THIS IS A GROUP PROJECT FOR THE SAGA OF INDIAN TIMELINE (FROM THE DAY INDIA GOT INDEPENDENCE TILL THE COVID PERIOD)

1. THE SAGA OF INDIAN
TIMELINES
SESSION : 2021-22
Submited By :
ARHAM ANSARI (XII’A)
DEOYANSH KUMAR (XII’A)
FAISAL EQBAL (XII’C)
SHABNAM ALAM (XII’A)
Guided By :
Mr. GIRISH KUMAR CHAURASIA
Mr. JAI PRAKASH MISHRA

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are over whelmed in all humbleness and
gratefulness to acknowledge our depth to all
those who have helped us to put these ideas,
well above the level of simplicity and into
something concrete.
We would like to express our special thanks of
gratitude to our teacher as well as our principal
who gave us the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic ‘THE SAGA OF
INDIAN TIMELINES’ which also helped us in
doing a lot of Research and we came to know
about so many new things. We are really
thankful to them. Any attempt at any level can ‘t
be satisfactorily completed without the support
. At last but not in least, we would like to thank
everyone who helped and motivated us to work
on this project.

3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
ARHAM ANSARI (XII’A) , DEOYANSH
KUMAR (XII’A) ,FAISAL EQBAL (XII’C)
and SHABNAM ALAM (XII’A)
students of class XII have
successfully completed their School
Project on the topic ‘THE SAGA OF
INDIAN TIMELINES’ under the
guidance of Mr. GIRISH KUMAR
CHAURASIA and JAI PRAKASH
MISHRA during the year 2021-2022.
Teacher’s sign.

4. INDEX
FACTS ABOUT INDIA
HOW BRITISH GET TO RULE
INDIA
TIMELINE [1885-1947]
SCENARIO OF THE FIRST
INDEPENDENCE DAY
TIMELINE [1947-2020]
BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having
solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALISH SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure
To all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief,
Faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
And to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of
the individual and the unity and
Integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do
HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
THE CONSTITUTION OF
INDIA
PREAMBLE

6. FACTS ABOUT
INDIA
India never invaded any country in its last
100000 years of history.
When many cultures were only nomadic
forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians
established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley
(Indus Valley Civilization)
The 'Place Value System' and the 'Decimal
System' were developed in India in 100 B.C.
India has the largest number of Post Offices in
the world.
India was one of the richest countries till the
time of British rule in the early 17th Century.
The value of "pi" was first calculated by the
Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he
explained the concept of what is known as the
Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the
6th century, long before the European
mathematicians.

7. Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus also
originated in India.Quadratic Equations were
used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century.
Until 1896, India was the only source of
diamonds in the world
Usage of anaesthesia was well known in
ancient Indian medicine. Detailed knowledge
of anatomy, embryology, digestion,
metabolism,physiology, etiology, genetics and
immunity is also found in many ancient Indian
texts.
Jainism and Buddhism were founded in India
in 600 B.C. and 500 B.C. respectively.
Varanasi, or Benaras, (also known as Kashi) is
one of the oldest living cities in the world.
Yoga has its origins in India and has existed
for over 5,000 years.

8. HOW BRITISH GET TO
RULE INDIA
The rule of the British in India is possibly the
most controversial and the most hotly debated
aspect of the history of the British empire.
Admirers of British rule point to the economic
developments, the legal and administrative
system, the fact that India became the centre
of world politics. Critics of British rule generally
point out that all of these benefits went to a
tiny British ruling class and the majority of
Indians gained little. Admirers of British rule
counter this by saying that most Indians were
poor and oppressed by their own leaders
before the British arrived, and that British rule
was less harsh on ordinary Indians than rule by
Indian princes.

9. Perhaps the main reason why the arguments
are so heated and so complex is that India was
very different from the other territories that
made up the empire. North America and
Australia, for example, were sparsely
populated and their populations were less
economically developed than Britain. India,
however, had a huge population and was just
as developed as Britain in the 1700s when the
British arrived.
The British were able to take control of India
mainly because India was not united. The
British signed treaties and made military and
trading alliances with many of the
independent states that made up India. The
British were very effective at infiltrating these
states and gradually taking control. They often
left the local princes in charge of the various
parts of India. These local princes were
effective at maintaining British rule and gained
much from being loyal to the British.

