and among ecosystems. It notes that biodiversity provides both consumptive value through resources like food and medicine, and non-consumptive value through benefits like recreation. However, biodiversity faces threats like habitat loss and degradation, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. The document emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts like protected areas and ex situ conservation to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem functions for future generations.
More Related Content
What's hot
ICZN.pptx
The document discusses the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) which provides rules for formally naming animal species. It is published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and aims to ensure every animal has a unique and universally accepted scientific name. The ICZN has six main principles including binomial nomenclature, priority, coordination, and typification to determine the correct scientific name of animal taxa. It also outlines how names are structured at different taxonomic ranks from species to orders.
Taxonomic procedures
This document discusses different types of biological collections including dry collections, wet collections, and low-temperature collections. It describes various methods used to collect specimens such as mist nets, UV light traps, Malaise traps, beating and sweeping vegetation, plankton nets, trawling, dredging, collecting nets, aspirators, Berlese funnels, and floatation. It also discusses how to record data from collected specimens and proper storage and cataloguing of collections.
Community Ecology
The document summarizes key concepts in community ecology:
1. Community structure is described by physical appearance, species diversity, and niche structure.
2. Species diversity is influenced by factors like latitude and pollution.
3. The number of species on an island is determined by immigration and extinction rates, island size, and distance from mainland.
4. Species play roles like native, non-native, indicator, keystone, and foundation species that impact community ecology.
Higher taxa and higher category
- Higher category theory studies categories where some equalities are replaced by arrows, allowing the explicit study of structure behind those equalities.
- Strict higher categories generalize ordinary categories by including higher morphisms between lower morphisms, forming n-categories.
- Weak higher categories satisfy associativity and identity conditions only up to isomorphism or homotopy at the next level, making their definition more complex.
Species interactions
Species interactions can take several forms, including positive associations like mutualism, commensalism, and predation, as well as negative associations like competition. Predation involves one species hunting another for food, while coevolution describes how some species evolve together over time in response to each other. Symbiotic relationships like mutualism benefit both species, commensalism benefits one, and parasitism benefits one at the expense of the other. Competition for limited resources can lead to competitive exclusion of one species or resource partitioning where species divide resources to coexist.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
Wildlife management aims to maintain desirable wildlife populations and involves understanding population trends, influencing factors, species interactions, and landscape impacts. It addresses the balance between wildlife and human activities. Approaches include modifying animal behavior, human behavior, and interactions through barriers, zoning, and reserves. Depletion results from habitat loss, pollution, and absence of shelter. Conservation approaches encompass protection by law, sanctuaries, research, education, and international agreements like CITES that regulate trade. The goal is sustainable wildlife populations and balancing human and wildlife coexistence.
Isolating mechanism and speciation in time 1
This document discusses isolating mechanisms and theories of speciation. It defines isolating mechanisms as any factors that prevent interbreeding between related groups. There are two main types of mechanisms: pre-mating (preventing mating) and post-mating (preventing hybrid formation). Theories of speciation include gradualism, where new species evolve slowly over long periods, and punctuated equilibrium, where species remain largely unchanged apart from brief periods of rapid change leading to speciation. The key differences between these theories are that gradualism involves continuous small changes while punctuated equilibrium involves long periods of stasis punctuated by sudden speciation events.
Olfactory and gustatory receptors
The document discusses chemoreceptors, which include taste receptors and olfactory receptors. Taste and smell rely on chemical receptors being stimulated by certain molecules. Humans can taste sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami; taste and smell are directly related because they use the same types of receptors. Olfactory receptors are located in the nose, while taste receptors are located in the tongue and oral cavity. Both system detect chemicals and transmit signals to the brain.
Lateral line system
Origin of the Lateral Line System
Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations.
Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement.
Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci.
The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain.
The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm).
It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians.
As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates .
In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal.
Structure of the Lateral Line System
Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line.
Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells.
Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 μm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 μm).
The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands.
Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells.
At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers.
Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium.
The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
Niche concept
Dr. Manju Bhaskar discusses the ecological niche concept. An ecological niche describes a species' functional role and position based on factors like resources, predators, habitat characteristics. G. Evelyn Hutchinson described the fundamental niche, being all conditions a species can survive in alone, and the realized niche, being conditions after interactions with other species. Niches allow populations to persist by reducing competition and filling different roles in food webs and ecosystems. Understanding niches provides insights into community composition and species responses to one another.
