Load centers get generated electricity from power
stations that are usually far; uninterrupted consumption or usage
of power has increased in last few years. Transmission system is
the system by means of which electricity is transferred from place
of generation to the consumers. Overhead wires or conductors
are the medium used for transmission of power. These wires are
visible to wind, heat and ice. The efficiency of the power system
increases if the losses of these overhead wires are minimal. These
losses are based on the resistive, magnetic and capacitive nature
of the conductor. It is necessary to create or make proper design
of these conductors accompanied by proper installation. To
balance the working and strength of overhead transmission line
and to minimize its capacitive effect the conductors must be
installed in catenary shape. The sag is required in transmission
line for conductor suspension. The conductors are appended
between two overhead towers with ideal estimation of sag. It is
because of keeping conductor safety from inordinate tension. To
permit safe tension in the conductor, conductors are not
completely extended; rather they are allowed to have sag. For
same level supports this paper provides sag and tension
estimation with different wind speeds under low operating
temperature 2 °C. To calculate sag-tension estimation of ACSR
(Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) overhead lines three
different cases are provided with normal and high wind speed
effects. Four different span lengths are taken for equal level
supports. ETAP (Electrical Transient and Analysis Program) is
used for simulation setup. The results shows that wind speed has
great impact upon line tension and with addition of wind speed
the sag of line remains unaltered while tension changes.
Moreover tension gets increase while increase in wind speed.
Review Paper Study on Steel Transmission Towerijtsrd
India has a large population residing all over the country and the electricity supply need of this population creates requirement of large transmission and dispersion framework. Likewise, the demeanor of the essential assets for electrical force age viz., coal, hydro potential is very lopsided, consequently again adding to the transmission prerequisites. Transmission line is a coordinated framework comprising of transmitter subsystem, ground wire subsystem and one subsystem for every class of help structure. Mechanical help of transmission line addresses a huge segment of the expense of the line and they assume a significant part in the solid force transmission. They are planned and developed in wide assortment of shapes, types, sizes, setup and materials. The supporting construction types utilized in transmission line by and large can be categorized as one of the three classes cross section, shaft and guyed. Aditya Shrivastava | Prof. Afzal Khan "Review Paper Study on Steel Transmission Tower" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46389.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46389/review-paper-study-on-steel-transmission-tower/aditya-shrivastava
Study and Analysis of Insulator used in Substationijtsrd
The main purpose of this paper was that to compare design of post insulators and their performance of different post insulator the relative performance of different insulator materials used in substation as lightning arrester, current transformer and potential transformer. Insulators are used to protect from the dangerous effects of electricity flowing through conductors. This paper presents the role of post insulators are key components of most electrical substation equipment and their features and ability are changing due to the difference type of electrical power incoming line and pollution level of their rating. The peak voltage rating of each arrester at 132 kV is 118.6 kV, creepage distance is 2904 mm and maximum continuous operating voltage is 94.88 kV. The creepage distance of current transformer and potential transformer at 132 kV are 4065 mm. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of material changes, rating changes, pollution level changes of lightning arrester, current transformer and potential transformer in substation are described. Then, analysis and discussion of lightning arrester and instrument transformer are described in this paper. Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Study and Analysis of Insulator used in Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26574.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26574/study-and-analysis-of-insulator-used-in-substation/hnin-yu-lwin
Seismic response of transmission tower a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Towers and tower like structures are the major infrastructure for the transmission of electrical power, telecommunication and broadcasting. The transmission towers are highly repetitive and therefore the analysis and designs should be highly competitive towards commercial solutions. In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyse the existing Electrical Transmission tower of voltage 220kV using FEM software NISA. The analysis of an existing structure without secondary bracings has been carried out for the North-South Component of EL-Centro Ground motion, 1940.In this analysis, the stiffness and damping properties have been considered for improving the seismic performance of the existing structure. By keeping the Group number as it is, using different sections, the geometric properties of the given angle section are optimized to optimized angle section and optimized tubular section. For cross braces, the damping value is varied ranging from 5%-25% for above sections. In this analysis, the displacement at top cross-arm of the tower is considered as the main parameter for conservative results. Finally the results obtained are regarding possible improvements in the analysis of the existing structure
2 ijaems jul-2015-3-analysis and design of four leg steel transmission tower ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this project, the design of steel lattice tower prescribed for transmission of electricity by the categorized gravity and lateral loads has been studied and analysed for the employment of the project. The analysis has been done by taking different combination of loads and then the design has been come into picture using the code module IS 800:1984.