10. TIMELINE
[1885-1947]

11. BETWEEN 1885-1903
*1885-INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS ESTABLISHED ON 28TH DEC
The Indian National Congress was established when 72
delegates from all over country met at Bombay in 1885.
Prominent delegates included Dadabhai Naoroji,
Surendranath Banerjee, Badruddin Tyabji, W. C. Bonnerjee, S.
Ramaswami Mudaliar, S.Subramanya Iyer and Romesh
Chunder Dutt. A.O. Hume, a retired British officer and
servant was one of the founding members of the Indian
National Congress.
*1889-KESHAV BALIRAM HEDGEWAR WAS FOUNDING
SARANGHACHALAK OF THE RASHTRIYA SWAYAMSEVAK
SANGH ON 3RD DEC
Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (1 April 1889 – 21 June 1940) was
an Indian Surgeon and the founding Sarsanghachalak (or
"Chief") of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
(RSS).Hedgewar founded the RSS in Nagpur in 1925, based
on the ideology of Hindutva with the intention of creating a
Hindu Rashtra.
*1903-SECOND DELHI DARBAR
The Delhi Durbars were grand events organised by the
Viceroys to mark the coronations of Emperors or Empresses.
Hence, these were also known as the Coronation Durbars.
Durbar which means a ‘court of a ruler’ in Persian was
adopted by the British from the Mughals. The idea was to
come across to the people of India as the’ heirs of the
Mughals’.

12. BETWEEN 1904-1906
*1904-UNIVERSITY ACT
The recommendation of Indian Universities Commission
appeared after slight amendments in the shape of Indian
Universities Act, which came into force on March, 1904.
Though veteran national leader G.K. Gokhale criticized the
Act vehemently and wanted to give a fillip to the mass
education, yet it was passed by the majority of council
members. The following important changes were introduced
for the upliftment of University Education.
I. Universities were empowered to appoint their own staff
including the teaching staff;
II. The number of Fellows of a University was limited within
50 to 100 and their tenure of office was reduced to five years
*1905-BENGAL PARTITION ON 16TH OCT
Partition of Bengal, (1905), division of Bengal carried out by
the British viceroy in India, Lord Curzon, despite strong Indian
nationalist opposition. It began a transformation of the
Indian National Congress from a middle-class pressure group
into a nationwide mass movement.
*1906-MUSLIM LEAGUE FORMED IN DECCA ON 30TH DEC
The Muslim League was an important topic in the Indian
struggle for independence. One of the most prominent faces
of the League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, became the face of
the Two-Nation Theory which ultimately paved the way for
the country’s partition.

13. BETWEEN 1907-1911
* 1907-SURAT SPLIT
The struggle between various trends within the nationalist
articulation of freedom struggle was fought out, and culminated in
the Surat split of December, 1907. Rash Behari Ghosh was the
president of the Surat Congress session in 1907, although he was
vehemently opposed by Tilak and his colleagues. Congress leaders
split in to two groups i.e. moderates and extremists at the Surat in
1907. The Rift between these two sections became clearly visible at
the Banaras Session of Congress (1905) when some nationalist-led
by Tilak denounced the method of the moderates and suggested
passive resistance. They also advocated the boycott of British goods
and government institutions.
*1909-MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS
Indian Councils Act of 1909, also called Morley-Minto Reforms,
series of reform measures enacted in 1909 by the British
Parliament, the main component of which directly introduced the
elective principle to membership in the imperial and local legislative
councils in India. The act was formulated by John Morley, secretary
of state for India (1905–10).
*1911-CANCELATION OF PARTITION OF BENGAL
The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization
of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the authorities of the
British Raj. The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern
areas from the largely Hindu western areas. Announced on 19 July
1905 by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, and implemented
on 16 October 1905, it was undone a mere six years later.

14. 1911
*1911-THIRD DELHI DURBAR
The 1911 Delhi Durbar was held to commemorate the
coronation in Britain of King George V and Queen
Mary. It was intended to be a grand affair at which
their Majesties would be proclaimed Emperor and
Empress of India. And a grand affair it was, with official
ceremonies lasting from 7 to 16 December. The central
event, the Durbar and proclamation, took place on 12
December.
*1911-BRITISH GOVERNMENT CHANGE CAPITAL CITY
FROM CALCUTTA TO DELHI ON 12TH DEC
Delhi was officially announced as the capital.of British
Raj by the then Emperor George V, on December 12,
1911. The capital was shifted from Calculta as Delhi
was the financial and political sent of many earlier
empires and was located closer to the geographical
center of India. The rising nationalist movement in
Calcutta was also responsible for the shift.

15. *1914-1918:FIRST WORLD WAR
World War I, also known as the Great War, began in
1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria. His murder catapulted into a war
across Europe that lasted until 1918. During the
conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the
Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against
Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and
the United States (the Allied Powers). Thanks to new
military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare,
World War I saw unprecedented levels of carnage and
destruction. By the time the war was over and the
Allied Powers claimed victory, more than 16 million
people—soldiers and civilians alike—were dead.
FIRST WORLD WAR

16. 1916
*1916-THE HOME RULE LEAUGE
Home Rule League, either of two short-lived
organizations of the same name in India
established in April and September 1916,
respectively, by Indian nationalist Bal Gangadhar
Tilak and British social reformer and Indian
independence leader Annie Besant.
*1916:LUCKNOW PACT
Lucknow Pact, (December 1916), agreement made
by the Indian National Congress headed by
Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-
India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah;
it was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow
session on December 29 and by the league on Dec.
31, 1916. The meeting at Lucknow marked the
reunion of the moderate and radical wings of the
Congress. The pact dealt both with the structure of
the government of India and with the relation of
the Hindu and Muslim communities.

17. BETWEEN 1917-1919
*1917-AUGUST DECLARATION
Edwin Samuel Montagu served as Secretary of State for India
between 1917 and 1922. On 20 August 1917, he made a
historic declaration in the House of Commons defining the
goal of British policies in India. In the previous month, he had
made a scathing attack on the whole system by which India
was being administered in a debate in British House of
Commons. It is also known as August Declaration of 1917.
*1919-MONTAGU CHELMUSFORD REFORMSI
In 1918, Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State, and Lord
Chelmsford, the Viceroy, produced their scheme of
constitutional reforms, known as the Montagu-Chelmsford
(or Mont-Ford) Reforms, which led to the enactment of the
Government of India Act of 1919.
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms which came into force in 1921.
The sole purpose of this Act was to ensure Indians of their
representation in the Government.
The Act introduced reforms at the Central as well as
Provincial levels of Government.
*1919-ROWLATT ACT
Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the
Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India.
The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without
juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial.
Their object was to replace the repressive provisions of the
wartime Defence of India Act (1915) by a permanent law.
They were based on the report of Justice S.A.T. Rowlatt’s
committee of 1918.

18. BETWEEN 1919-1920
*1919-JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Jallianwala also spelled
Jallianwalla, also called Massacre of Amritsar, incident on
April 13, 1919, in which British troops fired on a large crowd
of unarmed Indians in an open space known as the
Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab region (now in
Punjab state) of India, killing several hundred people and
wounding many hundreds more. It marked a turning point in
India’s modern history, in that it left a permanent scar on
Indo-British relations and was the prelude to Mohandas
(Mahatma) Gandhi’s full commitment to the cause of Indian
nationalism and independence from Britain.
*1919-KHILAFAT MOMENT
Khilafat movement, pan-Islamic force in India that arose in
1919 in an effort to salvage the Ottoman caliph as a symbol
of unity among the Muslim community in India during the
British raj. The movement was initially bolstered by Gandhi’s
noncooperation movement but fell apart after the abolition
of the caliphate in 1924.
*1920-NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT
Noncooperation movement, unsuccessful attempt in 1920–
22, organized by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, to induce
the British government of India to grant self-government, or
swaraj, to India. It was one of Gandhi’s first organized acts of
large-scale civil disobedience (satyagraha).

19. BETWEEN 1922-27
*1922-CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT
The Chauri Chaura incident occurred at Chauri Chaura in the
Gorakhpur district of the United Province, (modern Uttar Pradesh)
in British India on 4 February 1922, when a large group of
protesters, participating in the Non-cooperation movement, clashed
with police, who opened fire. In retaliation the demonstrators
attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants.
The incident led to the deaths of three civilians and 23 policemen.
Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the
Non-cooperation Movement on the national level on 12 February
1922, as a direct result of this incident.
*1923-SWARAJ PARTY
Swaraj Party, Indian political party established in late 1922–early
1923 by members of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party),
notably Motilal Nehru, one of the most prominent lawyers in
northern India (and the father of political leader Jawaharlal Nehru),
and Chitta Ranjan Das, a nationalist politician from Bengal. The
party’s name is taken from the term swaraj, meaning “self-rule,”
which was broadly applied to the movement to gain independence
from British rule.
*1927-SIMON COMMISSION
The Indian Statutory Commission, also known as Simon
Commission, was a group of 7 Members of Parliament under the
chairmanship of Sir John Simon (later, 1st Viscount Simon). The
commission arrived in British India in 1928 to study constitutional
reform in Britain’s largest and most important possession. After its
Chairman’s name Sir John Simon, Simon Commission was named.
It was under the leadership of Sir John Simon, an English based
group was visiting India. These Simon Commission delegates
created ripple effects on the ground, strong reactions were
witnessed from noted politicians like Jawaharlal Nehru, Gandhi,

20. BETWEEN 1929-1930
1929-LAHORE CONGRESS
The annual session of the Congress was held at
Lahore 1929 where Jawaharlal Nehru was
elected the president. The Lahore session of the
Congress passed a series of landmark
resolutions.
The Nehru Committee report had lapsed, as
dominion status was not acceptable.
*1930-FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFRENCE
The British Indian government unconditionally
released Gandhi and all other members of the
working committee of Indian National Congress
on 25th January 1931. The Congress working
committee authorised Mahatma Gandhi to
initiate the discussion with Lord Irwin. After the
completion of this discussion, an agreement was
signed between the Viceroy Lord Irwin
representing the British Indian government and
Gandhi, representing Indian National Congress
and Indian people in Delhi on 14th February
1931. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact or Delhi pact placed
Indian National Congress on equal footing with
the British Indian government.

21. 1931
*1931-GANDHI IRWIN PACT
The British Indian government unconditionally released
Gandhi and all other members of the working
committee of Indian National Congress on 25th January
1931. The Congress working committee authorised
Mahatma Gandhi to initiate the discussion with Lord
Irwin. After the completion of this discussion, an
agreement was signed between the Viceroy Lord Irwin
representing the British Indian government and Gandhi,
representing Indian National Congress and Indian
people in Delhi on 14th February 1931. The Gandhi-
Irwin Pact or Delhi pact placed Indian National Congress
on equal footing with the British Indian government.
*1931-SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE
The second session of Round Table Conference, which
opened on 7 September. Although MacDonald was still
Prime Minister of Britain, he was by this time heading a
coalition Government (the "National Government")
with a Conservative majority, including Sir Samuel
Hoare as a new Secretary of State for India. On 7
November 1931 Gandhi secretly met with Malcolm
MacDonald in his rooms at Balliol College, Oxford. He
took the opportunity to gain publicity from a tour of
the East End and visit to Lancashire cotton mills, but
could not persuade the government to grant self-rule:
of more urgency was the gathering Agrarian Crisis and
Congress newest campaign for a Fair rent.

22. BETWEEN 1932-1935
*1932-POONA PACT
The Poona Pact was an agreement between Mahatma
Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar on behalf of depressed classes
and upper caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of
electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of
British India government in 1932.
*1932-THIRD ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE
The third Round Table Conference (17 November 1932 - 24
December 1932) was not attended by the Indian National
Congress and Gandhi. Many other Indian leaders were also
absent. Like the two first conferences, little was achieved.
The recommendations were published in a White Paper in
March 1933 and debated in Parliament afterwards. A Joint
Select Committee was formed to analyse the
recommendations and formulate a new Act for India.
*1935-GOVERNMENT OF INDIAN ACT
The Government of India Act of 1935 marked the second
milestone towards a completely responsible government in
India after the Act of 1919. This Act was
passed by the British Government in the year 1935. It was
one of the lengthiest
Acts at that time as it contained 321 sections and 10
schedules. It was also the last
constitution of British India, before the country was divided,
in 1947, into two
parts-India and Pakistan.

23. BETWEEN 1937-39
*Indian Provincial Elections
Provincial elections were held in British India in 1936-37 as
mandated by the Government of India Act 1935.
Elections were held in eleven provinces – Madras, Central
Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay
Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh.
The final results of the elections were declared in February
1937.
The Indian National Congress emerged in power in eight of
the provinces – the three exceptions being Bengal, Punjab,
and Sindh.
*All India Forward Block
The All India Forward Bloc (abbr. AIFB) is a left-wing
nationalist political party in India. It emerged as a faction
within the Indian National Congress in 1939, led by Subhas
Chandra Bose. The party re-established as an independent
political party after the independence of India.

24. *SECOND WORLD WAR
World War II, also called Second World War, conflict that
involved virtually every part of the world during the years
1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—
Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great
Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser
extent, China. The war was in many respects a continuation,
after an uneasy 20-year hiatus, of the disputes left
unsettled by World War I. The 40,000,000–50,000,000
deaths incurred in World War II make it the bloodiest
conflict, as well as the largest war, in history.
BETWEEN 1939-45

25. 1940
*Lahore Resolution (Demand for Pakistan)
Lahore Resolution adopted at the general session of the
muslim league. In 1940 mohammed ali jinnah called a
general session of the All India Muslim League in Lahore to
discuss the situation that had arisen due to the outbreak of
the Second World War and the Government of India joining
the war without taking the opinion of the Indian leaders,
and also to analyse the reasons that led to the defeat of the
Muslim League in the general election of 1937 in the
Muslim majority provinces.
*August Offer on 8th Aug
A change of government took place in Britain in May 1940
and Winston Churchill became the prime minister (1940–
45).
The fall of France temporarily softened the attitude of
Congress in India. Britain was in immediate danger of Nazi
occupation.
As the war was taking a menacing turn from the allied point
of view congress offered to cooperate in the war if transfer
of authority in India is done to an interim government.
The government’s response was a statement of the viceroy
known as the August offer.

26. 1942
*Cripps Mission
Cripps Mission was deputed by British parliament in early
1942 to contain the political crisis obtained in India. The
mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a Cabinet
Minister. Cripps, a radical member of the Labour Party and
the then Leader of the House of Commons, was known as a
strong supporter of Indian national movement. Cripps
Mission was prompted by two considerations. First,
Gandhi's call for the Satyagraha (literally 'insistence on
truth', generally rendered 'soul force') movement in
October 1940 was designed to embarrass Britain's war
efforts by a mass upheaval in India and needed to be ended
in the British interest. Secondly, the fall of Singapore (15
February 1942), Rangoon (8 March), and the Andamans (23
March) to the Japanese was threatening the entire fabric of
British colonial empire. In the face of these crises, the
British felt obliged to make some gestures to win over
Indian public support.