Animal behavior
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
The evolution of kin selection
Kin selection theory explains the evolution of altruism. While altruism seems to go against individual survival and fitness, kin selection demonstrates that altruistic behavior can persist if the altruistic individual helps genetically similar relatives to survive and pass on shared genes. Key examples discussed are sterile worker ants helping their queen sister reproduce since they share three-quarters of their genes, and ground squirrels whose alarm calls risk individual safety but benefit genetically related neighbors. The theory was developed by W.D. Hamilton and others to explain how natural selection can favor altruism between kin.
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservation
Wildlife of pakistan threat and consservationMirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur AJK
The document discusses wildlife and conservation efforts in Pakistan. It provides information on the types of wildlife found in Pakistan, including 188 mammal species and 666 bird species. It then outlines several major threats facing Pakistani wildlife, such as habitat loss due to deforestation, agriculture, and urban growth. The document also describes Pakistan's national parks system and the 21 national parks established to protect the country's biodiversity and wildlife. It emphasizes that conservation is important to preserve Pakistan's biological heritage for future generations.Orthogenesis, Allometry & Adaptive Radiations
Orthogenesis is the theory that organisms evolve in a definite direction due to some internal mechanism, rejecting natural selection. Allometry describes the relationship between an organism's size and its body parts, such as brain size increasing with body size. Adaptive radiations occur when environmental changes open new niches, causing rapid speciation and phenotypic adaptation in a relatively short time, as seen with Hawaiian honeycreepers adapting to different island environments.
different kinds of taxonomic characters and its function
This document discusses the five main types of taxonomic characters used to classify organisms: morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, and geographical. It provides examples of characters under each type, such as external features, anatomy, genetics, metabolism, behavior, habitat preferences, and geographic distributions. The document emphasizes that taxonomic characters should be evaluated together to properly identify and relate different species.
Feeding habit in fish
This document discusses the feeding habits of fish. It begins by defining feeding habit as the kind of food an animal habitually consumes during its life or at a particular stage. It then describes different modes of feeding such as herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and limnivores. The document highlights that understanding the feeding habits of fish is important for polyculture systems. It also discusses the major types of feeding like grazing, predation, straining, sucking, and parasitism. Finally, it provides examples of different mouth structures in fish and how they relate to the fish's diet.
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zada
Systematics has made immense contributions to biology and humankind. It was systematists who originally studied organic diversity and brought major evolutionary problems to light. Systematics reveals patterns in organic diversity and determines the reasons behind similarities through common descent or adaptation. It also contributes significantly to applied fields like medicine, agriculture, conservation, and resource management by identifying organisms and relationships. Systematics plays a key role in theoretical biology as well, such as developing population thinking and upholding natural selection.
Taxonomic collection and identification
Biological collections are valuable for preserving extinct species and rare specimens. They allow researchers to verify original data and study specimens that are otherwise inaccessible. Effective collections involve sampling populations across species' ranges and variations, including larvae and parasites. Specimens are collected using various methods and preserved appropriately through methods like alcohol, stuffing, or formalin depending on the taxon. Proper long-term labeling with data like location, date, life stage, and collector is critical for research.
The zoogeographical region
1. The document discusses the distribution of various geographical regions from a zoogeographical perspective, beginning with the first distribution by Dr. P.L. Sclater in 1857 and subsequent distributions by Huxley in 1868 and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1876.
2. It provides details on the faunal composition and characteristics of key regions including the Palaearctic, Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. Each region is defined by its physical features, climate, and unique endemic families of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and other fauna.
3. The document analyzes similarities and differences in fauna between regions, with the Australian region noted as
Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT)
Presentation on Optimal Foraging Theory (a behavioral ecology model that helps predict how an animal behaves when searching for food).
What's hot (20)
different kinds of taxonomic characters and its function
different kinds of taxonomic characters and its function
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zada
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zada
Similar to Threats to wildlife
Threats to biological diversity
The document discusses various threats to biological diversity, including:
1) Habitat loss and degradation from human activities like agriculture, deforestation, pollution, and climate change which drive many species to extinction.
2) Overexploitation of natural resources and overharvesting of species beyond sustainable levels.
3) Introduction of exotic invasive species which outcompete and prey upon native species, especially threatening island ecosystems. Loss of species leads to impoverished ecosystems and permanent loss of genetic diversity.