The present work describes the analysis and design of transmission line tower of 25 meter height viz. various parameters. In design of tower for weight optimization some parameters are considered such as; base width, height of tower , outline of tower. Using STAAD , analysis of transmission towers has been carried out as a 3-D structure. The tower members are designed as angle section.Prior to the design process the convincing site investigation and Envoirmental impact assessment data has to to collected through various modes via Electronic or Print media.
The desired safety factors has been actuated contemplating the selected location i.e Kasouli. The various factors including envoirmental and materials used for the structure is also be considered.The foundation detailing is chosen keeping in consideration the geotechnical investigation data. The software tool used in the process is STAAD.Pro 2008. The load calculations were performed manually but the analysis and design results were obtained through STAAD.Pro 2008. At all stages, the effort is to provide optimally safe design along with keeping the economic considerations.
Review Paper Study on Steel Transmission Towerijtsrd
India has a large population residing all over the country and the electricity supply need of this population creates requirement of large transmission and dispersion framework. Likewise, the demeanor of the essential assets for electrical force age viz., coal, hydro potential is very lopsided, consequently again adding to the transmission prerequisites. Transmission line is a coordinated framework comprising of transmitter subsystem, ground wire subsystem and one subsystem for every class of help structure. Mechanical help of transmission line addresses a huge segment of the expense of the line and they assume a significant part in the solid force transmission. They are planned and developed in wide assortment of shapes, types, sizes, setup and materials. The supporting construction types utilized in transmission line by and large can be categorized as one of the three classes cross section, shaft and guyed. Aditya Shrivastava | Prof. Afzal Khan "Review Paper Study on Steel Transmission Tower" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46389.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46389/review-paper-study-on-steel-transmission-tower/aditya-shrivastava
Study and Analysis of Insulator used in Substationijtsrd
The main purpose of this paper was that to compare design of post insulators and their performance of different post insulator the relative performance of different insulator materials used in substation as lightning arrester, current transformer and potential transformer. Insulators are used to protect from the dangerous effects of electricity flowing through conductors. This paper presents the role of post insulators are key components of most electrical substation equipment and their features and ability are changing due to the difference type of electrical power incoming line and pollution level of their rating. The peak voltage rating of each arrester at 132 kV is 118.6 kV, creepage distance is 2904 mm and maximum continuous operating voltage is 94.88 kV. The creepage distance of current transformer and potential transformer at 132 kV are 4065 mm. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of material changes, rating changes, pollution level changes of lightning arrester, current transformer and potential transformer in substation are described. Then, analysis and discussion of lightning arrester and instrument transformer are described in this paper. Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Study and Analysis of Insulator used in Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26574.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26574/study-and-analysis-of-insulator-used-in-substation/hnin-yu-lwin
Seismic response of transmission tower a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Towers and tower like structures are the major infrastructure for the transmission of electrical power, telecommunication and broadcasting. The transmission towers are highly repetitive and therefore the analysis and designs should be highly competitive towards commercial solutions. In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyse the existing Electrical Transmission tower of voltage 220kV using FEM software NISA. The analysis of an existing structure without secondary bracings has been carried out for the North-South Component of EL-Centro Ground motion, 1940.In this analysis, the stiffness and damping properties have been considered for improving the seismic performance of the existing structure. By keeping the Group number as it is, using different sections, the geometric properties of the given angle section are optimized to optimized angle section and optimized tubular section. For cross braces, the damping value is varied ranging from 5%-25% for above sections. In this analysis, the displacement at top cross-arm of the tower is considered as the main parameter for conservative results. Finally the results obtained are regarding possible improvements in the analysis of the existing structure
2 ijaems jul-2015-3-analysis and design of four leg steel transmission tower ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this project, the design of steel lattice tower prescribed for transmission of electricity by the categorized gravity and lateral loads has been studied and analysed for the employment of the project. The analysis has been done by taking different combination of loads and then the design has been come into picture using the code module IS 800:1984.
The present work describes the analysis and design of transmission line tower of 25 meter height viz. various parameters. In design of tower for weight optimization some parameters are considered such as; base width, height of tower , outline of tower. Using STAAD , analysis of transmission towers has been carried out as a 3-D structure. The tower members are designed as angle section.Prior to the design process the convincing site investigation and Envoirmental impact assessment data has to to collected through various modes via Electronic or Print media.
The desired safety factors has been actuated contemplating the selected location i.e Kasouli. The various factors including envoirmental and materials used for the structure is also be considered.The foundation detailing is chosen keeping in consideration the geotechnical investigation data. The software tool used in the process is STAAD.Pro 2008. The load calculations were performed manually but the analysis and design results were obtained through STAAD.Pro 2008. At all stages, the effort is to provide optimally safe design along with keeping the economic considerations.
GM Distributed Generation Inverters in a Micro grid by Controlling Energy Man...IOSRJEEE
This project introduces a micro grid, which consists of different distributed generation units which are connected to the distribution grid. The operations of the DG units are coordinated by the power management algorithm in grid and islanded operations. The primary generation unit of the micro grid is the wind turbine and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is used to supplement the variability in the power. In micro grid a battery is incorporated to overcome the difficulty of shortage of power demand during Islanded operation and to improve crest demands throughout grid connected operation. Previously the power management system was done using model predictive algorithm control design. Which has complex mathematical calculations to find out critical values Now in this project, ANFIS controller is used as the control design which reduces the design complexity as the logical operations are performed to find out critical values, the power quality such as harmonic compensation for nonlinear loads of the distribution system, will be improved when compared to model predictive algorithm control design and also It has fast response. The complete proposed system will be tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results reveal the attractive performance characteristics of the proposed system.
Reducing Induced Voltages on Parallel Facilities in Shared Transmission Corri...Power System Operation
Routing, siting, and environmental constraints are pushing more transmission lines and other linear facilities such as pipelines and railroads into shared corridors. The future power system will see a greater number of these situations, often coupled with transmission lines with heavier loading than historic lines have experienced. When a transmission line is parallel or semi-parallel to an adjacent linear facility, the magnetic fields will induce voltages onto these facilities proportionally to the line loading and length of parallelism.
This paper briefly explores the general mechanisms of magnetic induction, a summary of some traditional mitigation approaches, and non-traditional designs to reduce the induction. These methods include shield wire and aerial counterpoise conductor configurations on a sampling of typical voltage levels and transmission line configurations.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of HVTL Phase Transposition on Pipelines Induced Voltageijeei-iaes
In this work, a study of the effect of the phase conductor transposition for a multi-circuit high voltage power transmission lines on the induced voltage on a buried pipeline was conducted and considered through modelling. The modelling was done applying Carson’s concept of mutual impedances for a double circuit, three circuits and four circuit power transmission line on a buried pipeline. The simulated results obtained showed that the transmission line with un-transposed phase combination has the greater effect on the induced voltage while for the one or more of the other combinations, a cancellation or reduction can occur. This also is dependent on the tower geometry and the relative position of the pipeline and the transmission line. Also, the magnitude of the induced voltage increases with increasing number of circuits.
Power system is the transfer of electricity from generation to the point of user location. Power system is composed of generation of power, its transmission and distribution. Transmission system is the main part out of these three in which mostly losses occur. The unchanging factors of the transmission line on which these losses depend are inductance, resistance and capacitance. These constants or unchanging factors play a vital role in the performance of transmission line. For example the capacitance effect will be more and its performance will be affected if the height of transmission line is less from the ground. On the other hand its capacitance will be less but tension will be high if the height of the transmission is high. For this reason a transmission line is connected in a curved or catenary shape known as sag. To minimize tension sag is provided in a transmission line. Sag and tension must be adjusted in safe limits. This immediate paper gives a simulation structure to calculate sag and tension of AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductors of overhead transmission lines with same span length for minimum operating temperature. Three different cases are presented with different towers height and are explained in detail for unequal level span. The results show that the tension and sag increased with height. So great the height difference, higher tensions upon higher towers.
The purpose of this paper is to study and design of 230 kV twin bundle double circuit overhead transmission line. In design consideration, the selection of economic voltage, choice of conductor size, number of insulators, maximum sag of conductor and minimum height of conductor are considered. The electrical transfer of energy from one place to another over long distance with standard regulations is one of the major problems in the field of electrical power engineering. The parameters of overhead transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The bundle conductors are used for reducing the reactance on the line, corona losses, radio interference and surge impedance. Daw Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Design of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Overhead Transmission Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27830.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27830/design-of-230-kv-twin-bundle-double-circuit-overhead-transmission-line/daw-hnin-yu-lwin
GM Distributed Generation Inverters in a Micro grid by Controlling Energy Man...IOSRJEEE
This project introduces a micro grid, which consists of different distributed generation units which are connected to the distribution grid. The operations of the DG units are coordinated by the power management algorithm in grid and islanded operations. The primary generation unit of the micro grid is the wind turbine and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is used to supplement the variability in the power. In micro grid a battery is incorporated to overcome the difficulty of shortage of power demand during Islanded operation and to improve crest demands throughout grid connected operation. Previously the power management system was done using model predictive algorithm control design. Which has complex mathematical calculations to find out critical values Now in this project, ANFIS controller is used as the control design which reduces the design complexity as the logical operations are performed to find out critical values, the power quality such as harmonic compensation for nonlinear loads of the distribution system, will be improved when compared to model predictive algorithm control design and also It has fast response. The complete proposed system will be tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results reveal the attractive performance characteristics of the proposed system.
Reducing Induced Voltages on Parallel Facilities in Shared Transmission Corri...Power System Operation
Routing, siting, and environmental constraints are pushing more transmission lines and other linear facilities such as pipelines and railroads into shared corridors. The future power system will see a greater number of these situations, often coupled with transmission lines with heavier loading than historic lines have experienced. When a transmission line is parallel or semi-parallel to an adjacent linear facility, the magnetic fields will induce voltages onto these facilities proportionally to the line loading and length of parallelism.
This paper briefly explores the general mechanisms of magnetic induction, a summary of some traditional mitigation approaches, and non-traditional designs to reduce the induction. These methods include shield wire and aerial counterpoise conductor configurations on a sampling of typical voltage levels and transmission line configurations.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of HVTL Phase Transposition on Pipelines Induced Voltageijeei-iaes
In this work, a study of the effect of the phase conductor transposition for a multi-circuit high voltage power transmission lines on the induced voltage on a buried pipeline was conducted and considered through modelling. The modelling was done applying Carson’s concept of mutual impedances for a double circuit, three circuits and four circuit power transmission line on a buried pipeline. The simulated results obtained showed that the transmission line with un-transposed phase combination has the greater effect on the induced voltage while for the one or more of the other combinations, a cancellation or reduction can occur. This also is dependent on the tower geometry and the relative position of the pipeline and the transmission line. Also, the magnitude of the induced voltage increases with increasing number of circuits.
Power system is the transfer of electricity from generation to the point of user location. Power system is composed of generation of power, its transmission and distribution. Transmission system is the main part out of these three in which mostly losses occur. The unchanging factors of the transmission line on which these losses depend are inductance, resistance and capacitance. These constants or unchanging factors play a vital role in the performance of transmission line. For example the capacitance effect will be more and its performance will be affected if the height of transmission line is less from the ground. On the other hand its capacitance will be less but tension will be high if the height of the transmission is high. For this reason a transmission line is connected in a curved or catenary shape known as sag. To minimize tension sag is provided in a transmission line. Sag and tension must be adjusted in safe limits. This immediate paper gives a simulation structure to calculate sag and tension of AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductors of overhead transmission lines with same span length for minimum operating temperature. Three different cases are presented with different towers height and are explained in detail for unequal level span. The results show that the tension and sag increased with height. So great the height difference, higher tensions upon higher towers.
The purpose of this paper is to study and design of 230 kV twin bundle double circuit overhead transmission line. In design consideration, the selection of economic voltage, choice of conductor size, number of insulators, maximum sag of conductor and minimum height of conductor are considered. The electrical transfer of energy from one place to another over long distance with standard regulations is one of the major problems in the field of electrical power engineering. The parameters of overhead transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The bundle conductors are used for reducing the reactance on the line, corona losses, radio interference and surge impedance. Daw Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Design of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Overhead Transmission Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27830.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27830/design-of-230-kv-twin-bundle-double-circuit-overhead-transmission-line/daw-hnin-yu-lwin
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.t
Micro-alloyed copper overhead line conductors - Wire & Cable Technology Inter...Leonardo ENERGY
http://www.bluetoad.com/publication/?i=217299&p=90
Overhead line conductors are traditionally a domain for aluminium, using either steel reinforced aluminium or aluminium alloys. Using copper for overhead lines might surprise some people because it is a substantially heavier material. Weight, however, is not the most crucial characteristic of the conductor. Its smaller section and hydrophobic coating reduces the wind and ice loads on the conductors, which makes the overhead line more resistant and resilient to weather conditions.
Also, the higher conductivity of copper reduces the losses and the life cycle cost of the overhead line.
Conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in...journalBEEI
This paper presents conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in Malaysia. Increasing industrialization and population growth around the world demands higher electricity supply. Power generation has yet to decline but transmitting sufficient electricity to consumers is worrisome due to scarce land space occupied by rapid urbanization. Hence reconductoring method was chosen to improve existing 132 kV overhead transmission line in Malaysia. A group of selected conductors were chosen for comparison where the high temperature low sag conductor stood out the most producing up to 40% sag reduction. This paper focuses on providing conductor alternatives to improve maximum sag of lowest conductor to ground for 132 kV transmission line in Malaysia in accordance to her climate and geographical factor.
Micro-alloyed copper overhead line conductors - PowerGrid International Augus...Leonardo ENERGY
http://www.elp.com/articles/powergrid_international/print/volume-19/issue-8/features/microalloyed-copper-overhead-line-conductors.html
Overhead line conductors are traditionally a domain for aluminium, using either steel reinforced aluminium or aluminium alloys. Using copper for overhead lines might surprise some people because it is a substantially heavier material. Weight, however, is not the most crucial characteristic of the conductor. Its smaller section and hydrophobic coating reduces the wind and ice loads on the conductors, which makes the overhead line more resistant and resilient to weather conditions.
Also, the higher conductivity of copper reduces the losses and the life cycle cost of the overhead line.
IRJET-Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering ...IRJET Journal
Hamed Touhidi ,Mehdi Shafiee, Behrooz Vahidi,Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, "Sensitivity Analysis of Maximum Overvoltage on Cables with Considering Forward and Backward Waves ", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 April 2015. e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
lightning is known to be one of the primary sources of most surges in high keraunic areas. It is well-known fact that surge overvoltage is a significant contribution in cable failures. The other source of surge voltage is due to switching and it is pronounce on extra high voltage power transmission systems. The effect of both lightning and switching surges is weakening the cable insulation. The progressive weakening of such insulation will lead to cable deterioration and eventually its failure. Each surge impulse on the cable will contribute with other factors towards cable insulation strength deterioration and ultimately cable can fail by an overvoltage level below the cable basic impulse level (BIL). The maximum lightning overvoltage for a given cable depends on a large number of parameters. This paper presents the effect of model parameters (e.g., rise time and amplitude of surge, length of cable, resistivity of the core and sheath, tower footing resistance, number of sub conductors in the phase conductor (bundle), effect of surge arrester, length of lead, relative permittivity of the insulator material outside the core, power frequency voltage, stroke location, cable joints, shunt reactors, sheath thickness) on maximum cable voltage. The simulations show that the maximum overvoltage.
Similar to ACSR Overhead Transmission lines Modeling Considering Sag-Tension Estimation in Cold Area with different Wind Speeds (20)
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
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ACSR Overhead Transmission lines Modeling Considering Sag-Tension Estimation in Cold Area with different Wind Speeds
1. ACSR Overhead Transmision lines Modeling
Considering Sag-Tension Estimation in Cold Area
with different Wind Speeds
Muhammad Zulqarnain Abbasi & Hamza Umar Afridi
IQRA National University, Pakistan
Abstract—Load centers get generated electricity from power
stations that are usually far; uninterrupted consumption or usage
of power has increased in last few years. Transmission system is
the system by means of which electricity is transferred from place
of generation to the consumers. Overhead wires or conductors
are the medium used for transmission of power. These wires are
visible to wind, heat and ice. The efficiency of the power system
increases if the losses of these overhead wires are minimal. These
losses are based on the resistive, magnetic and capacitive nature
of the conductor. It is necessary to create or make proper design
of these conductors accompanied by proper installation. To
balance the working and strength of overhead transmission line
and to minimize its capacitive effect the conductors must be
installed in catenary shape. The sag is required in transmission
line for conductor suspension. The conductors are appended
between two overhead towers with ideal estimation of sag. It is
because of keeping conductor safety from inordinate tension. To
permit safe tension in the conductor, conductors are not
completely extended; rather they are allowed to have sag. For
same level supports this paper provides sag and tension
estimation with different wind speeds under low operating
temperature 2 °C. To calculate sag-tension estimation of ACSR
(Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) overhead lines three
different cases are provided with normal and high wind speed
effects. Four different span lengths are taken for equal level
supports. ETAP (Electrical Transient and Analysis Program) is
used for simulation setup. The results shows that wind speed has
great impact upon line tension and with addition of wind speed
the sag of line remains unaltered while tension changes.
Moreover tension gets increase while increase in wind speed.
Keywords-component;ACSR;Span;Sag;Tension
I. INTRODUCTION
The power system comprises of three sections Generation,
Transmission and Distribution. In this manner, from generation
to the distribution, the electrical power is transmit through
conductor materials. These conductor materials are overhead or
underground. Both have its own particular pros and cons yet
the majority of the conductor materials are overhead. The
transmission lines are the significant part of any transmission
network. These transmission lines convey electrical power over
long separations from nation one end to another end and in
some cases nations to nations [1]. Because of this significance
of transmission lines there suitable modeling is exceptionally
essential. The execution of these transmission lines relies upon
their appropriate modeling. Thusly, appropriate modeling of
these transmission lines are one of the significant issue while
raising and planning of transmission system [2].
A transmission system comprises of conductors, insulators and
towers. Among these, conductors play a vital role because
power flow through the conductor. Various types of conductors
are utilized for the transmission of electrical vitality e.g. ACSR
(Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced), AAAC (All
Aluminum Alloy Conductor), AAC (All Aluminum
Conductor) and HTLS (High Temperature low Sag). Among
these all conductors, the ACSR conductor has certain
advantages. ACSR have the galvanized steel core that carries
the mechanical load and the high immaculateness aluminum,
which carries the current. They use the lower thermal
development coefficient of steel contrasted with aluminum-
based conductors AAC and AAAC. These conductors have
likewise great strength because of steel [3].
Figure 1. Sag at Same Level Support
The above figure illustrates that two overhead transmission line
towers which are placed at same level. While point ‘D’ is
distance between point of support and the lowest point on
conductor that is referred as sag and point ‘S’ showing the
distance between two towers that is named as span length.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
118 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
2. II. OVERHEAD POSITION ANALYSIS
As appeared in the beneath Figure 2, a transmission line is
connect at point A and B of two equal towers in a hanging
shape. The point A and B are at equivalent distance from the
ground. In this way as indicated by our significance of Sag,
level difference of point A and B and most minimal point O is
referred as sag [4.]
Figure 2. Overhead Position Analysis
The sag is critical within the transmission line. While designing
an overhead transmission line, it is in need to focus that
conductors have safe tension. If the conductors are
unnecessarily extend out between two points of towers to save
conductor material, at that point it may happen that tension of
conductor accomplishes an appraised risky esteem and
conductor break will happen [4].
In this way, to have safe tension in conductor, the conductors
ought not to be extend excessively rather a sufficient sag or dip
in transmission line is given [4]. The sag or dip in transmission
line is given to keep the tension in the conductor inside the
shielded and motivator in case of variety in tension in the
conductor on account of seasonal variation. The sag varies with
tower position. The tower set on plain surface are at same level,
so it is easy to accomplish safe sag, tension and ground
clearance level but due to wind effects sometime it is difficult
to maintain sag-tension and ground clearance within safe
limits. While in sloping territories, these supports are not
usually located at same level, so the sag, tension and ground
level varies. The ground level varies in hilly regions. So the sag
also does not stay steady [6].
III. ACSR (ALUMINUM CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED)
ACSR, a standard of the electrical utility industry since the
mid 1900's, involves a solid or stranded steel center included
by no less than one layers of strands of 1350 aluminum. Truly,
the steel sum used to get higher quality soon extended to a
significant section of the cross-portion of the ACSR, yet more
starting late, as conductors have ended up being greater, the
pattern has been to less steel content. To meet evolving
necessities, ACSR is available in a broad assortment of steel
substance - from 7% by weight for the 36/1 stranding to 40%
for the 30/7 stranding. Early outlines of ACSR, for instance,
6/1, 30/7, 30/19, 54/19 and 54/7 stranding included high steel
content, 26% to 40%, with accentuation on quality possibly in
light of fears of vibration exhaustion issues. Today, greater
sizes, the most used standing's are 18/1, 45/7, 72/7, and 84/19,
include an extent of steel substance from 11% to 18%. For the
unobtrusively higher quality 54/19, 54/7, and 26/7 standing's,
the steel substance is 26%, 26% and 31%, separately. The
higher quality ACSR 8/1, 12/7 and 16/19 standing's, are used
generally for overhead wires, extra long traverses, stream
crossing points and so on [5].
Figure 3. ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)
IV. EFFECTS OF WIND ON SAG AND TENSION
A weight is put by wind upon conductors will raise the
conductor observable weight that results increment in tension.
The increase in tension will expand the length of line due to
flexible expansion. This expansion in resultant load will
achieve a sag in incline direction with vertical and horizontal
segments. The maximum working tension usually occurs at the
maximum wind and everyday ambient temperature.
So line tension has influenced by wind. For this reason, we
apply distinctive wind ranges I-e normal and maximum to
analyze the wind affect on line sag and tension [7].
Figure 4. Direction of Wind Force on Conductor
In the above figure the wind is exerting a force on conductor
due to which the apparent weight of conductor increase that
results increase in tension of line. A wind on the conductor will
expand the evident weight of the conductor bringing about an
in increment in tension. This expansion will bring about a
viable sag in a slanted heading with both even and vertical
parts. To check its impact on sag and tension of ACSR
overhead line simulation and analysis are performed for
different wind speeds [6].
V. METHODOLOGY
ACSR conductor is chosen for simulation to check the sag
and tension under various operating conditions in light of the
fact that ACSR have the galvanized steel core that carries the
mechanical load and the high immaculateness aluminum
carries the current and use the lower thermal expansion
coefficient of steel.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
119 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
3. ETAP 12.6 programming is utilized for the estimation of sag
and pressure of transmission line. The ETAP is among the best
programming for electric power framework designing,
planning and operation. ETAP Transmission and Distribution
Line Sag and Tension module is an imperative tool to perform
sag and tension estimation for transmission and distribution
lines to ensure adequate operating condition for the lines. [9]. It
is the minimal effort accessible programming for the count of
sag and tension of various conductors. For simulation setup, we
have considered equal level spans with towers height 20m. The
configuration of conductors is set as horizontal and the spacing
between the conductors is 1.5m. We have considered three
different cases i.e. Case A, B and C. In case A sag-tension of
ACSR is analyzed under low operating temperature i.e. 2°C
with no wind effect because in winters usually the temperature
is low. While in Case B the temperature is same as it is in the
previous case but with the addition of normal wind speed i.e.
30 N/m2
. In Case C we considered low operating temperature
with maximum wind speed 60 N/m2
.
The main reasons to choose ACSR for this research work are:
• ACSR is a type of high-limit, high-quality stranded
conductor regularly utilized as a part of overhead
electrical lines.
• The external strands are high-immaculateness
aluminum; chosen for its great conductivity, low
weight and cheap cost.
• Moreover conductor sag is less and a breakdown
chance of conductor reduces.
• The center strand is steel for extra strength to help
support the weight of the conductor.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Case 1
In Case 1, sag-tension is analyzed under low operating
temperature i.e. 2°C because in winters the temperature fall
down due to decrease in temperature the overhead lines
contracts as a result there will be low sag. In table A for same
level supports four different span lengths in minimum
operating temperature i.e. 2°C are analyzed using ACSR.
TABLE I. LOW OPERATING TEMPERATURE WITH NO WIND
Figure 5. Sag-Tension Results with No Wind
When the length of span is 100m the sag is 1.01m and
tension is 1984. As the length of span increases from 100m to
200m the sag is 4.03m and tension is 1974. Similarly for 300m
and 400m the sag is 9.06, 16.1 while tension is 1949 and 1859
respectively. From the above figure it is shown that as the
length of span increases the sag likewise increases this is
because sag is directly proportional to length of span and
inversely proportional to tension.
B. Case 2
In this case, low operating temperature with normal wind
speed i.e. 30 N/m2
is analyzed. As the table below showing low
operating temperature with normal wind speed for different
span lengths are analyzed.
TABLE II. LOW OPERATING TEMPERATURE WITH NORMAL WIND SPEED
Figure 6. Sag-Tension Results with Normal Wind Speed
From the above graph when the length of span is 100m the
sag is 1.01 and tension is 2012. As the span length increased
i.e. 200m the sag is 4.03 and tension is 2002. Moreover for
300m & 400m the sag is 9.06, 16.1 and tension is 1977 and
1885 respectively. The figure shows that with the addition of
wind the tension of the line increases while the sag remains
unaltered. This is because wind applies a force upon the
conductor as a result apparent weight of conductor increases
that increase tension.
Type of
Conductor
Span(m) Wind Speed N/m2
ACSR
100 0
200 0
300 0
400 0
Type of
Conductor
Span(m) Wind Speed N/m2
ACSR
100 30
200 30
300 30
400 30
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 16, No. 5, May 2018
120 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500