Voltmeter & Transformers: Types and Applications.Diksha Prakash
This presentation gives an insight into the various types of voltmeters and transformers that exist. The are both electronic measuring instruments. All the types of voltmeters and transformers have been discussed alogwith numerical examples and their solutions.
Tan delta is the insulation power factor & is equal to the ratio of power dissipated in the insulation in watts to the product of effective voltage & current in volt ampere when tested under sinusoidal voltage.
Power system is the transfer of electricity from generation to the point of user location. Power system is composed of generation of power, its transmission and distribution. Transmission system is the main part out of these three in which mostly losses occur. The unchanging factors of the transmission line on which these losses depend are inductance, resistance and capacitance. These constants or unchanging factors play a vital role in the performance of transmission line. For example the capacitance effect will be more and its performance will be affected if the height of transmission line is less from the ground. On the other hand its capacitance will be less but tension will be high if the height of the transmission is high. For this reason a transmission line is connected in a curved or catenary shape known as sag. To minimize tension sag is provided in a transmission line. Sag and tension must be adjusted in safe limits. This immediate paper gives a simulation structure to calculate sag and tension of AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductors of overhead transmission lines with same span length for minimum operating temperature. Three different cases are presented with different towers height and are explained in detail for unequal level span. The results show that the tension and sag increased with height. So great the height difference, higher tensions upon higher towers.
Voltmeter & Transformers: Types and Applications.Diksha Prakash
This presentation gives an insight into the various types of voltmeters and transformers that exist. The are both electronic measuring instruments. All the types of voltmeters and transformers have been discussed alogwith numerical examples and their solutions.
Tan delta is the insulation power factor & is equal to the ratio of power dissipated in the insulation in watts to the product of effective voltage & current in volt ampere when tested under sinusoidal voltage.
Power system is the transfer of electricity from generation to the point of user location. Power system is composed of generation of power, its transmission and distribution. Transmission system is the main part out of these three in which mostly losses occur. The unchanging factors of the transmission line on which these losses depend are inductance, resistance and capacitance. These constants or unchanging factors play a vital role in the performance of transmission line. For example the capacitance effect will be more and its performance will be affected if the height of transmission line is less from the ground. On the other hand its capacitance will be less but tension will be high if the height of the transmission is high. For this reason a transmission line is connected in a curved or catenary shape known as sag. To minimize tension sag is provided in a transmission line. Sag and tension must be adjusted in safe limits. This immediate paper gives a simulation structure to calculate sag and tension of AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductors of overhead transmission lines with same span length for minimum operating temperature. Three different cases are presented with different towers height and are explained in detail for unequal level span. The results show that the tension and sag increased with height. So great the height difference, higher tensions upon higher towers.
Load centers get generated electricity from power
stations that are usually far; uninterrupted consumption or usage
of power has increased in last few years. Transmission system is
the system by means of which electricity is transferred from place
of generation to the consumers. Overhead wires or conductors
are the medium used for transmission of power. These wires are
visible to wind, heat and ice. The efficiency of the power system
increases if the losses of these overhead wires are minimal. These
losses are based on the resistive, magnetic and capacitive nature
of the conductor. It is necessary to create or make proper design
of these conductors accompanied by proper installation. To
balance the working and strength of overhead transmission line
and to minimize its capacitive effect the conductors must be
installed in catenary shape. The sag is required in transmission
line for conductor suspension. The conductors are appended
between two overhead towers with ideal estimation of sag. It is
because of keeping conductor safety from inordinate tension. To
permit safe tension in the conductor, conductors are not
completely extended; rather they are allowed to have sag. For
same level supports this paper provides sag and tension
estimation with different wind speeds under low operating
temperature 2 °C. To calculate sag-tension estimation of ACSR
(Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) overhead lines three
different cases are provided with normal and high wind speed
effects. Four different span lengths are taken for equal level
supports. ETAP (Electrical Transient and Analysis Program) is
used for simulation setup. The results shows that wind speed has
great impact upon line tension and with addition of wind speed
the sag of line remains unaltered while tension changes.
