biological sources,prepation methods ,trades,uses .

1. Sandalwood oil

2. • Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a valuable
tree associated with Indian culture.
• Second most expensive wood in the world
• Heartwood
• Sandalwood oil-perfumes, cosmetics,
aromatherapy and pharmaceuticals

3. • Karnataka,Tamil Nadu and Kerala Monopoly
• IUCN Red List
• essential to encourage-sandalwood
plantations

4. • small to medium-sized hemiparasitic
• more than 5000 years, India has been the
traditional leader
• Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam
• funeral pyre
• The beige-colored paste of sandalwood is
applied on the forehead

8. • outer wood - has no scent
• heartwood is described as astringent, bitter,
moderately hard, heavy, durable, yellow or
brown
• African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon).

9. Sandalwood oil
• steam distillation of heartwood powder
• Hydrosol
• CO2
• 5 g of oil- Rs 1500
• yellow to yellow viscous liquid, with a sweet,
fragrant, persistent, spicy, warm, woody,
animalic, milky and nutty notes
• two forms of a sesquiterpene alcohol – α-santalol
(7–60%) and β-santalol (7–33%).
• good fixatives perfumery and toiletry industry

10. • Most Indian attars-
• base because of its inherent capacity to
absorb most of the ethereal notes of other
whole herbs or flowers, as it can enhance
their perfumery status and stability
• frozen
• flavouring substance-dairy desserts, candy,
pan masala, baked food, gelatin, puddings and
also in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages

11. • acute scarcity-search for novel synthetic raw
materials
• Ayurveda, Chinese and Tibetan medicinal
systems
• common colds, bronchitis, fever, dysentery,
piles, scabies UTI, inflammation of the
mouth and pharynx,
• expectorant, stimulant, carminative, digestive
and as a muscle relaxant

12. Therapeutics
• effective on methicillinresistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
• antimycotic-resistant Candida species
• antibacterial activity against Helicobacter
pylori
• virulence against isolates of drug-resistant
herpes simplex virus type I
• anti-carcinogenic activity
• anti-influenza A/HK (H3N2) virus activity

13. • elevates pulse rate, skin conductance level
and systolic blood pressure and brings about
higher ratings of attentiveness and mood
inhumans

14. Monopoly
• prospective economic resource
• Tippu Sultan-declared sandalwood tree as a royal
tree-1792
• Karnataka Government.
• Jurisdiction of the Forest Department-1864
• 18 classes was introduced in 1898
• Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV
• Outbreak of the World War I-Out of 1313 tonnes-
only 70 tonnes

15. • professors J. J. Sudbourough and H. E.
• Watson-Indian Institute of Science(IISc),
Bengaluru
• sandalwood oil distillery-1916
• Excessive harvesting without replenishment
• Kannauj- 800kg of oil monthly at peak.

16. • spike disease-
• 700,000
• 350,000- arsenical solution. (1903–1916)
• forest fires, absence of adequate number of
seed bearing trees, lack of established
plantations and heavy demand by the
Sandalwood Oil Factory
• Illegal- 76.75 tonnes in 1999–2000 to 3.52
tonnes in 2010–11

17. • Karnataka State Handicrafts Development
Corporation -fixed at 100 tonnes
• The Karnataka Forest (Amendment) Act 2001
and The Tamil Nadu Forest (Amendment) Act
2002
• spike disease-Mycoplasmas and
phytoplasmas.

18. Cultivation parameters
• Volcanic soil
• Good sunlight
• Free draining soil
• Slope north to west
• Annual dry season
• Weed protection in early stage.

19. Facts & figures
• Global demand- 5500-6600 tonnes
• Global production- 4400 tonnes
• India- 400 tonnes
• India unofficial 2000 tonnes
• Australia- S.spicatum-2000 tonnes
• 350 tonnes from Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia.