The Scheme 'Distribution of cocks, drakes and cockerels, etc.' involves the distribution of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens and Khaki Campbell (KC) ducks to rural households. This is a centrally-sponsored family-based Scheme wherein the Department of Animal Resources Development, Government of West Bengal distributes poultry birds to marginal rural households throughout the State. This scheme shows that not only can it contribute to rural poverty reduction but also that, despite some shortcomings and the rather high subsidies, it is possibly bankable and could be strengthened and scaled-up through appropriate public private partnerships.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The challenges faced by our country in securing the food as well as nutritional security to fast growing population need an integrated approach in livestock farming. Among the various livestock species, piggery is most potential source for meat production and pigs are more efficient feed converters after the broiler. Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and supplementary income to improve their living standards.
Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and
supplementary income to improve their living standards. The advantages of the pig farming are:
a. Pig has got highest feed conversion efficiency i.e. they produce more live weight gain from a given weight of feed than any other class of meat producing animals except broilers.
b. Pig can utilise wide variety of feed stuffs viz. grains, forages, damaged feeds and garbage and convert them into valuable nutritious meat. However, feeding of damaged grains, garbage and other unbalanced rations may result in lower feed efficiency.
c. They are prolific with shorter generation interval. A sow can be bred as early as 8-9 months of age and can farrow twice in a year. They produce 6-12 piglets in each farrowing.
d. Pig farming requires small investment on buildings and equipment.
e. Pigs are known for their meat yield, which in terms of dressing percentage ranges from 65 - 80 in comparison to other livestock species whose dressing yields may not exceed 65%.
f. Pork is most nutritious with high fat and low water content and has got better energy value than that of other meats. It is rich in vitamins like thiamin, Niacin and riboflavin.
g. Pigs manure is widely used as fertilizer for agriculture farms and fish ponds.
h. Pigs store fat rapidly for which there is an increasing demand from poultry feed, soap, paints and other chemical industries.
i. Pig farming provides quick returns since the marketable weight of fatteners can be achieved with in a period of 6-8 months.
j. There is good demand from domestic as well as export market for pig products such as pork,To know more please visit us at www.growelagrovet.com
Presentation by Michael Healy, Student Intern from Sydney University at the Milton Pink Eye Workshop held on the 18th June 2009. This Presentation covers:
- What is Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVDV) or Pertivirus
- Case Study on a South Coast Diary Herd
- Control Methods
The document discusses several diseases that affect sheep including anthrax, black leg, enterotoxemia, tetanus, pasteurellosis, Johne's disease, sheep pox, foot and mouth disease, contagious ecthyma (ORF), blue tongue, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), fluke infection, tape worm, round worm, coccidiosis, ectoparasite infection, bloat, rumen acidosis, and pregnancy toxemia. For each disease, the causative organism, symptoms, prevention, and treatment are summarized.
Dr. P. Ravikanth Reddy discusses the importance of properly formulating animal rations to meet their nutritional requirements in a cost effective manner. Imbalanced feeding can result in low production, poor health, and lower profits for farmers. Properly formulated rations should be based on the animal's age, weight, function, and environmental conditions according to industry standards. The ration should contain a balanced mix of nutrients from various feedstuffs selected based on availability, price, and nutritional composition.
This document provides an overview of basic sheep and goat husbandry for land managers. It discusses the differences between sheep and goats, their reproductive basics, nutrition needs, common health issues and diseases, parasite control, hoof care, and strategies for integrated pest management. Reproductive topics covered include breeding seasons, gestation periods and litter sizes. Common diseases addressed are internal and external parasites, foot rot, coccidiosis and other respiratory and digestive issues.
This document summarizes newborn calf management from before birth through weaning. It discusses providing proper nutrition to dams during pregnancy, assisting with calving, disinfecting and tagging calves after birth, ensuring calves receive colostrum within 1/2 hour, and providing vaccinations and antibiotics. It also discusses housing calves individually for the first week, dehorning at 5 days, moving calves to group housing at 2 weeks, and weaning after 4 months. The most common health issues of omphalitis (navel ill), enteritis (diarrhea), and pneumonia are described along with their treatments. Special emphasis is placed on colostrum management and gradual weaning once calves can consistently consume 1kg
This document discusses management practices for calves, including neonatal calf care after birth, colostrum feeding, housing and environment, weaning, disease management, and vaccinations. Specifically, it emphasizes the importance of neonatal care like checking vital signs at birth, feeding colostrum in the first 24 hours to provide antibodies, providing a stress-free environment for housing, and vaccinating to protect calves due to their immature immune systems. The goal of these practices is to reduce calf mortality rates and support healthy development.
The challenges faced by our country in securing the food as well as nutritional security to fast growing population need an integrated approach in livestock farming. Among the various livestock species, piggery is most potential source for meat production and pigs are more efficient feed converters after the broiler. Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and supplementary income to improve their living standards.
Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and
supplementary income to improve their living standards. The advantages of the pig farming are:
a. Pig has got highest feed conversion efficiency i.e. they produce more live weight gain from a given weight of feed than any other class of meat producing animals except broilers.
b. Pig can utilise wide variety of feed stuffs viz. grains, forages, damaged feeds and garbage and convert them into valuable nutritious meat. However, feeding of damaged grains, garbage and other unbalanced rations may result in lower feed efficiency.
c. They are prolific with shorter generation interval. A sow can be bred as early as 8-9 months of age and can farrow twice in a year. They produce 6-12 piglets in each farrowing.
d. Pig farming requires small investment on buildings and equipment.
e. Pigs are known for their meat yield, which in terms of dressing percentage ranges from 65 - 80 in comparison to other livestock species whose dressing yields may not exceed 65%.
f. Pork is most nutritious with high fat and low water content and has got better energy value than that of other meats. It is rich in vitamins like thiamin, Niacin and riboflavin.
g. Pigs manure is widely used as fertilizer for agriculture farms and fish ponds.
h. Pigs store fat rapidly for which there is an increasing demand from poultry feed, soap, paints and other chemical industries.
i. Pig farming provides quick returns since the marketable weight of fatteners can be achieved with in a period of 6-8 months.
j. There is good demand from domestic as well as export market for pig products such as pork,To know more please visit us at www.growelagrovet.com
Presentation by Michael Healy, Student Intern from Sydney University at the Milton Pink Eye Workshop held on the 18th June 2009. This Presentation covers:
- What is Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVDV) or Pertivirus
- Case Study on a South Coast Diary Herd
- Control Methods
The document discusses several diseases that affect sheep including anthrax, black leg, enterotoxemia, tetanus, pasteurellosis, Johne's disease, sheep pox, foot and mouth disease, contagious ecthyma (ORF), blue tongue, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), fluke infection, tape worm, round worm, coccidiosis, ectoparasite infection, bloat, rumen acidosis, and pregnancy toxemia. For each disease, the causative organism, symptoms, prevention, and treatment are summarized.
Dr. P. Ravikanth Reddy discusses the importance of properly formulating animal rations to meet their nutritional requirements in a cost effective manner. Imbalanced feeding can result in low production, poor health, and lower profits for farmers. Properly formulated rations should be based on the animal's age, weight, function, and environmental conditions according to industry standards. The ration should contain a balanced mix of nutrients from various feedstuffs selected based on availability, price, and nutritional composition.
This document provides an overview of basic sheep and goat husbandry for land managers. It discusses the differences between sheep and goats, their reproductive basics, nutrition needs, common health issues and diseases, parasite control, hoof care, and strategies for integrated pest management. Reproductive topics covered include breeding seasons, gestation periods and litter sizes. Common diseases addressed are internal and external parasites, foot rot, coccidiosis and other respiratory and digestive issues.
This document summarizes newborn calf management from before birth through weaning. It discusses providing proper nutrition to dams during pregnancy, assisting with calving, disinfecting and tagging calves after birth, ensuring calves receive colostrum within 1/2 hour, and providing vaccinations and antibiotics. It also discusses housing calves individually for the first week, dehorning at 5 days, moving calves to group housing at 2 weeks, and weaning after 4 months. The most common health issues of omphalitis (navel ill), enteritis (diarrhea), and pneumonia are described along with their treatments. Special emphasis is placed on colostrum management and gradual weaning once calves can consistently consume 1kg
This document discusses management practices for calves, including neonatal calf care after birth, colostrum feeding, housing and environment, weaning, disease management, and vaccinations. Specifically, it emphasizes the importance of neonatal care like checking vital signs at birth, feeding colostrum in the first 24 hours to provide antibodies, providing a stress-free environment for housing, and vaccinating to protect calves due to their immature immune systems. The goal of these practices is to reduce calf mortality rates and support healthy development.
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis or hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disorder of dairy animals that occurs around calving due to low blood calcium levels. Multiparous, high producing cows and buffaloes fed lush green fodders like alfalfa before calving are most susceptible. Clinical signs include anorexia, muscle shivering, depression, staggering, and recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium injections, while prevention focuses on feeding a low calcium diet before calving and prophylactic calcium supplementation around calving.
This document discusses goat farming in India. It notes that goat farming is suitable for India's climate and economic conditions, as goats can survive on little vegetation and grass. It provides information on various goat breeds, housing, feeding, breeding, and diseases. The key advantages of goat farming are that goats are a multipurpose animal, require less investment than cattle, and are well-suited to small-scale farmers. Overall the document promotes goat farming as a profitable business option for Indian farmers.
Goat care and management depends on factors like age, health, nutrition, and facilities. Young kids have very different needs than mature goats. Goats are bred for milk, meat, fiber, and other purposes. Worldwide there are over 460 million goats producing milk and meat. Housing can be confinement or pasture systems. Feeding requires energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water. Newborn kids need colostrum. Proper health, breeding, and disease prevention are also important for goat management.
This document discusses three common calf diseases in Jamaica: calf scours, calf pneumonia, and tick fever. Calf scours is diarrhea with many potential causes including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Affected calves show dehydration, fever, and bloody diarrhea. Treatment involves fluid therapy and antibiotics. Calf pneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria and viruses. Calves display nasal discharge, cough, and reduced appetite. Preventive measures include vaccination and improving ventilation. Tick fever causes fever and weakness transmitted by tick bites. Affected cattle are treated and vaccination helps prevent the disease.
This document discusses chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. CRD is a slow spreading upper and lower respiratory tract infection characterized by nasal discharge, coughing, and airsacculitis. M. gallisepticum is the causative agent, a small bacterium that transmits between birds through direct contact and fomites. Clinical signs include respiratory signs and decreased weight gain. At necropsy, lesions include excess mucus, airsacculitis, and consolidation of the lungs. Diagnosis involves isolating M. gallisepticum from tracheal samples. Control relies on maintaining mycoplasma-free flocks through biosecurity, antibiotic treatment,
This document provides information on rabbit farming. It discusses that rabbit farming can be profitable and enjoyable as rabbits can be raised for both profit and as pets. Rabbits are well-suited to the climate and weather in India. Rabbit farming requires little investment and space but can provide good income. It is suitable for landless farmers, unemployed youth, and women. Rabbits produce high-quality meat and reproduce quickly. The document outlines housing methods, feeding, breeding practices, common diseases, and signs of health issues in rabbits.