Bio diversity by shreedhar beese
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, benefits, threats, and importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, between species, and among ecosystems. It notes that biodiversity provides both consumptive value through resources like food and medicine, and non-consumptive value through benefits like recreation. However, biodiversity faces threats like habitat loss and degradation, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. The document emphasizes the importance of conservation efforts like protected areas and ex situ conservation to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem functions for future generations.
Biodiversity
This document discusses biodiversity and its types, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It defines biodiversity as the variety of plants, animals and organisms within an ecosystem. The three main types of biodiversity are then explained in detail. Threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss, climate change, and poaching are outlined. Examples are given of species that have been negatively impacted. The document concludes with discussing conservation efforts and the current threatened status of many species.
Presentation wildlife conservation
The process of Wildlife Conservation has been discussed
What is wildlife ?
Why is it depleting?
What are the effects of wildlife depletion ?
Why do we need to save it ?
And last but not the least
How can we save it ?
"Ways to conserve Wildlife"
Chapt11 lecture
The document discusses biodiversity and species conservation. It defines biodiversity and species concepts, outlines threats like habitat loss and overharvesting, and describes approaches to endangered species management including the Endangered Species Act, captive breeding programs, and international wildlife treaties. Key challenges include the high number of unidentified species, accelerating extinction rates, and balancing conservation with economic interests.
Proximate Causes of Biodiversity Loss
Habitat destruction, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change are the five main proximate causes of biodiversity loss. Habitat destruction has affected over 85% of threatened species through activities like urbanization and agriculture. Overexploitation harvests plants and animals faster than their reproduction rates can keep up. Invasive species harm native species through competition, disease transmission, and predation. Pollution disrupts ecosystems through contamination of water, soil and air. Climate change alters habitats and some species may be unable to adapt quickly enough to its effects, potentially leading to the extinction of 15-37% of species by 2050.
Presentation on Biodiversity
The presentation describes all facts and types of biodiversity.
Conservation of biodiversity as well as threats to it
Biodiversity conservation
This document discusses biodiversity at three levels - genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It defines biodiversity as the presence of all organisms and their interactions within ecosystems. It notes that genetic diversity refers to variation within a species, species diversity is the number of different species, and ecosystem diversity includes different habitat types. The document estimates that there are currently 1-10 million identified species but many more still unknown. It discusses threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and introduction of invasive species, and notes that the current extinction rate is higher than the past.
Biodiversity - By silver line prestige school
This document discusses biodiversity around the world, including definitions of biodiversity, why it is important, threats to biodiversity, and examples of biodiversity in different regions. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that biodiversity provides important services like pollination, pest control, and nutrient recycling. The top threats to biodiversity are habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Examples are given of the biodiversity found in India, Australia, Greenland, and America, including distinctive plants and animals in each region.
Extinction
Local, ecological, and biological extinction are defined. Population genetics and limited geographic range increase extinction risk, while habitat degradation from agriculture, urbanization, and other human activities is currently the main cause of species extinction. Introduction of new competing species and climate change further threaten biodiversity by causing extinctions, while conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species and ecosystems.
Wildlife protection
The document discusses wildlife protection and the threats facing wildlife. It notes that wildlife is more affected by humans through hunting than by natural causes. It defines wildlife and discusses the main threats as habitat loss, climate change, and lack of biodiversity, which put wildlife at greater risk of disease. The document emphasizes the importance of wildlife for maintaining ecological balance and notes wildlife populations have declined 68% from 1970-2018, with species going extinct faster now than ever. It suggests ways to protect wildlife such as establishing more national parks and sanctuaries, banning killing of endangered species, and not allowing indiscriminate killing of abundant wildlife.
english-15091815122255-lva1-app6892.pptx
Local, ecological, and biological extinction are defined. Population genetics, limited geographic range, and loss of genetic diversity can increase extinction risk. Habitat degradation from agriculture, urbanization, logging, and mining is currently the main cause of species extinction. Introduction of new competing species also contributes to extinction, as does climate change which could cause 25% of land species to go extinct. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and ecosystems.
KIngdom animalia
This document discusses animal extinction and its causes. It defines animal extinction as when the last member of a species dies. The major causes of extinction discussed are habitat destruction, wildlife trade, pollution, overharvesting, deforestation, and natural extinction. Specific extinct species mentioned include the dodo, black rhino, Pyrenean ibex, passenger pigeon, tigers, and great auk. The document notes that most animals provide economic benefits such as food, leather, and transportation.