27. *Quit India Movement
In August 1942, Gandhiji started the 'Quit India Movement'
and decided to launch a mass civil disobedience movement
'Do or Die' call to force the British to leave India. The
movement was followed, nonetheless, by large-scale
violence directed at railway stations, telegraph offices,
government buildings, and other emblems and institutions
of colonial rule. There were widespread acts of sabotage,
and the government held Gandhi responsible for these acts
of violence, suggesting that they were a deliberate act of
Congress policy. However, all the prominent leaders were
arrested, the Congress was banned and the police and army
were brought out to suppress the movement.
*Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
Azad Hind was not India’s first provisional government. The
credit for establishing that – formally known as the
''Hukumat-i-Moktar-i-Hind" – in Kabul on 1st Dec, 1915,
goes to Raja Mahendra Pratap and Maulana Barkatullah.
1943

28. 1946
* The Royal Indian Navy mutiny
The Royal Indian Navy mutiny or revolt, also called the 1946
Naval Uprising,[1] was an insurrection of Indian naval
ratings, soldiers, police personnel and civilians against the
British government in India. From the initial flashpoint in
Bombay, the revolt spread and found support throughout
British India, from Karachi to Calcutta, and ultimately came
to involve over 20,000 sailors in 78 ships and shore
establishments.
* The Cabinet Mission
The Cabinet Mission came to India aiming to discuss the
transfer of powers from the British government to the
Indian leadership, with the aim of preserving India's unity
and granting its independence.
*Interim government
The Interim Government of India, also known as the
Provisional Government of India, formed on 2 September
1946[1] from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of
India, had the task of assisting the transition of British India
to independence. It remained in place until 15 August 1947,
the date of the independence (and partition) of India, and
the creation of Pakistan.

29. 1947
*Lord Mountbatten’s Pattern Plan
In February, 1947, Lord Mountbatten was sent as the
Viceroy to India to ensure early transfer of power. He put up
his plan on June 3, 1947 which included partition of India.
Following the Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947, India was
made free, but by partitioning India the new state of
Pakistan was created.
Seeing the kind of communal tension created in the name
of religion, the Congress leaders thought it beneficial for the
larger interest of humanity to accept the decision of
partition.
*India Independence Act
An Act to make provision for the setting up in India of two
independent dominion states, to substitute other provisions
for certain provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935,
which apply outside those dominions, and to provide for
other matters consequential on or connected with the
setting up of those Dominions.
*Flag Hosting on First Independence Day
The only surviving vintage national flag in India, hoisted at
Fort St George here on the first Independence day on
August 15 1947, is being conserved by the Archaeological
Survey of India through multi-pronged efforts.
The final design of the Indian National Flag, hoisted by PM
Nehru on August 16, 1947 at Red Fort, had a history of
several decades preceding independence.

30. SCENARIO OF THE
FIRST
INDEPENDENCE DAY
On 15 August 1947 India became independent
from the British Empire following the
Independence Movement led by Mahatma
Gandhi and his message of nonviolent
resistance. The handover of power was overseen
by Lord Mountbatten, the last viceroy of India.
Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime
Minister of India and raised the Indian national
flag above the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort in
Delhi in honour of the celebrations.

31. Lord Mountbatten discussing his plan for the partition of
India and transfer of power with Indian leaders at
Viceroy's House, New Delhi, on 2 June 1947
All India Congress Committee votes for Partition of
India, New Delhi, on 15 June 1947. Seen here are
Jawaharlal Nehru, Govind Ballabh Pant and Dr
Rajendra Prasad

32. Here Jawaharlal Nehru is delivering the 'Tryst with
Destiny' speech in the Constitution Assembly of India,
14-15 August 1947)
“Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and
now the time comes when we shall redeem our
pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very
substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour,
when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and
freedom. A moment comes, which comes but
rarely in history, when we step out from the old to
the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a
nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting
that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of
dedication to the service of India and her people
and to the still larger cause of humanity.”
- 'A Tryst with Destiny'

33. This photo shows Jawaharlal Nehru being sworn in as
First Prime Minister of Independent India on 15 August
1947
administration of the oath of office to Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel as Deputy Prime Minister of India by President Dr
Rajendra Prasad on 15 August 1947

34. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's “Tribute to
Those Who Sacrificed Their Lives in
Freedom Struggle” in an article in The
Bombay Chronicle on 15 August 1947:
“Today when we are witnessing the
fulfillment of our life’s ambition and
participating in the victory that has
crowned the nation’s struggle for
freedom, it is our first duty to pay
homage to the memory of those whose
sacrifices have contributed so much to
this glorious conclusion of that struggle.
Let the nation honour their memory in
the rejoicing which freedom has
brought in its train."

35. Independence Day celebrations in front of South Block,
New Delhi
Independence Day celebrations in front of Princess Park
(now August Kranti Maidan), New Delhi

36. Independence Day celebrations gathering in front of
Parliament Building, New Delhi
shows Lord Mountbatten and Lady Mountbatten leaving
Viceroy’s House (now Rashtrapathi Bhawan), New Delhi

37. Jawaharlal Nehru accompanied by Lord Mountbatten
and Edwina Mountbatten at India Gate, New Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru taking salute of three Armed Forces at
India Gate, New Delhi. Defence Minister Baldev Singh is
also in the picture

38. unfurling of National Flag by Jawaharlal Nehru at Red Fort,
Delhi, on 16 August 1947
The speech of Jawaharlal Nehru at the Red Fort,
16 August 1947:
“We have gathered here on a historic occasion at
this ancient fort to win back what was ours. This
flag does not symbolize the triumph of individuals
or the Congress but the triumph of the whole
country. The free flag of India is the symbol of
freedom and democracy not only for India but for
the whole world. India, Asia and the world must
rejoice on this great day.”

39. the departure of British Troops from India (Bombay
Docks)
the newspaper coverage of the Independence Day
celebrations

40. TIMELINE
[1947-2021]

41. 1947-1950:DOMINION
OF INDIA
PARTITION OF INDIA
The Partition of India was the division of British India into
two independent Dominions: India and Pakistan.The two
states have since gone through further reorganization: the
Dominion of India is today the Republic of India (since
1950); while the Dominion of Pakistan was composed of
what is known today as the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan (since 1956) and the People's Republic of
Bangladesh (since 1971).
INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES
A princely state, also called a native state, feudatory
state or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent),
was a vassal state] under a local or indigenous or regional
ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj.

42. INDO –PAKISTAN WAR OF 1947-1948
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 or the First
Kashmir War was an armed conflict that was fought
between India and Pakistan over the princely
state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the
first of four Indo-Pakistani wars that was fought between
the two newly-independent nations.
CONSTITUTION
It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26
November 1949 and became effective on 26 January
1950. The constitution replaced the Government of India
Act 1935 as the country's fundamental governing
document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic
of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers
repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395.
India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic
Day.

43. 1950s AND 1960s
STATE RE-ORGANISATION
Potti Sreeramulu's fast-unto-death, and consequent death
for the demand of an Andhra State in 1952 sparked a major
re-shaping of the Indian Union. Nehru appointed the States
Re-organisation Commission, upon whose
recommendations the States Re-organisation Act was
passed in 1956.
NEHRU ADMINISTRATION(1952-1964)
Prime Minister Nehru led the Congress to major election
victories in 1957 and 1962. The Parliament passed extensive
reforms that increased the legal rights of women in Hindu
society, and further legislated against caste discrimination
and untouchability .Nehru advocated a strong initiative to
enroll India's children to complete primary education, and
thousands of schools, colleges and institutions of advanced
learning, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology, were
founded across the nation

44. C.RAJAGOPALACHARI AND FORMATION OF SWATANTRA
PARTY
On 4 June 1959, shortly after the Nagpur session of the
Indian National Congress, C. Rajagopalachari,along with
Murari Vaidya of the newly established Forum of Free
Enterprise (FFE) and Minoo Masani, a classical liberal and
critic of socialist Nehru, announced the formation of the
new Swatantra Party at a meeting in Madras.
FOREIGN POLICY AND MILITARY CONFLICTS
Nehru's foreign policy was the inspiration of the Non-
Aligned Movement of which India was a co-founder. Nehru
maintained friendly relations with both the United States
and the Soviet Union, and encouraged the People's Republic
of China to join the global community of nations. In 1956,
when the Suez Canal Company was seized by the Egyptian
government, an international conference voted 18–4 to
take action against Egypt.

45. 1970s
 ANNEXATION OF SIKKISM
In 1973, anti-royalist riots took place in the Kingdom of
Sikkim. In 1975, the Prime Minister of Sikkim appealed to
the Indian Parliament for Sikkim to become a state of
India. In April of that year, the Indian Army took over the
city of Gangtok and disarmed the Chogyal's palace
guards. Thereafter, a referendum was held in which 97.5
percent of voters supported abolishing the monarchy,
effectively approving union with India.
.
FORMATION OF NORTHEASTERN STATES
In the Northeast India, the state of Assam was divided into
several states beginning in 1970 within the borders of what
was then Assam. In 1963, the Naga Hills district became the
16th state of India under the name of Nagaland. Part
of Tuensang was added to Nagaland
GREEN REVOLUTION AND OPERATION FLOOD
India's population passed the 500 million mark in the early
1970s, but its long-standing food crisis was resolved with
greatly improved agricultural productivity due to the Green
Revolution. The government sponsored modern agricultural
implements, new varieties of generic seeds, and increased
financial assistance to farmers that increased the yield of
food crops such as wheat, rice and corn, as well as
commercial crops like cotton, tea, tobacco and coffee.

46. INDO-PAKISTAN WAR 1971
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was the third in four wars
fought between the two nations. In this war, fought over the
issue of self-rule in East Pakistan India decisively
defeated Pakistan, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh
INDIAN EMERGENCY
Economic and social problems, as well as allegations of
corruption, caused increasing political unrest across India,
culminating in the Bihar Movement. In 1974, the Allahabad
High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of misusing
government machinery for election purposes. Opposition
parties conducted nationwide strikes and protests
demanding her immediate resignation. Various political
parties united under Jaya Prakash Narayan to resist what he
termed Gandhi's dictatorship.
JANATA INTERLUDE
Indira Gandhi's Congress Party called for general elections in
1977, only to suffer a humiliating electoral defeat at the
hands of the Janata Party, an amalgamation of opposition
parties. Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime
Minister of India. The Desai administration established
tribunals to investigate Emergency-era abuses, and Indira
and Sanjay Gandhi were arrested after a report from
the Shah Commission.

47. 1980s
 RAJIV GANDHI ADMINISTRATION
The Congress party chose Rajiv Gandhi, Indira's older son, as
the next Prime Minister. Rajiv had been elected to
Parliament only in 1982, and at 40, was the youngest
national political leader and Prime Minister ever. But his
youth and inexperience were an asset in the eyes of citizens
tired of the inefficacy and corruption of career politicians,
and looking for newer policies and a fresh start to resolve the
country's long-standing problems. The Parliament was
dissolved, and Rajiv led the Congress party to its largest
majority in history (over 415 seats out of 545 possible),
reaping a sympathy vote over his mother's assassination.
Rajiv Gandhi initiated a series of reforms: the Licence
Raj was loosened, and government restrictions on foreign
currency, travel, foreign investment, and imports decreased
considerably. This allowed private businesses to use
resources and produce commercial goods without
government bureaucracy interfering, and the influx of foreign
investment increased India's national reserves. As Prime
Minister, Rajiv broke from his mother's precedent to improve
relations with the United States, which increased economic
aid and scientific co-operation. Rajiv's encouragement of
science and technology resulted in a major expansion of the
telecommunications industry and India's space programme,
and gave birth to the software industry and information
technology sector.

48. JANATA DAL
General elections in 1989 gave Rajiv's Congress a plurality,
much less than the majority which propelled him to power.
Power came instead to his former finance and defence
minister, VP Singh of Janata Dal. Singh had been moved
from the Finance ministry to the Defence ministry after he
unearthed some scandals which made the Congress
leadership uncomfortable. Singh then unearthed the Bofors
scandal, and was sacked from the party and
office. Becoming a popular crusader for reform and clean
government, Singh led the Janata Dal coalition to a majority.
He was supported by BJP and the leftist parties from
outside. Becoming Prime Minister, Singh made an important
visit to the Golden Temple shrine, to heal the wounds of the
past. He implemented the Mandal Commission report, to
increase the quota in reservation for low-caste Hindus.

49. 1990s
 ECONOMIC REFORMS
Under the policies initiated by late Prime Minister P. V.
Narasimha Rao and his then-Finance Minister
Dr. Manmohan Singh, India's economy expanded rapidly.
The economic reforms were a reaction to an impending
balance of payment crisis. The Rao administration
initiated the privatisation of large, inefficient, and loss-
inducing government corporations. The UF government
had attempted a progressive budget that encouraged
reforms, but the 1997 Asian financial crisis and political
instability created economic stagnation. The Vajpayee
administration continued with privatisation, reduction of
taxes, a sound fiscal policy aimed at reducing deficits and
debts, and increased initiatives for public works. Cities
like Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, and Ahmedabad have
risen in prominence and economic importance,
becoming centres of rising industries and destinations for
foreign investment and firms. Strategies like forming
Special Economic Zones—tax amenities, good
communications infrastructure, low regulation—to
encourage industries has paid off in many parts of the
country.

50. ERA COALITIONS
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerged from the May
1996 national elections as the single-largest party in the Lok
Sabha but without enough strength to prove a majority on
the floor of that Parliament. Under Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee, the BJP coalition lasted in power 13 days.
With all political parties wishing to avoid another round of
elections, a 14-party coalition led by the Janata Dal
emerged to form a government known as the United Front.
A United Front government under former Chief Minister of
Karnataka H.D. Deve Gowda lasted less than a year. The
leader of the Congress Party withdrew support in March
1997. Inder Kumar Gujral replaced Deve Gowda as the
consensus choice for Prime Minister of a 16-party United
Front coalition.

51. 2000s
 UNDER BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY
In May 2000, India's population exceeded 1 billion.
President of the United States Bill Clinton made a
groundbreaking visit to India to improve ties between
the two nations. In January, massive earthquakes hit
Gujarat state, killing at least 30,000.
Prime Minister Vajpayee met with Pakistan's
President Pervez Musharraf in the first summit between
Pakistan and India in more than two years in the middle
of 2001. But the meeting failed without a breakthrough
or even a joint statement because of differences over
Kashmir region.
Three new states —
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand (originally
Uttaranchal) — were formed in November 2000.
The National Democratic Alliance government's
credibility was adversely affected by a number of political
scandals (such as allegations that the Defence
Minister George Fernandes took bribes) as well as
reports of intelligence failures that led to the Kargil
incursions going undetected, and the apparent failure of
his talks with the Pakistani President. Following the 11
September attacks, the United States lifted sanctions
which it had imposed against India and Pakistan in 1998.
The move was seen as a reward for their support for
the War on Terror. The tensions of an imminent war
between India and Pakistan again rose by the heavy
Indian firing on Pakistani military posts along the Line of
Control and the subsequent deadly Indian Parliament
attack and the 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff.

52. CONGRESS RULE RETURNS
In January 2004 Prime Minister Vajpayee recommended
early dissolution of the Lok Sabha and general elections.
The Congress Party-led alliance won a surprise victory
in elections held in May 2004. Manmohan Singh became
the Prime Minister, after the Congress President Sonia
Gandhi, the widow of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi,
declined to take the office, in order to defuse the
controversy about whether her foreign birth should be
considered a disqualification for the Prime Minister's post.
The Congress formed a coalition called the United
Progressive Alliance with Socialist and regional parties, and
enjoyed the outside support of India's Communist parties.
Manmohan Singh became the first Sikh and non-Hindu to
hold India's most powerful office. Singh continued
economic liberalisation, although the need for support from
Indian Socialists and Communists forestalled further
privatisation for some time.

53. 2010s
CONGRESS RULE CONTINUES
The concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth
Games rocked the country in 2010, raising questions about the
credibility of the government followed by the 2G spectrum
case and Adarsh Housing Society scam. In mid-2011, Anna
Hazare, a prominent social activist, staged a 12-day hunger
strike in Delhi in protest at state corruption, after government
proposals to tighten up anti-graft legislation fell short of his
demands.
Despite all this, India showed great promise with a higher
growth rate in gross domestic product. In January 2011, India
assumed a nonpermanent seat in the United Nations Security
Council for the 2011–12 term. In 2004, India had launched an
application for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council,
along with Brazil,Germany and Japan. In March, India overtook
China to become the world's largest importer of
arms.The Telangana movement reached its peak in 2011–12,
leading to formation of India's 29th state, Telangana, in June
2014..The 2012 Delhi gang rape case and subsequent protest
by civil society resulted in changes in the laws related
to rape and offences against women. In April 2013, the Saradha
Group financial scandal was unearthed, caused by the collapse
of a Ponzi scheme run by Saradha Group, a consortium of over
200 private companies in Eastern India, causing an estimated
loss of INR 200–300 billion (US$4–6 billion) to over 1.7 million
depositors.In December 2013, the Supreme Court of
India overturned the Delhi High Court ruling on Sec 377,
criminalising homosexual sex between consenting adults once
again in the country.

54. 2014-RETURN OF BHARTIYA JANATA PARTY(BJP)
GOVERNMENT
The Hindutva movement advocating Hindu nationalism
originated in the 1920s and has remained a strong political
force in India.
The major party of the religious right, Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP), since its foundation in 1980 won elections, and after a
defeat in
2004 remained one of the leading forces against the
coalition government of the Congress Party. The 16th
national general election,
held in early 2014, saw a huge victory of the BJP; it gained
an absolute majority and formed a government under the
premiership
of Narendra Modi, a BJP leader and till then the Chief
Minister of Gujarat. The Modi government's sweeping
mandate and
popularity helped the BJP win several State Assembly
elections in India. The Modi government implemented
several initiatives and
campaigns to increase manufacturing and infrastructure —
notably — Make in India, Digital India and Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan.
The BJP government introduced the Citizenship
Amendment Act in 2019, sparking widespread protests.

55. 2020s
COVID-19 PANDEMIC
The COVID-19 pandemic in India is a part of
the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
The first case of COVID-19 in India,
which originated from China was reported on 30
January 2020. Currently, India has the largest
number of confirmed cases in Asia.As of 12 June
2021, India has the second-highest number of
confirmed cases in the world (after the United
States) with 29.3 million reported cases of COVID-
19 infection and the third-highest number of
COVID-19 deaths (after the United States
and Brazil) at 367,081 deaths.

56. BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/edu
cation/empire/g2/cs4/background.htm
https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit
/independence-day-celebrations-1947-
nehru-memorial-museum-
library/gQ7T_zFF?hl=en
https://www.nps.gov/waro/learn/historyc
ulture/timeline-of-the-war-for-
independence.htm