Minerals Deficiencies in Poultry Causes ,Effect & Treatment.A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus in the diet of young growing birds results in abnormal bone development even when the diet contains adequate vitamin D3 . A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus results in lack of normal skeletal calcification. Rickets is seen mainly in growing birds, while calcium deficiency in laying hens results in reduced shell quality and osteoporosis. This depletion of bone structure causes a disorder that is commonly referred to as “cage layer fatigue.” When calcium is mobilized from bone to overcome a dietary deficiency, the cortical bone erodes and is unable to support the weight of the hen. A deficiency of manganese in the diet of immature chickens and turkeys is one of the causes of perosis and of thin-shelled eggs and poor hatchability in mature birds (also see Nutrition and Management: Poultry: Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalances). It can also cause chondrodystrophy.
The most dramatic effect of manganese deficiency syndrome is perosis, characterized by enlargement and malformation of the tibiometatarsal joint, twisting and bending of the distal end of the tibia and the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus, thickening and shortening of the leg bones, and slippage of the gastrocnemius tendon from its chondyles. Elevated intakes of calcium and/or phosphorus will aggravate the condition due to reduced absorption of magnesium by precipitated calcium phosphate in the intestinal tract.
In laying hens, reduced egg production, markedly reduced hatchability, and eggshell thinning are often noted. Deficiencies of both iron and copper can lead to anemia. Iron deficiency causes a severe anemia with a reduction in PCV. In color-feathered strains, there is also loss of pigmentation in the feathers. The birds' requirements for RBC synthesis take precedence over metabolism of feather pigments, although if a fortified diet is introduced, all subsequent feather growth is normal. Iron may be needed not only for the red feather pigments, which are known to contain iron, but also to function in an enzyme system involved in the pigmentation process.
cattle and poultry farming
It is a class note for cattle and poultry farming course. it also can be use in animal science. In this portion we disscuss about the care of a cattle.
> Vaccination schedule in Goat and sheep
> Important diseases in Caprine and ovine species
> fmd, ppr, enterotoxemia, etc
> Types of Vaccines
>Vaccines available in indian market
> prevention of diseases
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) causes two clinically distinct diseases: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), seen predominantly in cattle aged 6-18 months as a primary infection, and Mucosal Disease (MD), a sporadic and fatal disease that occurs in persistently infected (PI) cattle. BVDV is transmitted from PI cattle that continuously shed large amounts of virus. Infection can cause reproductive losses, congenital defects, and respiratory/gastrointestinal disease. Diagnosis is done through virus isolation, antigen detection, PCR, and serology of paired samples. There is no treatment for BVDV infection.
The document discusses internal parasites that infect small ruminants and strategies for controlling them in 2018 and beyond. It notes the emergence of anthelmintic resistance as a critical issue and introduces the American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control, which is working to develop sustainable control methods. The document then summarizes the main internal parasites affecting sheep and goats, including barber pole worm, and reviews anthelmintic classes, resistance issues, and integrated control approaches like targeted selective treatment and copper wire particles.
Ketosis is a metabolic disease that occurs in cattle and sheep during periods of negative energy balance, such as early lactation in cattle and late pregnancy in ewes. It is characterized by hypoglycemia and the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood, urine, and milk. There are several forms of ketosis, including a wasting form with decreased appetite and weight loss, and a nervous form with neurological symptoms like aimless wandering. Treatment involves replacing lost glucose through oral administration of propylene glycol or intravenous dextrose, as well as supporting liver function. Preventive measures focus on proper nutrition and avoiding negative energy balance around calving or lambing.
Foot rot is an anaerobic infection of the soft tissues between the toes in cattle, sheep, and goats that causes lameness. In cattle, it is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, while in sheep it is caused by a combination of Bacteroides nodosus and F. necrophorum. The disease is common worldwide and is transmitted between animals through discharges from infected feet. Clinical signs include lameness, fever, and lesions in the interdigital space. Treatment involves systemic and topical antibiotics, cleaning and dressing wounds, and maintaining clean dry living conditions to control spread.
This document provides guidelines for feeding various types of livestock including cattle, calves, sheep, pigs, and poultry. It discusses the types and amounts of feeds that should be provided at different stages of an animal's life from newborn to adult. Key recommendations include providing colostrum to newborn calves and piglets, transitioning calves to solid feed by 1 month, and increasing concentrate and nutrient levels for pregnant and lactating animals. Guidelines are also given for grazing, feeding growing animals, and storing feed properly.
PH Lecture 3: History & Development of Poultry Industry in PakistanOsama Zahid
Prior to 1963, the native "Desi" breed of chicken in Pakistan produced a maximum of 73 eggs per year. In 1965, the Lyallpur Silver Black breed was developed that could produce 150 eggs per year under favorable conditions. In the early 1960s, the need for commercial poultry farming was recognized to boost feed production. The government provided incentives like tax exemptions for poultry income and subsidized land and loans to encourage commercial poultry farming. Major policy changes from 1965-1975 facilitated research, extension services, and industry coordination to promote growth of the poultry sector in Pakistan.
Calf scours causes more financial losses to cow-calf producers than any health problem in their herds. Calf scours is not a single infection; it is a clinical signallied with several diseases characterized by diarrhea. Regardless of the cause, diarrhea prevents the absorption of fluids from the intestines; also, body fluids pass from the scouring calfs body into the intestines. A calf is about 70 percent water at birth.
The scouring calf loses fluids and rapidly dehydrates. In addition, dehydration is associated with loss of essential body chemicals (electrolytes)-sodium and potassium-and the buildup of acid. The scouring calf typically becomes dehydrated and suffers from electrolyte loss and acidosis. Infectious agents cause the prime damage to the intestine, but death from scours usually results from dehydration, acidosis, and loss of electrolytes. The identification of infectious agents which cause scours, is quiet essential for implementing effective preventive measures (Wenzel et al., 2009).
Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Pyodermaupstatevet
Ed Jazic, DVM, DACVD
The prevalence of Canine Pyoderma is increasing very quickly and the clinical condition can present in a variety of ways. It is a common secondary manifestation of a variety of clinical conditions like allergic skin diseases, endocrinopathies, autoimmune skin diseases, and keratinization disorders. An efficient and correct diagnosis is essential as is proper therapy in the face of ever-increasing development of Canine Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Pyoderma.
Linking Business with Pro-Poor Development - A Backyard Poultry Value Chain I...copppldsecretariat
Engagement with highly vulnerable families in far flung areas of showcases a successful private-community partnership. Based on a rural poultry value chain that delivers 3 week old chicks to rearer's doorsteps, this initiative has lead to a 290 percent increase in rate of return on poultry investment, enhanced food security and household nutrition and has built women’s voice and mobility. The note captures this remarkable innovation and answers two key questions…West Bengal
How can business be Pro-Poor? &
How can such partnerships be made sustainable?”
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis or hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disorder of dairy animals that occurs around calving due to low blood calcium levels. Multiparous, high producing cows and buffaloes fed lush green fodders like alfalfa before calving are most susceptible. Clinical signs include anorexia, muscle shivering, depression, staggering, and recumbency. Treatment involves intravenous calcium injections, while prevention focuses on feeding a low calcium diet before calving and prophylactic calcium supplementation around calving.
This document discusses goat farming in India. It notes that goat farming is suitable for India's climate and economic conditions, as goats can survive on little vegetation and grass. It provides information on various goat breeds, housing, feeding, breeding, and diseases. The key advantages of goat farming are that goats are a multipurpose animal, require less investment than cattle, and are well-suited to small-scale farmers. Overall the document promotes goat farming as a profitable business option for Indian farmers.
Goat care and management depends on factors like age, health, nutrition, and facilities. Young kids have very different needs than mature goats. Goats are bred for milk, meat, fiber, and other purposes. Worldwide there are over 460 million goats producing milk and meat. Housing can be confinement or pasture systems. Feeding requires energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water. Newborn kids need colostrum. Proper health, breeding, and disease prevention are also important for goat management.
This document discusses three common calf diseases in Jamaica: calf scours, calf pneumonia, and tick fever. Calf scours is diarrhea with many potential causes including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Affected calves show dehydration, fever, and bloody diarrhea. Treatment involves fluid therapy and antibiotics. Calf pneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria and viruses. Calves display nasal discharge, cough, and reduced appetite. Preventive measures include vaccination and improving ventilation. Tick fever causes fever and weakness transmitted by tick bites. Affected cattle are treated and vaccination helps prevent the disease.
This document discusses chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. CRD is a slow spreading upper and lower respiratory tract infection characterized by nasal discharge, coughing, and airsacculitis. M. gallisepticum is the causative agent, a small bacterium that transmits between birds through direct contact and fomites. Clinical signs include respiratory signs and decreased weight gain. At necropsy, lesions include excess mucus, airsacculitis, and consolidation of the lungs. Diagnosis involves isolating M. gallisepticum from tracheal samples. Control relies on maintaining mycoplasma-free flocks through biosecurity, antibiotic treatment,
This document provides information on rabbit farming. It discusses that rabbit farming can be profitable and enjoyable as rabbits can be raised for both profit and as pets. Rabbits are well-suited to the climate and weather in India. Rabbit farming requires little investment and space but can provide good income. It is suitable for landless farmers, unemployed youth, and women. Rabbits produce high-quality meat and reproduce quickly. The document outlines housing methods, feeding, breeding practices, common diseases, and signs of health issues in rabbits.
Minerals Deficiencies in Poultry Causes ,Effect & Treatment.A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus in the diet of young growing birds results in abnormal bone development even when the diet contains adequate vitamin D3 . A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus results in lack of normal skeletal calcification. Rickets is seen mainly in growing birds, while calcium deficiency in laying hens results in reduced shell quality and osteoporosis. This depletion of bone structure causes a disorder that is commonly referred to as “cage layer fatigue.” When calcium is mobilized from bone to overcome a dietary deficiency, the cortical bone erodes and is unable to support the weight of the hen. A deficiency of manganese in the diet of immature chickens and turkeys is one of the causes of perosis and of thin-shelled eggs and poor hatchability in mature birds (also see Nutrition and Management: Poultry: Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalances). It can also cause chondrodystrophy.
The most dramatic effect of manganese deficiency syndrome is perosis, characterized by enlargement and malformation of the tibiometatarsal joint, twisting and bending of the distal end of the tibia and the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus, thickening and shortening of the leg bones, and slippage of the gastrocnemius tendon from its chondyles. Elevated intakes of calcium and/or phosphorus will aggravate the condition due to reduced absorption of magnesium by precipitated calcium phosphate in the intestinal tract.
In laying hens, reduced egg production, markedly reduced hatchability, and eggshell thinning are often noted. Deficiencies of both iron and copper can lead to anemia. Iron deficiency causes a severe anemia with a reduction in PCV. In color-feathered strains, there is also loss of pigmentation in the feathers. The birds' requirements for RBC synthesis take precedence over metabolism of feather pigments, although if a fortified diet is introduced, all subsequent feather growth is normal. Iron may be needed not only for the red feather pigments, which are known to contain iron, but also to function in an enzyme system involved in the pigmentation process.
cattle and poultry farming
It is a class note for cattle and poultry farming course. it also can be use in animal science. In this portion we disscuss about the care of a cattle.
> Vaccination schedule in Goat and sheep
> Important diseases in Caprine and ovine species
> fmd, ppr, enterotoxemia, etc
> Types of Vaccines
>Vaccines available in indian market
> prevention of diseases
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) causes two clinically distinct diseases: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), seen predominantly in cattle aged 6-18 months as a primary infection, and Mucosal Disease (MD), a sporadic and fatal disease that occurs in persistently infected (PI) cattle. BVDV is transmitted from PI cattle that continuously shed large amounts of virus. Infection can cause reproductive losses, congenital defects, and respiratory/gastrointestinal disease. Diagnosis is done through virus isolation, antigen detection, PCR, and serology of paired samples. There is no treatment for BVDV infection.
The document discusses internal parasites that infect small ruminants and strategies for controlling them in 2018 and beyond. It notes the emergence of anthelmintic resistance as a critical issue and introduces the American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control, which is working to develop sustainable control methods. The document then summarizes the main internal parasites affecting sheep and goats, including barber pole worm, and reviews anthelmintic classes, resistance issues, and integrated control approaches like targeted selective treatment and copper wire particles.
Ketosis is a metabolic disease that occurs in cattle and sheep during periods of negative energy balance, such as early lactation in cattle and late pregnancy in ewes. It is characterized by hypoglycemia and the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood, urine, and milk. There are several forms of ketosis, including a wasting form with decreased appetite and weight loss, and a nervous form with neurological symptoms like aimless wandering. Treatment involves replacing lost glucose through oral administration of propylene glycol or intravenous dextrose, as well as supporting liver function. Preventive measures focus on proper nutrition and avoiding negative energy balance around calving or lambing.
Foot rot is an anaerobic infection of the soft tissues between the toes in cattle, sheep, and goats that causes lameness. In cattle, it is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, while in sheep it is caused by a combination of Bacteroides nodosus and F. necrophorum. The disease is common worldwide and is transmitted between animals through discharges from infected feet. Clinical signs include lameness, fever, and lesions in the interdigital space. Treatment involves systemic and topical antibiotics, cleaning and dressing wounds, and maintaining clean dry living conditions to control spread.
This document provides guidelines for feeding various types of livestock including cattle, calves, sheep, pigs, and poultry. It discusses the types and amounts of feeds that should be provided at different stages of an animal's life from newborn to adult. Key recommendations include providing colostrum to newborn calves and piglets, transitioning calves to solid feed by 1 month, and increasing concentrate and nutrient levels for pregnant and lactating animals. Guidelines are also given for grazing, feeding growing animals, and storing feed properly.
PH Lecture 3: History & Development of Poultry Industry in PakistanOsama Zahid
Prior to 1963, the native "Desi" breed of chicken in Pakistan produced a maximum of 73 eggs per year. In 1965, the Lyallpur Silver Black breed was developed that could produce 150 eggs per year under favorable conditions. In the early 1960s, the need for commercial poultry farming was recognized to boost feed production. The government provided incentives like tax exemptions for poultry income and subsidized land and loans to encourage commercial poultry farming. Major policy changes from 1965-1975 facilitated research, extension services, and industry coordination to promote growth of the poultry sector in Pakistan.
Calf scours causes more financial losses to cow-calf producers than any health problem in their herds. Calf scours is not a single infection; it is a clinical signallied with several diseases characterized by diarrhea. Regardless of the cause, diarrhea prevents the absorption of fluids from the intestines; also, body fluids pass from the scouring calfs body into the intestines. A calf is about 70 percent water at birth.
The scouring calf loses fluids and rapidly dehydrates. In addition, dehydration is associated with loss of essential body chemicals (electrolytes)-sodium and potassium-and the buildup of acid. The scouring calf typically becomes dehydrated and suffers from electrolyte loss and acidosis. Infectious agents cause the prime damage to the intestine, but death from scours usually results from dehydration, acidosis, and loss of electrolytes. The identification of infectious agents which cause scours, is quiet essential for implementing effective preventive measures (Wenzel et al., 2009).
Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Pyodermaupstatevet
Ed Jazic, DVM, DACVD
The prevalence of Canine Pyoderma is increasing very quickly and the clinical condition can present in a variety of ways. It is a common secondary manifestation of a variety of clinical conditions like allergic skin diseases, endocrinopathies, autoimmune skin diseases, and keratinization disorders. An efficient and correct diagnosis is essential as is proper therapy in the face of ever-increasing development of Canine Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Pyoderma.
Linking Business with Pro-Poor Development - A Backyard Poultry Value Chain I...copppldsecretariat
Engagement with highly vulnerable families in far flung areas of showcases a successful private-community partnership. Based on a rural poultry value chain that delivers 3 week old chicks to rearer's doorsteps, this initiative has lead to a 290 percent increase in rate of return on poultry investment, enhanced food security and household nutrition and has built women’s voice and mobility. The note captures this remarkable innovation and answers two key questions…West Bengal
How can business be Pro-Poor? &
How can such partnerships be made sustainable?”
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This document discusses self-help groups (SHGs) and their role in empowering communities and promoting development, particularly in the fisheries sector. It describes how SHGs work as small, voluntary organizations where members make regular small contributions to a common fund that is then available to members as loans. This helps the economically disadvantaged gain access to capital. The document outlines the structure, goals, advantages and role of SHGs in fisheries development, providing examples of viable microenterprises SHGs can engage in. It concludes that active SHG participation helps address common coastal problems and improve local economies.
Achievement Of West Bengal {Land Reforms in West Bengal} by Aneek GuptaDr Aneek Gupta
This document provides information on land reforms in West Bengal, India. It describes the geography and demographics of the state, noting its high population density and rural population. It then discusses the history of land tenure, including the system of absentee landlords and sharecroppers having insecure rights. Major reforms began in the late 1970s when the Communist party came to power and implemented policies like registering sharecroppers' names and providing them secure cultivation rights. This led to improved conditions for poor farmers and reduced poverty levels in the state.
SELF HELP GROUP: A PATHWAY TOWARDS CREDIT & ECO NOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMENIAEME Publication
n the present era SHG has evolved as one of the tool to get credit facilities, savings and economic impowerment and it is also been considered as need-based programme for alleviation of poverty to the so far neglected target groups (women, poor, deprived etc.) The experience across India and other countries has shown a robust potential of Self help groups to integrate with the development issues thereby significantly impacting the lives of poor
This document provides an overview of self-help groups (SHGs) in India and West Bengal. It discusses the genesis of SHGs as a way to provide financial access to the poor. It outlines the key strategies and characteristics of SHGs, and provides statistics on the progress and impact of SHGs. Specifically, it details coverage, savings, credit disbursed, and non-performing assets across various Indian states. The document also notes challenges like the supply-demand mismatch for credit and the need for a strategic framework to ensure SHGs' future sustainability and positive impact.
An assessment of financial literacy levels among undergraduate business stude...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the level of financial literacy among undergraduate business students in Ghana. The study found that formal education was the primary source of financial literacy for students, followed by parents, media, and peers. Financial literacy was highest among accounting students and lowest among human resource management students. The study used a theoretical framework combining social learning theory and family resource management theory to examine how environmental influences like family, school, media, and peers shape students' financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Previous research discussed in the literature review found that higher financial literacy is associated with better financial outcomes and behaviors.
The document outlines major milestones in recognizing and promoting women's human rights through the United Nations from 1945 onwards, including establishing committees, adopting conventions, and holding global conferences. Key events were the UN charter in 1945, CEDAW in 1979, conferences in Mexico City in 1975, Copenhagen in 1980, Nairobi in 1985, and Beijing in 1995 which established the Platform for Action addressing critical areas of concern for women.
The document discusses the importance of self-help groups (SHGs) in improving nutrition and food security, especially for women and children in India. It notes that over 1/3 of the population suffers from malnutrition. It then provides guidance on forming effective SHGs, including ensuring homogeneity among members, regular savings contributions and meetings, democratic decision-making, and maintaining proper records. SHGs can then be linked to financial institutions to help improve economic conditions. The role of facilitators in assisting SHG formation and management is also outlined.
The document summarizes the economics of a layer farming operation with 1000 layers and 10000 layers. It outlines the fixed capital costs including buildings, equipment, and total fixed costs. It also lists the overhead costs, recurring/working capital costs including costs of chicks, feed, labor, medicines/litter/transportation. It provides income details from egg sales, sale of byproducts and calculates the gross and net profits per year and per bird for each operation.
Self help group and a Women EntrepreneurAkshay Surve
Kiran Mazumdar Shaw is an Indian entrepreneur who founded Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company. Some key points:
- She has a degree in brewing but switched careers to found Biocon in 1978, becoming India's first female brewmaster.
- Under her leadership, Biocon transitioned from producing enzymes to becoming an integrated biopharma company conducting strategic research.
- She faced challenges as a young female entrepreneur in an unfamiliar industry lacking funds, but was determined to succeed.
- Biocon's achievements include being the first company to produce insulin in India. Shaw has received many honors for her contributions to science, business, and India.
We are careful about the selection and improvement of broiler products. Our meticulous processing method, in keeping with quality practice has helped us in establishing us among the organized processed chicken suppliers in India.
For more detail please log on to http://www.bindimpoultryfarming.blogspot.in/
This document provides details on a proposed 50,000 unit poultry farm layer project in India. It discusses the importance of poultry farming as a source of income and nutrition. It then outlines the scope and potential of the layer farming industry in India. The remainder of the document details the requirements and considerations for setting up the proposed 50,000 unit poultry layer farm, including infrastructure needs, birds, production parameters, feeding, and relevant government schemes and regulations.
This document discusses the design of different types of poultry houses for large and medium-sized poultry farms. It describes two main types of houses: open-sided houses and controlled environment houses. It provides details on construction components like foundations, floors, walls, ventilators and roofs. It also covers principles for house layout including separating administrative areas and keeping younger birds away from disturbances. Proper ventilation, humidity, temperature zones, lighting and orientation are discussed as important design considerations. Diagrams illustrate examples of house layouts and internal features.
The document outlines plans to start a poultry farm business called Rato Bhale Poultry Producer in Nepal. The owners have conducted research showing potential for growth in Nepal's poultry market. They plan to establish a farm with 1000 chickens and sell meat to reduce the country's reliance on imports. The summary provides details on the farm location, investments, operations, expected profits, and goals to become a leading local producer.