Moreover tension gets increase while increase in wind speed.
Algorithem Algorithem and Programme for Computation of Forces Acting on line ...CSCJournals
The correct design and selection of line supports is of great importance for successful operation and safety of transmission lines. For this purpose various forces acting on the line supports must be estimated for normal and abnormal conditions of operation. The author develops algorithm and programme for optimal calculation of these forces, which the line supports should withstand. The main programme MDFLS and fourteen subroutines are constructed for calculation the forces acting on the line supports. The subroutines (FSUS, FDES, and FCSTA) are for determining the forces from line conductors and (FGWSU, FSWDE, FSWSA) from ground wires at suspension, dead end and strain/angle line supports respectively. The other eight are subsidiary subroutines. The parameters of the conductors (homogenous or non homogenous) are found by DPMPN and DPMPH. The physical-mechanical properties of the conductor are calculated using PMPL. The specific loadings are determined by RLOLC. The sag-tension calculations are prepared by subroutines CSCT, CSOP and SEQS. Subroutine FSPCB is for calculation of forces due to broken conductor at suspension support in the section. The elaborated programmes are written in FORTRAN 90 and adopted for personal computer.
Sagging and tension 1. When the sagging of a line is too tight, it can lead to excessive tension on the conductor, which can result in mechanical stress and potential damage to the line. This can cause the conductor to elongate, increase the risk of conductor breakage, and decrease the overall performance and reliability of the line. On the other hand, if the sagging is too loose, it can cause the conductor to hang too low, increasing the risk of it coming into contact with obstacles such as trees or buildings. This can lead to electrical faults, power outages, and safety hazards.
Conductor arrangement refers to how the conductors are positioned and connected in the line. If the sagging is too tight, it can put excessive strain on the conductor arrangement, potentially causing it to become misaligned or disconnected. Ground clearance refers to the distance between the lowest point of the conductor and the ground. If the sagging is too tight, the ground clearance can be reduced, increasing the risk of the conductor coming into contact with the ground or other objects. Wire crossing clearance refers to the distance between two conductors that cross each other. If the sagging is too tight, the wire crossing clearance can be reduced, increasing the risk of the conductors touching each other and causing electrical faults. The sag table provides information on how much sag should be applied to the conductor based on factors such as the span length, temperature, and wind conditions. If the sagging is not within the recommended range specified in the sag table, it can lead to the aforementioned issues.The appropriate sag chart to use depends on whether the necessary information is for the initial sag (before installation) or the final sag (after installation). The initial sag chart provides information on how much sag should be applied to the conductor during the installation process, taking into account factors such as the span length, temperature, and wind conditions. The final sag chart provides information on how much sag the conductor will have after it has been installed and settled, considering factors such as the conductor's material properties and the tension applied during installation.
3. The line and sight method of sagging involves visually aligning a sagging point on the conductor with a predetermined sight point on a tower or pole. This method is commonly used for overhead power lines. It requires at least two people, one at each end of the span. The person at the starting point of the span holds a sagging device and adjusts the sag until the predetermined sight point aligns with the sagging point on the conductor. The person at the ending point of the span acts as a guide, ensuring that the sagging point remains aligned with the sight point while the conductor is being sagged. By following this method, the sag of the conductor can be sagging point remains aligned with the sight point while the conductor is being sagged. By feing sagget
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
4. INTRODUCTION
In India and another foreign countries have referred the Overhead
Transmission Lines for maintaining the Power Supply to the distributed
areas.
Sag is a fundamental content of the Overhead Lines. Also, overhead
transmission lines has very economical and has better safety rather than
Underground Cables.
5. ABOUT SAG
While talking about Overhead Lines, it is very important that conductors
are under safe tension. If, conductors are too much stretched between
the supports, stress may reach in unsafe values and certain cases
conductor may break due to excessive tension.