Human wildlife conflict
This document presents information on human-wildlife conflicts from a presentation by Saisikan Patra. It defines human-wildlife conflict as the negative interaction between wild animals and people that impacts both. Such conflicts occur when human and wildlife territories overlap, reducing resources for both. Examples of conflicts provided include crop damage, livestock deaths, and human injuries or deaths from various wildlife species around the world. Causes of conflicts include habitat loss and decline of wildlife prey. Solutions proposed focus on improving wildlife habitats, changing agricultural practices, and increasing awareness of human-wildlife coexistence.
Hotspots of biodiversity
The document discusses biodiversity hotspots, which are regions with high levels of endemic species that have lost at least 70% of their original habitat. It identifies 34 biodiversity hotspots around the world that meet these criteria. The main threats to biodiversity include habitat destruction, climate change, habitat fragmentation, pollution, overexploitation, and disease. Conservation efforts aim to prioritize protecting threatened regions through establishing reserves and protected areas, providing incentives for conservation, using regulations and market-based tools, developing new conservation professionals and projects, and promoting ecotourism.
Threats to biodiversity in pakistan
The document discusses threats to biodiversity in Pakistan from population growth, deforestation, hunting, and other human activities. It notes that population growth and increasing demands are putting pressure on natural resources. More specifically, deforestation estimated at 1% annually, overgrazing, soil erosion, rampant hunting and fishing, and certain agricultural practices are threats. Hunting has deep cultural roots but has eliminated some predators. Deforestation and loss of habitat, particularly from subsistence farming and grazing, are also major threats. The Living Planet Report discusses a 60% global decline in fish, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles between 1970-2014 due to human activities. Biodiversity in Margalla Hills and the Ind
Biodiversity new
The document discusses several threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss and destruction from human activity and population growth, alterations in ecosystem composition such as loss of species, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation of species, pollution and contamination, and climate change. These threats can lead to loss of species, populations, and ecosystems. The document also discusses the importance of biodiversity, including its intrinsic value, role in providing goods like food and shelter for humans, importance for ecosystem services like water purification and soil fertility, role in medical research, importance for productivity of natural and agricultural systems, and role in evolution through genetic diversity.
Ecosystems 5 Biodiversity And Humans
The document discusses how human population growth is negatively impacting biodiversity through increasing demands for resources, land use changes, pollution, overexploitation of species, and introduction of invasive species. Areas with the highest biodiversity, like tropical rainforests and coral reefs, are being degraded the most by human activities. The increasing rate of species extinction due to humans may be hundreds of times higher than the natural background rate, with potentially severe consequences if biodiversity is not protected.
Biodiversity in Adelaide | Biocity Studio
Biodiversity is all forms of life and the ecosystems of which they are a part. Adelaide once had a rich variety of wildlife, now it is under serious threat today. The loss of biodiversity has been caused through European settlement developing the land for residential, agriculture and industry usage. This has led to the clearance of vegetation, fragmentation and a decline of many species.
Wild life
Destruction of wildlife does not always lead to extinction, but the loss of entire species is a significant concern. The four main reasons for wildlife destruction are overhunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, and chains of extinction. Habitat loss occurs through processes like deforestation, agriculture, and urban expansion, leaving wildlife populations more isolated and vulnerable. Invasive species sometimes thrive in new environments, outcompeting native species. Additionally, the extinction of a single species can trigger further extinctions through complex ecological connections between species.
Similar to Threats to wildlife (20)
Recently uploaded
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcPengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Recently uploaded (20)
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Threats to wildlife
- 2. Taxonomic Group Species Endemic Species Mammals 207 133 Birds 691 239 Reptiles 419 241 Amphibians 120 98 http://bmb.gov.ph/388-protection-and-conservation-of-wildlife/facts-and-figures/786-status-of-the-philippine-biodiversity
- 3. • Wild life resources include all animals, which grow and propagate naturally without any sort of human interference. They remain in wild form without any sort of friendly association with man. Invariably they are in forests.
- 5. PHILIPPINE CROCODILE 92 - 137 left MINDORO BLEEDING HEART 50-250 left MONKEY EATING EAGLE 180-500 left in the wild ENDANGERED
- 6. C A U S E SC A U S E S
- 8. ILLEGAL TRAPPING ILLEGAL HUNTING
- 10. POLLUTION
- 11. • Trophic cascade • Food chain changes • Biodiversity Loss EFFECTS
- 12. PREVENTION Find and Buy cruelty-free products Get Involve, Join organizations.