Unpacking the 'Poor Productivity' Myth - Women Resurrecting Poultry Biodivers...copppldsecretariat
1800 women of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh spell out the new principles for in-situ indigenous poultry development! This initiative lead to a remarkable reduction in mortality, tripled financial benefits from poultry rearing, worked as a trigger to diversify agriculture practices and allowed women to reclaim their lost poultry heritage.
This note captures the women’s journey from marginalization to empowerment and answers two key questions…
How can indigenous backyard poultry contribute to livelihood development?
&
Are these initiatives sustainable?
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Mitigating Diseases and Saving Valuable Assets - Poultry Vaccinators Deliveri...copppldsecretariat
19,900 poultry vaccinators across Bangladesh stand as gate-keepers protecting poultry rearers from diseases today. Through a 20 year old Government-NGO cooperation, Bangladesh has transformed its operations from centralized service delivery to a decentralized model that reaches vaccination services, promotional messages and disease surveillance to poultry rearers in the remotest areas of the country. The cost of being Disease protected is just 1 Taka, but it brings with it better income, nutrition, employment and empowerment. Poultry vaccinators are chartering the new course for pro-poor service delivery. This note captures the development of this innovative model and its impact on the country's poultry landscape!
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This document provides information about a research project conducted at HASERA, an organic farming center in Nepal. The project was conducted by a group of 6 students and submitted to their professor. It includes an introduction to HASERA, the research methodology, a literature review on concepts like sustainable agriculture and permaculture, and sections on HASERA's background, objectives, practices, and SWOT analysis. The report aims to provide insights into entrepreneurship development through organic farming and livestock management at HASERA.
This document summarizes a meeting of the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes held in Lisbon in October 2013. The program's vision is to improve health, food security, incomes, and the environment through leveraging legumes. It outlines the program's activities and partnerships in recent years, highlights progress made, and preparations for the next phase, including developing partnerships, focusing on breeding for value addition, and using remote sensing and GIS data.
This document summarizes the strategy implemented by the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia to improve post-harvest processing, handling, and marketing of fisheries and aquatic products. The strategy focused on: 1) Building the capacity of local producer groups through training, technical assistance, and improved processing facilities; 2) Developing a cold chain system to enhance product quality; 3) Improving management and infrastructure at a key fish landing site; and 4) Establishing an improved market information system. The overall goal was to enhance livelihoods while reducing vulnerability of coastal communities through higher quality products reaching more markets.
This document discusses gender responsive budgeting (GRB) and food security in India. It provides context on the number of people affected by hunger and malnutrition in India, disproportionately impacting women and girls. It then discusses two focus areas for applying GRB to food security - transforming the public distribution system (PDS) and addressing hidden hunger through food fortification. Key challenges are outlined, such as ensuring vulnerable groups have access to PDS, monitoring fortification compliance, and building awareness and capacity around fortification programs.
The document summarizes key discussions and outcomes from a two-day regional review and planning workshop on the System of Rice Intensification - Lower Mekong Basin (SRI-LMB) project held in Hanoi, Vietnam. The workshop brought together representatives from governments, universities, international organizations, and farmers involved in the SRI-LMB project. Participants shared results showing SRI practices led to 66% higher yields compared to conventional methods while using 30% less energy. They discussed strategies for scaling up SRI to boost small farmer incomes, food security, and environmental sustainability in the region. Recommendations included continuing to promote SRI and conservation agriculture.
This document is the curriculum vitae of Jerry E. Pacturan as of June 15, 2016. It summarizes his education, including a degree in Sociology from Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan and a program in Development Management from the Asian Institute of Management. It also outlines his extensive experience over 30 years working in international consulting, government service in the Philippines, and with NGOs on agriculture, rural development, and disaster risk reduction projects in several Southeast Asian countries. Finally, it lists over 15 consulting engagements he has undertaken since 2010 evaluating development projects in the Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Mohsin Ali Sarder that summarizes his personal and professional experience. It outlines his education including a Masters in Public Health and MBA. It details his extensive work experience over 15 years in livestock development, nutrition, and economic empowerment projects for several international NGOs. It also lists his many training qualifications and publications.
This document provides a curriculum vitae for Mohsin Ali Sarder that outlines his education, training, publications, professional experience, and responsibilities in various roles. It details his Masters and Bachelor's degrees in public health nutrition and animal husbandry. It also lists over 30 trainings he has received in topics like climate change, project management, monitoring and evaluation, and more. His professional experience includes roles at Helen Keller International and Concern Worldwide where he supported nutrition and livelihood projects.
Development and application of decision support tools to conserve and sustain...ILRI
The project aims to conserve indigenous farm animal genetic resources (FAnGR) in Asia to improve livelihoods of poor livestock keepers. It focuses on documentation, assessment and training to develop tools for breeding, management and cost-benefit analysis of alternative breeds. It also conducts market and policy analysis. The project is led by Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Vietnam with support from ILRI and funding from GEF to address sustainable use and conservation of indigenous FAnGR diversity.
Guiding livestock investments and policy options for sustainable developmentILRI
The document discusses livestock master plans (LMPs) that have been developed for several countries to guide investments and policies for the livestock sector. LMPs developed for Ethiopia, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uzbekistan, and the Indian state of Bihar identified a total of over $1.5 billion in proposed investments. Recent LMPs have used a toolkit originally developed by several international organizations. Upcoming LMPs are planned for Nepal, Guinea, and the Indian state of Odisha. The goal is to influence agricultural investment planning processes and improve livestock sector visibility.
GFAR and the GCARD: Transforming Agricultural Research for Development - Mo...GCARD Conferences
The document discusses GFAR (Global Forum on Agricultural Research) and GCARD (Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development) and their role in transforming agricultural research for development. It notes that business as usual is not an option and discusses the need to ensure the needs of smallholders are met while sustainably managing resources. It outlines that GCARD aims to inclusively define priorities driven by development needs, develop equitable partnerships, and achieve increased investments to meet development goals. Finally, it provides an overview of the GCARD roadmap and areas of focus such as foresight and priority setting, partnerships for impact, investments, and developing human and institutional capacities.
This document provides biographical and professional information on Dr. Joy Elamon. It details her educational background, qualifications, areas of expertise, language skills, awards, professional experience managing various projects related to public health, climate change adaptation and mitigation, local governance and decentralization, and poverty alleviation programs. The document lists over 40 projects and assignments undertaken in countries across South Asia and other regions related to these areas of work.
This document provides details about a study conducted on the socio-economic status of farmers in villages in the Barmer district of Rajasthan, India. The study was conducted over 2 months from May 20th to July 20th, 2013 with the objectives of assessing the social, economic, and agricultural conditions in Barmer district, exploring possibilities for improvement, understanding community satisfaction levels, and studying perceptions around agriculture. Primary data was collected through interviews with 100 farmer families across 6 regions and a participatory rural appraisal exercise. The document provides background on the organization conducting the study and methodology used.
Similar to Backyard Poultry Farming Through Self-Help Groups in West Bengal - Towards Good Livestock Policies (SAGP11) (20)
Recognising local innovation in livestock-keeping – a path to empowering womencopppldsecretariat
Prolinnova is an international network that involves a range of different stakeholders. The network promotes farmer-led approaches to development such as participatory innovation development. Farmers and natural resource users often find novel ways of using natural resources to address challenges and improve their livelihoods. In many rural communities, women do not have the same access as men to resources such as land. They also often have much less decision-making power or capacity. Giving recognition to, and supporting, the innovative capacity of women farmers is seen as an effective mechanism to strengthen their role in rural research and development.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Watershed Development and Livestock Rearing. Experiences and Learning from th...copppldsecretariat
This report documents the experiences of the Watershed Organisation Trust in implementing the Indo German Watershed Development Programme (IGWDP) in Maharashtra, India. The documentation is based on project completion reports, extensive field visits and discussions with field staff and livestock rearing communities.
The study demonstrates that watershed development has immense scope to secure livestock-based livelihoods and, at the same time, build the natural resource base. This is possible, provided key elements such as securing availability and access to CPRs; investments in CPR regeneration with ridge (largely comprising forest lands)-to-valley approach; integration of grazing-based livestock systems and water budgeting in watershed planning; protection of ‘high potential recharge zones’; and utilizing traditional livestock systems to manage watersheds post-project, are in place.
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Impact Assessment of the Community Animal Health System in Mandera West Distr...copppldsecretariat
The pastoralist communities in Kenya’s arid lands rely on their livestock for food and income, and basic veterinary care is one of the best ways to protect livestock assets and pastoralist livelihoods in these areas. This report examines the impact of a privatized, community-based veterinary service in the far northeast of Kenya, and focuses on the outcomes of clinical services provided by community-based animal health workers (CAHWs). Fatality rates in herds in treated by CAHWs using medicines from rural pharmacies were significantly lower than in herds where treatments were provided by untrained livestock keepers. The report adds to the substantial body of evidence already collected in Kenya on the impact and financial rationale for CAHW systems. Although many other countries have now legalized these systems and developed national guidelines for CAHW training, Kenya has yet to officially recognize CAHWs and overall, veterinary services in pastoralist areas often remain in the hands of untrained workers and unlicensed drug vendors.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The Story of Rucibiraro Theresphore: a Farmer’s Inspiring Journey Out of Abso...copppldsecretariat
Janvier Gasasira, project coordinator of an IFAD-supported project in Rwanda, shared this story at the Second Global AgriKnowledge Share Fair IFAD, Rome, 26-29 September 2011.
Rucibiraro Theresphore, 49, received a cow from an IFAD project in Rwanda in 2007. Saving his earnings and opening a bank account, he was eventually able to purchase 2,500 chickens and another piece of land. Earlier this year he received the ‘best farmer’ award at the National Agriculture Show. Over the past four years, each of six neighbours received a cow from him through the project’s revolving fund – perhaps one of them will be the next ‘best farmer’.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
A single goat or a few hens will not lift a poor family out of poverty, but to participate in a well planned development project based on either a goat or a few hens can be and should be an educational process in which the participants learn to establish income generating activities
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Local Milk Sector in West Africa, Role of RPOs, Small and Medium Farmers in t...copppldsecretariat
Report from the Workshop held in Bamako on September 15 through 17, 2010.
French version also available: Filière Lait Local en Afrique de l’Ouest, rôle des OPR, des petits et moyens éleveurs dans la pleine expression de son potentiel. Actes de l’atelier tenu à Bamako du 15 au 17 septembre 2010
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Strengthening the Backyard Poultry. Experiences of AP Drough Adaptation Initi...copppldsecretariat
This process manual has emerged from experiences gained in the AP drought Adaptation Initiative (AP DAI), building on earlier experiences of WASSAN. The experiences have emerged from working with the Mandal Mahila Samakhyas (Federation of SHGs) in Mahabubnagar and Antapur districts of Andhra Pradesh.