In order to permit the safe tension in conductors, they are not fully
stretched but have a Dip or Sag.
SAG: The difference in level between points of supports and the lowest
point of conductor called SAG.
6. ABOUT SAG (Cont..)
It shows that conductors suspended between two
equal supports A & B. It allows the Dip (Sag).
The lowest point on conductor is O & Sag is S. It
has Parabolic Shape.
When the tension at any point on the
conductor acts tangentially. Thus,
tension To at lowest point O acts
horizontally
7. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAG
There are basically 2 types of Sag are available:
1. When supports are at Equal levels,
2. When supports are at Unequal levels.
Low conductor tension and minimum sag are not possible. Because, low
Sag means a tight wire and high tension, whereas low Tension means a
loose wire and increased Sag.
8. CALCULATION OF SAG
1. When Supports are Equal:
Let, L = length of the span,
w = weight per unit length of the conductor,
T = tension in the conductor.
9. CALCULATION OF SAG (Cont..)
2. When Supports are Unequal: L = Span of the conductor,
h = difference in height level between two supports,
x1 = distance of support at the lower level point A from O,
x2 = distance of support at the upper level point B from O,
T = tension of the conductor,
w = weight per unit length of the conductor.
10. CALCULATION OF SAG (Cont..)
2. When Supports are Unequal:
So, having calculated the value of x1 and x2, we can
easily find out the value of sag S1 and sagS2.
11. ICE AND WIND LOADING
Above formula is only applicable for the constant air and normal temperature.
But, for apart of this we should use this calculations:
Total weight of the conductor per unit length is,
12. ICE AND WIND LOADING (Cont..)
Let us assume, w = weight of the conductor per unit length,
wi= weight of ice per unit length,
wi= density of ice × volume of ice per unit length
ww = force of wind per unit length
ww = wind pressure per unit area × projected area per unit length
13. ICE AND WIND LOADING (Cont..)
If the Slant Sag is appear in the Overhead transmission Line is denoted by
the,
So the verticalsag,
14. EFFECT OF ICE & WIND LOADING
Effect as follows:
The weight per unit length of the conductor is changed when wind blows at a certain force on the
conductor and ice accumulate around the conductor.
Wind force acts on a conductors to change the conductor self weight per unit length horizontally in
direction of the air flow.
Ice loading acts on the conductors to change the conductor self weight per unit length vertically in
direction of the air flow. Resulting weight is all then downward directions.
15. WHY SAG IN TRANSMISSION LINES??
The Sag is as a result of the Tensioning of the line and must not be too low otherwise the
safety clearances may not be met. Also, it has effects of Ice, Wind or Temperature on it.
If the Sag is large, and the line becomes heavily loaded, then the sag will further increase
and breach the safety clearances. Similarly, if the Sag is low, then when the line contracts in
the winter, low sag will indicate a high tension, and as a result of this contraction, the line
may snap.
So, Sag is inversely proportional to Tension.
STRINGING CHARGE: It is the proportional ratio of the Temperature and Depth of
Sag.
16. SAG FOR DIFFERENT RANGE OF LINES
Less than 66kV 20 feet (6.1m)
66kV to 110kV 21 feet (6.4m)
110kV to 165kV 22 feet (6.7m)
greater than 165kV 23 feet (7.0m)
17. ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE OF
SAG
ADVANTAGES OFSAG:
Sag determines the value of safe working tension and the minimum clearance of
the conductor with respect to ground.
The conductor sag should be kept to a minimum in order to reduce the conductor
material required and to avoid extra pole height for sufficient clearance above
ground level.
DISADVANTAGE OF SAG:
If the Sag is too small then the Tension between two supports will increases so, it
leads to break the conductors.
18. CONCLUSION
By refer this theory, we are come on that point to understand and get
importance about the SAG in Overhead Transmission Lines. It is one of
the necessary part among that all.
If, any of the lines doesn’t have the SAG in it, it may be break out or may
be falls out with the poles in any time.