The manual captures the essence of experience from field work. It provides a road-map and process steps for organizations that wish to initiate programs to strengthem backyard poultry.
Though the experiences in APDAI started from introducing “improved”birds from research institutions., it has been realized that improving the management systems and easing the constraints in traditional backyard poultry with local breeds is more important and sustained results.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Community of Practice for Pro-Poor Livestock Development (CoP-PPLD). Strategi...copppldsecretariat
This Strategic Framework is the result of a corporate effort conducted during the Inception Workshop (Rome, 12-13 January, 2009) to establish the Community of Practice for Pro-poor Livestock Development (CoP-PPLD). It describes key CoP-PPLD features, goals and results that we, as members, strive to achieve. The Strategic Framework also defines the principles that guide our decisions and actions in this global, inclusive partnership supporting Pro-poor livestock development as a tool for poverty reduction.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The document outlines 7 initial proposed Megaprograms (MPs) that will guide research under the new CGIAR Consortium model. The MPs include: 1) Integrated agriculture systems for the poor, 2) Policies and markets for enabling agricultural incomes, 3) Sustainable increases in staple crop productivity, 4) Agriculture, nutrition and health, 5) Water scarcity and land degradation, 6) Forests and trees, and 7) Climate change. The bulk of livestock research is expected to be contained within MP3 on livestock and fish, but MP4 on health and nutrition and other MPs may also include some livestock components. A Consortium Board and CEO will oversee research, and performance will be measured through contracts between
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Small Ruminant Rearing – Product Markets, Opportunities and Constraintscopppldsecretariat
This report aims to place the economic context of small ruminant rearing within broader policy and institutional frameworks, and studies the value chains of goat and sheep meat, goat and sheep skin, and sheep wool. The study also documents some of the approaches and practices on small ruminant rearing submitted in response to SAPPLPP’s call for the same.
The objective of the study is the analysis and documentation of approaches and practices related to market prospects, and identification of opportunities for facilitating access of small-holder livestock owners to more remunerative markets.
The report successfully attempts to construct the value chains of three important products of the small ruminant sector - meat, leather and wool.
यह बकरी का जो व्यापार हैं -
कभी खूब घना
कभी मुट्ठी भर चना
और कभी वोह भी मना
(Jainul Aabeedin, West Bengal)
This business of goats -
Sometimes it flourishes
Sometimes it yields only a handful of chickpeas
And sometimes even that is denied
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Mixed Service of Human and Animal Health in Pastoral Zones: An Innovative and...copppldsecretariat
This document presents briefly an experience lesson learnt from two projects carried out by AVSF:
- The Project of Securization of Pastoral Systems N’Gourti-Termit, implemented by AVSF in partnership with the NGO KARKARA up North of Zinder region in the districts of N’gourti and Tesker, North-East of Niger.
- The Programme for food security for populations and livestock living in a nomadic environment, implemented by AVSF in partnership with the NGO ADESAH in the districts of Ber and Salam, circle of Tombouctou, North Mali.
The particularity of these two projects has consisted in implementing a mixed health service (animal and human) in pastoral zones.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Development of Village Institutions for Equitable & Sustainable Access to Nat...copppldsecretariat
This Good Practice Note illustrates the practice of local institutional development and its role in pro-poor livestock development in the context of village Jhabla in Udaipur district of Rajasthan in the western part of India.
The work initiated by Seva Mandir in late 1980s has borne fruit as after two decades it demonstrates its robustness in gripping local community dynamics and assisting in providing better opportunities for livestock rearing. It highlights the need to reconsider inclusion of communities in governing their natural resources especially the forests and open pasture lands, which is a step in the right direction.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Good Practice challenges the misconception that community managed commons are more degraded than privatised ones.
Working in the most arid areas of Madhya Pradesh, Tree Grower Cooperative Societies secure community tenure over common land, build local social capital though multi-stakeholder village institutions to fulfil the Community based Natural Resource Management dream. This leads to a significant increase in biomass, vegetative cover, fodder and water availability that provides a boost to livestock development and establishes the importance of village institutions in Common Property Resource management.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Making Modern Poultry Markets Work for the Poor - An example of Cooperative D...copppldsecretariat
In the central plains of Madhya Pradesh, women poultry producers are learning how to beat diseases, build sheds, maintain account books and negotiate a remunerative price for their Broiler birds. Under the aegis of their cooperative, they have become entrepreneurs and successfully feed a complicated and volatile poultry market. This note captures the processes they adopted to break entry barriers and become a viable enterprise.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Replacing Pastoralism with Irrigated Agriculture Awash Ethiopia copppldsecretariat
The object of this study is to compare the economic returns derived from devoting the Awash valley to pastoralism versus irrigated cotton or sugar cultivation. Our unit of comparison is a hypothetical hectare of riverine floodplain left to pastoralism versus the observed returns per hectare to various forms of cotton and sugar cultivation in the Awash valley.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Replacing Pastoralism with Irrigated Agriculture Awash Ethiopia
Backyard Poultry Farming Through Self-Help Groups in West Bengal - Towards Good Livestock Policies (SAGP11)
1. Good Practice Note Code: SAGP11
Good Practice Note
Backyard Poultry Farming
Through Self-Help Groups
REGION : South Asia
COUNTRY : India
STATE : West Bengal
DISTRICTS : All
SOUTH ASIA
Pro Poor Livestock Policy Programme
A joint initiative of NDDB and FAO
3. Contents
Acknowledgements 1
I. Introduction 2
II. The Practice 4
III. Impact of this Good Practice 7
IV. How can the Practice be further Improved? 10
V. Lessons Learnt 12
VI. Conclusion 13
Annexure 14
References 15
Abbreviations 16
Photo Gallery 18
Mitigating Diseases and Saving Valuable Assets 1
4. Acknowledgements
I dentification of Good Practices (GPs) goes hand in hand with developing an
understanding of pro-poor livestock development, building capacity in documentation
and the use of simple tools to sensitize actors, build coalitions and influence policy
formulation and implementation.
Through a fairly rigorous and iterative process, the SA PPLPP team developed a set of
guidelines* for identifying and preparing GP Notes. Step by step, teams in Bhutan,
Bangladesh and India made considerable progress in identifying and capturing
potential GPs on various themes – 'Smallholder Poultry', 'Small Ruminants' and
“Livestock and Common Property Resources' - related to poor livestock keepers.
This Good Practice Note is the outcome of collaborative efforts of a number of
professionals from different organisations – Subhransu Pan, Department of Animal
Production Management, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences,
Kolkata, Ugo Pica-Ciamarra, Livestock Information Analyst, Animal Production &
Health Division (AGA), Food & Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome,
Mamta Dhawan, Senior Veterinary Officer, SA PPLPP, under the able guidance of Ms
Lucy Maarse, Regional Team Leader of SA PPLPP.
It all began as a counter to a Good Practice by a private player and slowly took shape of
a potential GP. Professor Pan submitted the first draft at the Learning Event 1** where it
was thoroughly analysed by the participants. The feedback provided spurred
Professor Pan to send in a second draft in July 2008. Our gratitude also goes to Frands
Dolberg, Joachim Otte and Prakash Shinde for reviewing the second draft and for
providing critical feedback that brought out the gaps in the note.
Professor Pan was then asked to bolster the note with quantitative data as well as
information on the impact on the beneficiary households. Since no study / evaluation
had been done on its impact, Ugo Pica-Ciamarra and Mamta Dhawan visited West
Bengal to carry out an appraisal and get first hand information of the situation on the
ground.
We are grateful to the Animal Resources Development Department, Government of
West Bengal for assisting in the field work. This field visit brought out the ground
realities and helped in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the Good
Practice. The information collated assisted in giving the final touches to the Good
* Concerned
guidelines are Practice Note.
available at:
http://sapplpp.org/ma
inpage-information- Special thanks are also extended to the poultry keepers of West Bengal for their ready
hub cooperation and unending patience in answering all our queries.
** Proceedings of
the Learning Event
"Small Scale Poultry
Production", 7th -
9th May 2008
available at:
http://sapplpp.org/inf
ormationhub/learning
_event_small_scale-
poultry-production-
proceedings
1 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
5. 1. Introduction
T here is evidence that growth in the livestock sector can significantly contribute to
economic growth and poverty reduction, because the largest share of the rural poor
are partly dependent on livestock for their livelihoods and the demand for food from
animal source is increasing relentlessly in developing countries (Ali, 2007; Khan,
2004). There is also evidence that, given pervasive market and institutional
imperfections, mainly commercial producers have benefited from the growing
markets for animal protein, and that the potential contribution of livestock sector
growth to poverty reduction has remained largely untapped (Blench et al., 2003; LID,
1999). India's poultry sector is a case in point. Per capita consumption of poultry
meat rose from 0.2 kg in 1970 to 1.6 kg in 2003 (FAO, 2008); growth in the sector has
been primarily driven by large-scale commercial farms whilst small farmers and the
landless, who form the majority of the poultry producers, have largely been by-
passed by this growth (GOI, 2005). In the most recent years, however, the
Government of India has recognized the potential of small-scale poultry sector
development for poverty reduction (GOI, 2005; 2008).
The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) of the Government of India – which is titled
'Inclusive Growth' – stresses that economic growth, including agriculture, should be
more balanced and inclusive than it has been so far. It sets a target GDP growth rate
of 9 % per year, with agriculture anticipated to grow at 4 % per annum. Within
agriculture, the livestock sector is expected to grow at between 6 and 7 % per year,
with poultry growing at 10 % per year. 'For growth to be at all inclusive, the
agricultural strategy must focus on the 85 % of farmers who are small and marginal,
increasingly (especially) female, and who find it difficult to access inputs, credit, and
extension or to market output' …. 'special programmes need to be designed and
implemented to enable small farmers to go for high value commercial activities in
crop production, dairy, poultry, fisheries, etc.'1 (GOI, 2007). Investing public
resources in livestock and in poultry within livestock, for an inclusive growth of the
agricultural sector, could be an effective way to contribute to poverty reduction.
This good practice is based on the premise that promotion of backyard
poultry farming can help the State to bridge the gap between demand and
supply of eggs and poultry meat as well as generate self-employment to
reduce poverty and empower rural women. It reflects on the Family- based
Poultry Distribution Schemes of the Government of West Bengal and how
these schemes can help in poverty reduction, improve food supply and lead
to sustainable development of the rural population.
1.1: Context
The State of West Bengal has a long tradition of backyard poultry keeping. It ranks
1 See also the 2007
third in India in terms of poultry population (61 million), records the highest poultry National Policy for
Farmers
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 2
6. density (683 birds / sq km) and boasts the highest per-capita consumption of eggs in
the country (34 eggs / year) (FAO, 2008; GoWB, 2004). Desi fowl and duck
contributes 50 and 34 % of the total egg production respectively and 84 % of them are
produced by small and marginal farmers. Backyard (BY) Poultry farming has been
practiced in rural Bengal for centuries, mostly by women, where a small flock (2-10)
of Desi birds is reared by scavenging on kitchen waste, insects / worms and available
crop residues. The stock is uncharacterised both in appearance and genetically. In
spite of the low productivity, poultry are an important subsidiary source of nutrition,
food security and a valuable source of income for poor households. Indigenous
poultry eggs and meat are highly valued for their taste and texture, both in rural and
urban markets, and prices per kg live weight can be 50 –100 % higher than that of
industrially produced birds (Conroy et al., 2005). Some recognized indigenous breeds
(not native to West Bengal) like the Naked Neck are kept as ornamental stock, gaming
birds or as a prized possession. The practice of raising poultry is embedded in the
culture of West Bengal where around 49% of the rural households belonging to all
communities, castes and classes keep poultry. Although the State is home to two
recognized indigenous
poultry birds - Black Table 1: Annual Cost - Benefit of Household Desi keeping in Rural West Bengal
Haringhata and Aseel, the
majority of the poultry Average flock size (No. of birds) 7
population in rural areas
is of the nondescript Birds sold / self consumption (Nos.) 14.8
variety called Desi.
Average weight of bird (kg) 0.9
Table 1, based on a survey
of 80 households by the Average market price per bird (Rs) 58.6
NDDB - FAO South Asia
Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Total Revenue from Birds (Rs) 780.6
Programme (2007),
illustrates the potential Eggs sold / self consumption (Nos) 195
contribution of
indigenous poultry (Desi) Average market price per egg (Rs) 2.5
to household's welfare in
W e s t B e n g a l . F o r Total revenue from eggs (Rs) 487.5
comparison, an
Feed costs (Rs) 112.1
agricultural labourer
earns anywhere between Medicines / vaccination costs (Rs) 75.9
Rs 1,000 to 1,500 per
month. . Other costs (Rs) 93.2
Total costs (Rs) 281.2
Annual profit from poultry per household (Rs) 986.9
*Districts of Jalpaiguri, Midnapore, Murshidabad and South 24
Parganas. Source: elaborated from Ahuja et al (2008a)
3 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
7. II. The Practice
The poultry sector has 4.6 million birds affected(GO-WB,recent outbreaks of avian
influenza in which about
been adversely
culled
by the
2008). As a consequence,
there have been bans on poultry exports including to neighbouring States. Despite
these two detrimental factors, the Animal Resources Development Department (ARDD)
of the Government of West Bengal has continued investments in the poultry sector to
achieve its primary objective 'to lift rural masses above poverty level through Animal
Resources Developmental activities in each Gram Panchayat' (www.wbgov.com). It is
important to note that the concerned department is understaffed and thinly spread at
field level, while poultry extension and health services are moderate to poor at all levels
as is commonly the situation in all States of India (Birthal et al., 2006; Ramdas and
Ghotge, 2005). Notwithstanding, it is remarkable that ARDD makes investments in
smallholder poultry as a means to contribute to poverty reduction, because the overall
objective is to increase livestock production and productivity.
The Directorate of Animal Resources and Animal Health (DARAH) of the Government
of West Bengal (GoWB) implements four typologies of centrally-sponsored
government schemes: (1) family-based schemes; (2) goat schemes; (3) poultry
schemes; (4) cross-bred cow schemes. These schemes aim at enhancing the
contribution of livestock to household nutrition, food security and income, of which
one entails the 'Distribution of cocks, drakes and cockerels, etc.' (www.darahwb.org).
The Family-based Poultry
Distribution Scheme of West Box 1
Rhode Island Red Breed*
Bengal: According to most accounts, the Rhode
Island Red breed was developed by
With the aim to empower women crossing Red Malay Game, Leghorn and
socially and economically, the State Asiatic stock in the mid 1800s. It is a dual
Government has introduced a Family- purpose medium heavy fowl; used more
based poultry scheme to encourage for egg production than meat production.
They are relatively hardy, handle
backyard poultry farming to generate
marginal diets and poor housing conditions better than other breeds and
employment as well as provide still continue to produce eggs. RIR are probably the best egg layers
nutritional security to marginalised among the dual purpose breeds. Most Reds show broodiness, but this
and deprived sections of the rural characteristic has been partially eliminated in some of the best egg
society. Since 2005, DARAH of the production strains. They have rectangular, relatively long bodies,
GoWB has implemented this State typically dark red in colour. The back is flat and the breast is carried well
sponsored scheme whereby the 22 forward – characteristics, which make it a good meat producing, bird.
The plumage of the Rhode Island Red is rich dark or brownish red in
State Poultry Farms distribute poultry colour, evenly distributed over the entire surface and is well glossed.
birds - Rhode Island Red (RIR) (See There are two Varieties-Single Comb and Rose Comb. The average
Box 1) to rural households. The weight of cock is 3.5-4kg while a hen weighs 2.5-3 kg. The skin colour is
purpose was to establish small-scale, yellow and it lays Brown shelled eggs. They start laying at about twenty-
self-sustainable poultry production four weeks of age and on an average they lay 180-200 eggs in one
units that can provide a small but laying cycle in scavenging system.
*Chicken Breeds and Varieties (A2880), John L. Skinner, University of
steady income to rural dwellers and Wisconsin-Madison
contribute to the household nutrition.
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 4
8. The objectives of the scheme are2
® the subsistence level rural women who have formed the Self Help
To support
Groups (SHGs);
® income generation of these SHGs;
To augment
® malnutrition;
To reduce
Capacity-building of these SHGs through extension, training etc. pertaining
®
to breeding and brooding, including better animal healthcare;
® the quality of life of the beneficiaries.
To improve
The set-up of the scheme is as follows:
¥fiscal year the Directorate of
In each Box 2
Animal Resources and Animal Health Rajan Pal – Pranibandhu
fixes the programme budget – which
totalled Rs 1,463.00 lakhs (about US$ 3 Rajan Pal became a Pranibandhu after undergoing 41/2
million) between 2005 and 2008 – and month training at State Livestock Farm (Haringhata).
identifies the target Blocks. In order to Although minimum qualification required is Class VIII, he is
ensure a minimum and possible a matriculate. Rajan has been a Pranibandhu for the past
adequate provision of animal health one year and provides basic health care – first aid, AI,
services, the Department selects vaccination and extension services to all livestock in his
Blocks with at least one Block Animal gram Panchayat. He charges Rs. 2/goat, Rs. 10/cow, Rs
Health Centre (currently more than 85 0.50/chicken as service charge for vaccinating and Rs. 50
for AI. Vaccines are procured free of cost from the
% of all Blocks). Since 2004-2005,
Veterinary Hospital in the Block. He reports to the BLDO and
animal health services are also is in constant touch with Livestock Development Assistant.
provided by community animal health Rajan confessed that he lays more stress on large ruminant
workers (Pranibandhu3 see Box 2). and AI work since margin of profit is more compared to other
These were institutionalised with the livestock/small animals. Moreover attractive incentive
2004-2005 State Plan with the objective packages offered by the ARDD are linked with the number of
of having one Pranibandhu per Gram Artificial inseminations performed leading to emphasis on
Panchayat. Since then, more than Large Ruminants at cost of poultry and small ruminants. At
2,850 Pranibandhus work at times, he even vaccinates chicken free of cost since Rs 1-2
Panchayat level in the State4. are too less to bother about. In a month, Rajan is able to earn
around Rs. 2,000/.
Within each
¥ Block, the local Gram
Panchayats select the target beneficiaries, provided that they are members of a
female Self-help Group. Each member receives day-old chicks (DOCs), 10 per
member plus 2 to cater for losses, as well as feed for rearing them to the age of 4
weeks. After this, the birds are expected to scavenge for their feed. Beneficiaries
pay Rs 1/- per DOC to the Block Livestock Development Officer.
The distributed
¥ DOCs are both Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicks and Khaki
Campbell (KC) ducklings. These exotic breeds have been used in India over a
long period of time and have got acclimatised to local conditions. They are
widely available and have proved to be more productive than indigenous
chicken and ducks, under scavenging or semi-scavenging conditions.
2 www.wbgov.com
3 Self Employed, To better
¥ ensure the scheme’s sustainability, the DARAH has been
trained rural youth to
provide intensive simultaneously implementing a 'Poultry Rearing Units Scheme', which is
veterinary care at
farmers' doorstep.
expected to reduce mortality rates in DOCs. Selected SHGs / members of SHGs
4 State animal are given 5-7 days training and also provided with feeders, waterers and other
resources and its
development equipment necessary to establish small scale brooding units free of charge.
http://www.wbgov.com/B
anglarMukh/Download? Once the infrastructure is established, then 250-300 DOCs are distributed to
FilePath=/alfresco/d/d/w
orkspace/SpacesStore/0 them. Along with it, four weeks feed is also given to raise them before they are
96e5be6-dea7-436b-
a342-
distributed to beneficiary households.
27ca8dd18dc5/Chap-
p_02_08_%2020.pdf
5 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
9. 2.1 Communities reached and estimated number of households involved
The scheme has reached out to women from below the poverty line households
belonging to schedule castes, schedule tribes and landless households in rural West
Bengal. Since 2005, the Government is implementing the RIR distribution scheme
through SHGs under the 'National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme' (NREGS)
and 'Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana' (SGSY). Between 2005 and 2008, about
5 million birds have been distributed to around 500,000 households, which
allegedly makes the Poultry Distribution Scheme the largest poultry programme in
India, if not worldwide.
Box 3: Zaida Bibi
Zaida Bibi lives in a kutchha hut in Amdanga village with her husband and 3
children. They are landless and source of livelihood is through farm labour on
daily wages. Employment is available for 15-20 days in a month.
Zaida supplements income through rearing goat and poultry. She is a member
of SHG and recipient of 12 RIR chicks from Government Scheme. Zaida has
always reared Desi birds and presently uses them to hatch RIR eggs.
Zaida sold 9 RIR birds (weighing 700 gm each) at Eid for Rs. 700/- since she
needed money to meet expenses related to the festival. Eggs laid by two RIR
hens were hatched by Desi hen resulting in 12 chicks. She is happy that while
RIR hens are good layers, Desi hens are good brooders and she is able to
increase her flock of chicken. Now she has a steady source of small income
from sale of eggs and chicken that helps her to take care of educational
expenses of her school going children. Moreover, with the availability of eggs,
house hold nutrition has also improved.
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 6
10. 5
III. Impact of this Good Practice
DARAH has been implementing the Poultry Distribution Scheme on a vast scale in
rural West Bengal, with RIR chicks being distributed in a far larger number than KC
ducklings to beneficiary SHGs. Beneficiary households have increased their
consumption of eggs, as RIR birds are more productive than local birds (Desi), and
many now obtain a steady, though small, flow of income through the regular sale of
surplus eggs, which fetch a market price of Rs. 2 to 4 per egg: the total gross monthly
cash income from eggs per beneficiary household ranges between Rs. 120 to 720
(Pica-Ciamarra and Dhawan, 2009). Beneficiary households also sell live birds, at a
price ranging between Rs 60 to 100 / kg live wt. Live birds are usually marketed to
meet specific expenditure, such as to pay for medical or school fees for children, buy
small inventory items, production equipment etc. Only few households have
started selling birds on a regular basis.
Women have been traditionally Table 2:Details of programme costs (one time) and benefits
(annual) per beneficiary household (Rs)
responsible for both raising poultry
birds and marketing surplus eggs.
Item Rs per 12 Rs per 12 KC
Hence, they benefit more than men RIR chick duckling
from the scheme as women SHG's
have been targeted as beneficiaries. Birds 108.00 144.00
However, men remain responsible for
selling live birds, when market Vaccination 18.00 12.00
transactions involve a relatively
significant transfer of wealth or when Packaging 18.00 22.00
5
the sale has to be made from the local
NDDB-FAO,
PPLPI-FAO and the village market. Moreover, the scheme Transporting 12.00 13.00
West Bengal
University of Animal
also makes a small contribution to the
and Fishery Sciences income of Pranibandhus (para- Brooding 24.00 24.00
undertook a Rapid
Rural Appraisal
veterinarians) who provide basic
mission in December animal health care to the poultry. Feed 69.60 225.00
2008 to gain a
deeper
understanding of the DARAH have been monitoring the Total Cost 249.60 440.00
Family-based Poultry
Distribution Scheme implementation of the Poultry
of the Government of
West Bengal. Semi-
Distribution Scheme and have
structured interviews evaluated its impact on a sample of Eggs / Poultry meat home 115.00 115.00
were carried out with consumption
individual beneficiary
beneficiary households.
households (10),
Self-help Groups (4), Cash income from poultry 510.00 510.00
Block Livestock A Cost Benefit analysis indicates that
Development Officers the scheme works well. Beneficiary
(4), Livestock
Development households are more food secure and Benefit / cost ratio 2.50 1.42
Assistants (1) and possibly get a steady flow of income
Pranibandhus (1) in 5
blocks located in the from their poultry birds. The benefits Source : Government of West Bengal, Memorandum No. 3/28-
Districts of North 24
Parganas, South 24
of the programme definitely exceed its AR&AH/4A-18/2005; and 316/28-AR/2G-497/2005
Parganas and public costs, making it an effective
Howrah. The State
Poultry Farm of
means to contribute to poverty
Tolligunj was also reduction in rural West Bengal. These figures, however, do not take into account unit
visited
7 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
11. costs of Rs 380/- for 1 day training to 10 SHG members while Rs 460/- for 5 day training of
two members of the SHG for brooding of DOC.
3.1 Actors involved and their relationships
The State sponsored scheme has committees comprising of a number of officials
(Annexure 1) responsible at State, District and Block level to ensure smooth conduct of the
scheme. These committees hold regular meetings to assess progress of the scheme. The
beneficiary SHGs are chosen by the Gram Panchayat based on the Below Poverty Line
status of their members. BLDO may or may not be consulted in selecting the beneficiaries.
Once the beneficiaries are selected, the BLDO conducts one to two days training on basics
of poultry husbandry wherein the women are made aware of the importance of balanced
feeding, housing, clean drinking water, preventive health care etc. A simple booklet
covering these aspects in Bengali is also distributed. The training is free of cost to the
beneficiaries. There is also provision of advanced training of 1 - 2 members of the SHG on
Brooding management in one of the State poultry farms.
The relevant State Poultry Farm delivers the DOCs to the BLDO. They are then collected by
the beneficiary SHGs after they have undergone the initial training. Although the travel
costs are covered by the programme, Rs 1 per DOC is paid by the beneficiary SHG to the
BLDO. Each beneficiary receives 10 DOC and 2 extra to cater for the losses. Being
members of SHGs allows the women to access micro credit where peer group pressure
serves as collateral, thereby giving them the possibility of paying for additional feed or
animal health services.
The BLDO also oversees delivery of health services to the beneficiaries. The Livestock
Development Assistants supervise and advise while Pranibandhus are responsible to
provide veterinary care at their doorsteps. Pranibandhus charge a nominal fee for their
services while the LDA being an employee of the government provides services free of
cost. Together they ensure timely vaccinations, de-worming, de-lousing and first aid.
Extension messages also reach the beneficiaries through the Pranibandhus.
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 8
13. IV. How can the Practice be further Improved?
A Rapid Rural Appraisal conducted by SA PPLPP and PPLPPI largely
substantiates the results of the preliminary assessment of the Poultry Distribution
Scheme carried out by the State Government of West Bengal. It suggests that the
benefits of the scheme are possibly higher than the costs. However, the areas for
improvements were also identified.
¥ and KC birds are less agile than indigenous poultry breeds and all
Both RIR
beneficiary households had to build shelters / cages for birds to avoid
predation. However, keeping RIR and KC birds confined is hardly profitable as
the feed conversion rate of the RIR is higher than the broiler or even hybrid
birds. Consequently, the monthly net value of the produced eggs is barely
enough to cover the cost of the feed may turn out a loss when family labour
and fixed costs (e.g. shelters) are accounted for. An analysis of the economics
of poultry-keeping for a sample of beneficiary households would help clarify
this point better. In any case, the scheme could be certainly improved if the
beneficiary households were selected among those who can keep birds under
scavenging or semi-scavenging conditions and/or have access to some free
sources of feed (e.g. land / ponds).
¥ households with previous experience in poultry keeping are more
Beneficiary
likely to establish small-scale, self-sustainable poultry production units than
new entrants to poultry keeping. The scheme could be improved if beneficiary
households were given better training in poultry management and/or if they
were selected from amongst those with previous experience in poultry
keeping. Ceteris paribus, the former option would entail increased outlays for
the DARAH, whereas the latter would involve a trade-off between equity and
efficiency, as women with no experience in poultry-keeping would be no
longer eligible as beneficiaries.
¥the scheme being implemented in areas that are purportedly well
Despite
covered by animal health services and birds that are vaccinated on a regular
basis, there are still outbreaks of Newcastle, fowl-pox and other diseases that
contribute to high mortality rate in the birds. The fact is that animal health
institutions tend to prioritise large ruminants over small ruminants and poultry.
Pranibandhus – who are principally trained in artificial insemination and
primary animal health care for large/small ruminants – rarely, consider poultry
as a significant source of income. For instance, they often provide bird
vaccinations for free rather than charging the 50 paise (1/2 Rs) fee set by the 6
Poultry Vaccinators'
Government. Some institutional changes6 are necessary to re-orient the focus scheme of BRAC
documented as
of the provision of animal health services. Pranibandhus must realise that the BDGP01-'Mitigating
more the scheme is successful the more will poultry become a significant Diseases and saving
valuable Assets'
source of income for them. The vaccination of 10 birds generates revenue available at
http://sapplpp.org/go
equal to the vaccination of 2.5 goats or 0.5 cows and in rural villages the odpractices/small-
number of birds is higher than that of goats and cows. Moreover, maintenance holder-
poultry/BDGP01-
of cold chain (especially for Ranikhet vaccine) in rural conditions where mitigating-diseases-
electricity is often not available to store in refrigerators or sourcing ice is a and-saving-valuable-
assets/
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 10
14. major hindrance. The other problem faced is the wastage of unused vaccine as the
smallest vial available is of 200 doses in case of R2B while F1 vaccine is available in
100 dose vials.
¥ and KC birds are good layers and poor brooders. Only households with
Since RIR
some indigenous hens for brooding have been able to establish self-sustainable
poultry production units, whereas the others had to rely on the DARAH for the
delivery of additional DOCs. Some households, in effect, have been given DOCs
more than one time. Whether the continuous distribution of birds at a subsidized
rate to rural households is good is debatable because: (i) it would transform the
scheme in a wealth transfer programme, which is neither self-sustainable nor has
been proved to be the most effective way to contribute to inclusive economic
growth/poverty reduction; (ii) the majority of beneficiary households have
appreciated the profitability of backyard poultry keeping and are now willing to
pay for DOCs at market price, i.e. about Rs 9/chick vis-à-vis the current subsidised
price of Rs 1/chick; (iii) when subsidy is provided often the needy are overlooked
but those close to decision makers benefit from the gifts. In the medium to long
term, therefore, the scheme could shift its focus from subsidising the production
and distribution of DOCs to the delivery of poultry-related public goods such as
appropriate training for beneficiary households and better quality / coverage of
preventive and curative animal health services with the State Poultry Farms and
other private companies (competing for) supplying DOCs to farmers at market
prices.
¥ brooding units under the 'Poultry Rearing Units Scheme' have yet to be
Small scale
established in rural areas, which will be critical to reduce the mortality of DOCs as
well as to create further employment for the poor. In this regard, an example to
emulate is of Mother Units operated successfully by small scale rural entrepreneurs.
They receive DOC of improved birds (Kuroiler) from a private company and sell it
all over rural West Bengal through vendors (Ahuja et al 2008). Although the market
feasibility of a three-tier supply chain involving hatcheries-brooding units-farmers
has been found to be successful in the case of Kuroiler, it would be useful to
evaluate before pushing this scheme further. The risk of establishing brooding units
which have neither access to a regular supply of chicks nor to a regular market for
the grown birds is very high.
11 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
15. V. Lessons Learnt
1. Selection and training of beneficiaries is crucial for success of backyard poultry
schemes as a source of livelihood.
2. When promoting scavenging birds, the right birds needs to be chosen, while
presence of scavenging area at household level is crucial. Prior knowledge of
keeping poultry plays an important role in success or failure of the programme.
3. A detailed cost benefit analysis should be carried out where hidden costs of
providing night shelter, feeders etc as well as of subsidized inputs (DOC, vaccines
etc.) should be worked out. Beneficiaries should be involved in simple cost –
benefit calculations whereby they can compare their current indigenous stock
with RIR or any other commercial bird available on the market. This would also
ensure that only genuinely interested women continue with the programme.
4. Receiving DOC at subsidized rates without any accountability leads to lack of
proper care and management which results in closure of the enterprise with
consumption/sale of one flock. When the DOC are paid for, sense of ownership is
more pronounced and only genuine women take up poultry keeping resulting in
higher success rate.
5. Though RIR has the advantage of producing more number of eggs and has adapted
to local agro-climatic conditions, the choice of bird needs to be reviewed as
broodiness is lesser than the indigenous birds, making beneficiaries dependent on
the State for DOC. Moreover, problem of predation forces building of shelters
which the beneficiaries can ill afford. The right choice of bird remains crucial and
women should be exposed to advantages and disadvantages of different birds
available (indigenous/desi, pure breeds, commercial hybrids etc.)
6. Timely delivery of animal health care is needed if the backyard poultry-keeping
has to be a viable enterprise. In spite of the provision of an inbuilt animal health
support system in the scheme, birds still die of Ranikhet disease and fowl pox
indicating breakdown in the delivery of these services. The poultry rearers are
willing to pay for the health services, if made available at times of need, which is
not the case. In this context, the endemic presence of Bird Flu needs adequate
attention so that adequate preventive measures can be taken, while preparedness
for outbreaks is another important aspect.
7. In spite of 1 day training, chick mortality is high in the first 4 weeks at the
household's levels. To establish brooding units first and then distributing chicks
would help to arrest this problem.
8. Institutional changes are needed to reorient Pranibandhus as they do not perceive
poultry and small ruminants important enough to invest their time on and focus
remains on AI in large ruminants. Moreover, they are not available in most villages.
One might consider differentiating 'animal workers for large and small ruminants',
creation of a legal and referral framework for these workers and concentrating on
timely availability of inputs.
9. State Hatchery's delivery chain is confined to block offices while sourcing quality
DOC remains a major constraint for the poultry rearers. It is not cost effective to get
chicks from the hatchery when long distances are involved. There are private
players in West Bengal that have supply chains reaching out to far flung remote
areas to take care of DOC. Consequently, the government can then focus on
providing basic vaccinations and health care. Forging Public Private Partnerships
would help solve the problem. Private players too can produce DOC of a particular
type (RIR, for instance) when given the order.
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 12
16. VI. Conclusion
T his Good Practice presented some new empirical evidence that small-scale poultry
production can significantly contribute to poverty reduction in the State when based
on a centrally-sponsored family-based scheme whereby the GoWB distributes poultry
birds to SHGs. Developing and breeding a hardy bird and related distribution of day-
old chicks on a limited scale to farmers has been the major traditional policy of many
Indian states. However, this is possibly one of the largest public sector interventions in
smallholder poultry sector.
There are innovative elements prevalent in the implementation of the scheme by the
GoWB. The first is that birds are distributed only to members of SHGs and not to
individual farmers. The second is that two members in each SHG are trained to
properly manage brooding units to rear day-old chicks so as to guarantee that healthy
3-4 week old chicks protected against major diseases are distributed to the members.
Thirdly, credit service activities are initiated and sustained by the SHG – partly through
liaising with other Schemes of Rural Development Department – and through income
from brooding unit (SHG level) and poultry rearing (HH level). A well organized SHG
can afford to purchase new DOCs, for instance.
Preliminary data indicates that the scheme is highly bankable. This poses questions on
whether the Government should simply scale it up or rather look for some sort of
public-private partnership to expand its coverage and allocate the saved resources
towards improved efficiency in the provision of animal health and extension services
to small poultry farmers. The West Bengal's family-based Scheme could be a source of
ideas and inspiration for Indian policy makers, who pledge that increased efforts will
be made to create an enabling environment which is necessary to promote an
equitable and pro-poor development of the smallholder poultry sector in India.
13 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
17. Annexure 1: Actors involved in different Committees responsible for the Scheme
State Level Committee:
1. Principal Secretary, ARD Department, Government of West Bengal
2. Joint Secretary, -do-
3. OSD and Dy. Secretary, - do-.
4. Director, AH & VS, -do-. (Convenor)
5. Additional Director, -do-.
6. Managing Director, West Bengal Livestock Development Corporation.
7. Managing Director, West Bengal Dairy-Poultry Corporation.
District Level Committee:
1. Sabhadhipati, Zila Parishad
2. District Magistrate
3. Karmadhaksya, Zila Parishad
4. Directorate Officer in Charge of the District
5. Project Officer, DRDC
6. Deputy Director, ARD Department (Convenor).
Block Level Committee:
1. Sabhapati, Panchayat Samati
2. Karmadhakshya, Panchayat Samati
3. Block Livestock Development Officer (Convenor)
4. Veterinary Officer of BAHC and ABAHC
Executing Agencies:
1. Directorate of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services.
2. West Bengal Dairy & Poultry Development Corporation Ltd.
3. West Bengal Livestock Development Corporation Ltd.
Village Level:
1. Pranibandhus
2. Women poultry rearers as members of Self Help Groups
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 14
18. References
Ahuja V., Dhawan M., Punjabi M., Maarse L. (2008a) Economics of village poultry. Summary. Mimeo.
NDDB-FAO South Asia Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Programme, New Delhi Available at
http://sapplpp.org/informationhub/copy_of_reader_learning_event2_common_property-resources-livestock-
good-practices
Ahuja V., Dhawan M., Punjabi M., Maarse L. (2008b)-Poultry based livelihoods of rural poor: case of
Kuroiler in West Bengal. Available at http://sapplpp.org/informationhub/doc012-poultry-livelihoods-rural-
poor-kuroiler-west-bengal-study-report
Ali J. (2007) Structural Changes in Food Consumption and Nutritional Intake from Livestock Products in
India. South Asia Research, 27(2): 137-151.
Birthal P.S., V.K. Taneja, W. Thorpe, (2006) Smallholder Livestock Production in India: Opportunities and
Challenges. Proceedings 14, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, International
Livestock Research Institute, Delhi, India, Nairobi, Kenya.
Blench R., R. Chapman, T. Slaymaker (2003) A Study of the Role of Livestock in Poverty Reduction
Strategy Papers (PRSPs). PPLPI Working Paper No.1, FAO, Rome.
Conroy C., N. Sparks, D. Chandrasekaran, A. Sharma, D. Shindey, L.R. Singh, A. Natarajan, K. Anitha
(2005) Improving backyard poultry-keeping: a case study from India. Paper no. 146, Agricultural Research
and Extension Network (AgREN).
FAO (2008) www.faostat.fao.org
GoI (2002) Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007). Planning Commission, Government of India.
GoI (2005) Mid Term Appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007). Planning Commission,
Government of India.
GoI (2006) Report of the Working Group on Animal Husbandry and Dairying for the Eleventh Five Year
Plan (2007-2012). Planning Commission, Government of India.
GoI (2007) Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012). Planning Commission, Government of India.
GOI (2008) National Livestock Policy 2008. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries.
Ministry of Agriculture. Government of India.
GoWB (2004) West Bengal Human Development Report 2004. Development and Planning Department,
Government of West Bengal, Kolkata.
GO-WB (2008) Bird Flu Press Release, 06 07 08. Animal Resources Development Department,
Government of West Bengal, Kolkata.
Khan A.A. (2004) Livestock Revolution in India: Its Impact and Policy Response. South Asia Research,
24(2): 99-122
LID (Livestock in Development) (1999) Livestock in Poverty-Focused Development. Livestock in
Development, Crewkerne, UK.
Pica-Ciamarra U. and Dhawan M.(2009) A Rapid Rural Appraisal of the Family-based Poultry Distribution
Scheme of West Bengal
Pica-Ciamarra U., Pan S., Dhawan M., Maarse L.(2008) Small scale poultry production systems and
poverty reduction. Evidence from India and West Bengal
Ramdas SR and NS Ghotge (2005) Bank on Hooves, Your companion to holistic animal health care.
Anthra, Secunderabad, Pune, India.
15 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
19. Abbreviations
ABAHC Additional Block Animal Health Centre
ARDD Animal Resource Development Department
BAHC Block Animal Health Centre
BLDO Block Livestock Development Office
DOC Day Old Chicks
DRDC District Rural Development Cell
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations
GOI Government of India
GoWB Government of West Bengal
HH Households
KC Khaki Campbell
LDA Livestock Development Assistant
NDDB National Dairy Development Board
NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
PPLPI Pro Poor Livestock Policy Initiative
RIR Rhode Island Red
SA PPLPP South Asia Pro Poor Livestock Policy Programme
SGSY Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
SHG Self Help Group
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 16
20. Photo Gallery
Candling of RIR Eggs at Hatchery
RIR Parent Stock at State Hatchery
17 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
21. Low cost Shelter built from
Locally available material to
House RIR Flock
RIR Bird Scavenging in the Paddy Fields
RIR Hens Laying Eggs in
Nests made out of Wood
Backyard Poultry Farming through Self-Help Groups 18
22. Women Beneficiaries are Members of
Self-Help Groups (SHG)
SHG Member selected to start a
Brooding Unit
Pranibandhu with a Beneficiary
19 GOOD PRACTICE NOTE • CODE: SAGP11
23. The NDDB-FAO South Asia Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Programme (SA-PPLPP)
SA PPLPP is a unique livestock development program that aims to 'to ensure that
the interests of poor livestock keepers are reflected in national as well as
international policies and programs affecting their livelihoods'. It endeavors to do
so by a) creating spaces for and facilitating dialogue among the actors playing a
direct and indirect role in the livestock sector of South Asia, and b) drawing from
and using lessons from field experiences to influence livestock-related policies,
programmatic and institutional changes towards the benefit of poor fe/male
livestock keepers in the region.
To access SA PPLPP publications and other information resources, please visit our
website at http://www.sapplpp.org
Department of Animal Resources Development, Government of West Bengal
is the apex agency responsible for all the livestock in the State, including, cattle,
goats, poultry and fisheries. Apart from providing veterinary services, it also runs
various schemes like duck and poultry rearing, distribution of ram/buck, goat and
sheep rearing etc., for the benefit of the rural poor thereby enhancing their
livelihoods and nutritional security.
For more information kindly visit their website at http://www.darahwb.org
24. About this Good Practice
The Scheme 'Distribution of cocks, drakes and cockerels, etc.' involves the
distribution of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens and Khaki Campbell (KC) ducks to
rural households. This is a centrally-sponsored family-based Scheme wherein the
Department of Animal Resources Development, Government of West Bengal
distributes poultry birds to marginal rural households throughout the State.
This scheme shows that not only can it contribute to rural poverty reduction but
also that, despite some shortcomings and the rather high subsidies, it is possibly
bankable and could be strengthened and scaled-up through appropriate public-
private partnerships.
SOUTH ASIA Pro Poor Livestock Policy Programme
A joint initiative of NDDB and FAO
Regional Office:
NDDB House (6th Floor) PB 4906, Safdarjang Enclave
New Delhi - 110029, INDIA
Tel: +91 (0) 11 2619 7851 / 7649 • Fax: +91 (0) 11 2618 9122
E-mail: sapplpp@sapplpp.org
Website: www.sapplpp.org
Partnering Institutions
BRAC Department of Livestock BAIF Development Research
BRAC Centre Ministry of Agriculture Foundation
75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Thimpu Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar, NH 4
BANGLADESH BHUTAN Warje, Pune 411058, INDIA
Tel: +880 2 8824180-7 Extn: 2311 Tel: +975 (0) 2 351102 Tel: +91 (0) 20 25231661
Fax: +880 2 8823542, 8826448 Fax: +975 (0) 2 322094, 351222 Fax: +91 (0) 20 25231662
E-mail: saleque@sapplpp.org E-mail: tshering@sapplpp.org E-mail: sepawar@sapplpp.org
saleque.ma@brac.net naip@druknet.bt sepawar@baif.org.in
For copies of this publication, kindly contact the Regional Office or the Partnering Institutions