Sachar committee - Dr.C.Thanavathi

1. SACHAR COMMITTEE
SACHAR COMMITTEE
REPORT
REPORT
ON
ON
Social, Economic and Educational status
Social, Economic and Educational status
of the Muslim Community of India
of the Muslim Community of India
A Summary of major Findings and Some Observations
A Summary of major Findings and Some Observations
AUSAF AHMAD
AUSAF AHMAD
Kolkata
Kolkata
Feb 24, 2006
Feb 24, 2006
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

2. APPOINTMENT AND
APPOINTMENT AND
COMPOSITION OF HLC
COMPOSITION OF HLC
A
A High Level Committee (HCL)
High Level Committee (HCL) was appointed by the Prime
was appointed by the Prime
Minister through a notification issued by his office on March
Minister through a notification issued by his office on March
09, 2005 to prepare a report on social, economic and
09, 2005 to prepare a report on social, economic and
educational status of Muslim community of India.
educational status of Muslim community of India.
The HLC included the following:
The HLC included the following:
1.
1. Justice
Justice Rajender
Rajender Sachar
Sachar
2.
2. Mr.
Mr. Saiyid
Saiyid Hamid
Hamid
3.
3. Mr. M.A.
Mr. M.A. Basith
Basith
4.
4. Dr.
Dr. Rakesh
Rakesh Basant
Basant
5.
5. Dr.
Dr. Akhtar
Akhtar Majeed
Majeed
6.
6. Dr. Abu
Dr. Abu Saleh
Saleh Sharif Member Secretary
Sharif Member Secretary
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

3. In Which states, Districts, Blocks do Muslims live
In Which states, Districts, Blocks do Muslims live
Geographical pattern of economic activity
Geographical pattern of economic activity
Asset base and Income levels
Asset base and Income levels
Levels of socio economic development
Levels of socio economic development
Educational Progress, Literacy rates, drop out ratios
Educational Progress, Literacy rates, drop out ratios
etc.
etc.
Relative Share in Public and Private sector
Relative Share in Public and Private sector
employment
employment
Proportion of OBC in Muslim community and their
Proportion of OBC in Muslim community and their
problems.
problems.
TERMS OF REFERENCE
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

4. SUBMISSION OF THE
SUBMISSION OF THE
REPORT
REPORT
Presented to the Prime Minister on 17
Presented to the Prime Minister on 17
Nov. 2006.
Nov. 2006.
Tabled in the Lok Sabha on 30
Tabled in the Lok Sabha on 30th
th Nov.
Nov.
2006.
2006.
An Action Report would be tabled
An Action Report would be tabled
probably in the Budget session.
probably in the Budget session.
The report is spread to 403 pages in 12
The report is spread to 403 pages in 12
Chapters. Main report is up to P.254.
Chapters. Main report is up to P.254.
Supporting material is presented in the
Supporting material is presented in the
statistical appendices.
statistical appendices.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

5. Sources Of Data and
Sources Of Data and
Information
Information
Census of India 2001
Census of India 2001
National Sample Survey, Round 61
National Sample Survey, Round 61
Reserve Bank of India
Reserve Bank of India
NABARD, SIDBI, NMDFC,
NABARD, SIDBI, NMDFC,
Data from government commissions
Data from government commissions
and other government organizations
and other government organizations
such as Backward classes Commission
such as Backward classes Commission
and NCAERT
and NCAERT
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

6. ESTABLISHED FACTS
ESTABLISHED FACTS
Relative Social and Economic backwardness
Relative Social and Economic backwardness
of Indian Muslims is well established
of Indian Muslims is well established
through:
through:
HLC (Sachar Committee) 2006
HLC (Sachar Committee) 2006
Gopal Singh Panel 1983
Gopal Singh Panel 1983
Research Studies Ahmad (1992), Khalidi(1993),
Research Studies Ahmad (1992), Khalidi(1993),
Zakaria (1994) etc
Zakaria (1994) etc
Studies published by the IOS (1980s)
Studies published by the IOS (1980s)
HLC is not the first to bring out such
HLC is not the first to bring out such
findings. Some have said it is old wine in
findings. Some have said it is old wine in
new bottle
new bottle
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

7. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
AND PERCEPTIONS
AND PERCEPTIONS
Discussions with Muslim groups and
Discussions with Muslim groups and
intellectuals. The Chapter is based on
intellectuals. The Chapter is based on
the Perceptions of the Muslim
the Perceptions of the Muslim
Community.
Community.
The Non implementation of several
The Non implementation of several
earlier commissions and committees
earlier commissions and committees
has made Muslim community wary of
has made Muslim community wary of
any new initiatives.
any new initiatives.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

8. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
AND PERCEPTIONS
AND PERCEPTIONS
Markers of Muslims identity : Beard,
Markers of Muslims identity : Beard,
topi, Burqa
topi, Burqa,
,
Markers of Muslim identity while
Markers of Muslim identity while
adding to the distinctiveness of Indian
adding to the distinctiveness of Indian
Muslims have been a cause of concern
Muslims have been a cause of concern
for them in the Public Realm.
for them in the Public Realm.
Denominational institutions were not
Denominational institutions were not
supposed to be only option available.
supposed to be only option available.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

9. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
AND PERCEPTIONS
AND PERCEPTIONS
For large number of Muslim women in India
For large number of Muslim women in India
today the safe space is within the
today the safe space is within the
boundaries of her home and community
boundaries of her home and community
Police high handedness: “Whenever any
Police high handedness: “Whenever any
incident occurs, Muslim boys are picked up
incident occurs, Muslim boys are picked up
by the Police.” “Every bearded person is
by the Police.” “Every bearded person is
considered an ISI Agent” etc.
considered an ISI Agent” etc.
Migration and Ghetto
Migration and Ghetto-
-isation.
isation.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

10. POPULATION:
POPULATION: SIZE,
SIZE,
DISTRIBUTION AND HEALTH
DISTRIBUTION AND HEALTH
CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
CENSUS 2001: Muslim population: 138
CENSUS 2001: Muslim population: 138
million, Estimate for 2006 150 million
million, Estimate for 2006 150 million
Population growth has been high for
Population growth has been high for
all major religious minorities.
all major religious minorities.
The rise in the share of Muslims in
The rise in the share of Muslims in
total population has been less than
total population has been less than
one point a decade in the previous
one point a decade in the previous
four decades.
four decades.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

11. POPULATION:
POPULATION: SIZE,
SIZE,
DISTRIBUTION AND HEALTH
DISTRIBUTION AND HEALTH
CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
There has been a decline in the Growth
There has been a decline in the Growth
Rate of Muslims in 1991
Rate of Muslims in 1991-
-2001
2001
Of 593 districts, 9 districts show more 75%
Of 593 districts, 9 districts show more 75%
concentration of Muslims. Muslim population
concentration of Muslims. Muslim population
ranges between 1
ranges between 1-
-10% or more in 458
10% or more in 458
districts.
districts.
Muslim population is younger with better
Muslim population is younger with better
sex ratio than other CRGs. Why? More
sex ratio than other CRGs. Why? More
research required on the issue.
research required on the issue.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

12. POPULATION: SIZE,
POPULATION: SIZE,
DISTRIBUTION AND
DISTRIBUTION AND
HEALTH CONDITIONS
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Muslim population is also
Muslim population is also
predominantly rural but the level of
predominantly rural but the level of
Urbanization is higher than the
Urbanization is higher than the
population as a whole.
population as a whole.
Infant and childhood mortality rates
Infant and childhood mortality rates
are slightly lower than the average.
are slightly lower than the average.
Life expectancy for Muslims is higher
Life expectancy for Muslims is higher
than the average by about one year.
than the average by about one year.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

13. POPULATION: SIZE,
POPULATION: SIZE,
DISTRIBUTION AND
DISTRIBUTION AND
HEALTH CONDITIONS
HEALTH CONDITIONS
There has been a large decline in fertility in
There has been a large decline in fertility in
all CRGs including the Muslims.
all CRGs including the Muslims.
Muslim fertility rates are a little higher in
Muslim fertility rates are a little higher in
some states and in some states it falls
some states and in some states it falls
within the same range.
within the same range.
Muslim Child experiences a significantly
Muslim Child experiences a significantly
higher risk of being underweight than a
higher risk of being underweight than a
child belonging to other CRGs.
child belonging to other CRGs.
More chances of Malnutrition.
More chances of Malnutrition.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

14. POPULATION: SIZE,
POPULATION: SIZE,
DISTRIBUTION AND
DISTRIBUTION AND
HEALTH CONDITIONS
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Couples take decisions on fertility in their
Couples take decisions on fertility in their
own interests rather than for raising
own interests rather than for raising
community’s share in the population.
community’s share in the population.
Muslim population growth has slowed down,
Muslim population growth has slowed down,
as fertility has declined substantially clearly
as fertility has declined substantially clearly
showing that Muslims are well into a
showing that Muslims are well into a
demographic transition.
demographic transition.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

15. EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
OF INDIAN MUSLIMS
OF INDIAN MUSLIMS
Data analyzed have been obtained from
Data analyzed have been obtained from
Census 2001
Census 2001
The literacy rates among Muslims in 2001
The literacy rates among Muslims in 2001
were below national average.
were below national average.
The gap between Muslim and general
The gap between Muslim and general
literacy rates are higher in Urban areas and
literacy rates are higher in Urban areas and
among women. [In rural areas, both
among women. [In rural areas, both
Muslims and non
Muslims and non-
-Muslims are illiterates.]
Muslims are illiterates.]
Muslims Literacy rates are much lower than
Muslims Literacy rates are much lower than
General and Other minorities but almost
General and Other minorities but almost
equal to SC/ ST
equal to SC/ ST
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

16. EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
OF INDIAN MUSLIMS
OF INDIAN MUSLIMS
A comparison across SRGs reveals
A comparison across SRGs reveals
consistently lower levels of Mean years of
consistently lower levels of Mean years of
schooling for the Muslim community.
schooling for the Muslim community.
It is satisfactory to note that enrollment
It is satisfactory to note that enrollment
rations have risen lately. The increase in
rations have risen lately. The increase in
enrollment has been highest among SC/ ST
enrollment has been highest among SC/ ST
followed by Muslims.
followed by Muslims.
As many 25% of Muslim Children in 6
As many 25% of Muslim Children in 6-
-14
14
age groups have either never attended a
age groups have either never attended a
school or have dropped out.
school or have dropped out.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

17. EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
OF INDIAN MUSLIMS
OF INDIAN MUSLIMS
Attainment levels of Muslims are close to or
Attainment levels of Muslims are close to or
slightly higher than those of SC/ ST but
slightly higher than those of SC/ ST but
much lower than those of other CRGs.
much lower than those of other CRGs.
Primary education is the main hurdle.:
Primary education is the main hurdle.:
Inverse Pyramid Hypothesis
Inverse Pyramid Hypothesis
Drop out rates are higher at Primary,
Drop out rates are higher at Primary,
secondary, and higher level than other
secondary, and higher level than other
CRGs.
CRGs.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

18. EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
OF INDIAN MUSLIMS
OF INDIAN MUSLIMS
Setting up of JNVs in rural areas was
Setting up of JNVs in rural areas was
expected to reduce supply side
expected to reduce supply side
constraints on good and quality
constraints on good and quality
education …Muslim participation is not
education …Muslim participation is not
satisfactory.
satisfactory.
Technical training should be provided
Technical training should be provided
even to those who have not completed
even to those who have not completed
schooling.
schooling.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

19. Economy and
Economy and
Employment
Employment
Low Work Participation ratio for men and
Low Work Participation ratio for men and
women
women
Worker Population ratio for Muslim women
Worker Population ratio for Muslim women
are lowest among all CRGs.: A larger
are lowest among all CRGs.: A larger
proportion of Muslim women are non
proportion of Muslim women are non-
-
workers.
workers.
High Share of Muslim workers engaged in
High Share of Muslim workers engaged in
self employment. Also in Urban areas and
self employment. Also in Urban areas and
for women.
for women.
Participation of Muslim workers in salaried
Participation of Muslim workers in salaried
jobs (both public and private Sectors) is
jobs (both public and private Sectors) is
quite low
quite low
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

20. Economy and
Economy and
Employment
Employment
A significantly large proportion of Muslim
A significantly large proportion of Muslim
workers are engaged in SSE (proprietary
workers are engaged in SSE (proprietary
ownership)
ownership)
Muslim Participation in the formal sector
Muslim Participation in the formal sector
employment is significantly less than the
employment is significantly less than the
national average
national average
Percentage of Muslim women workers
Percentage of Muslim women workers
undertaking work in their homes (70%) is
undertaking work in their homes (70%) is
much larger than for all workers (51%).
much larger than for all workers (51%).
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

21. Economy and
Economy and
Employment
Employment
Share of Muslim workers engaged in
Share of Muslim workers engaged in
Agriculture is much lower than for
Agriculture is much lower than for
other groups
other groups
Participation of Muslims in traditional
Participation of Muslims in traditional
manufacturing and crafts is high.
manufacturing and crafts is high.
Among the non manufacturing retail
Among the non manufacturing retail
and wholesale trade has a large
and wholesale trade has a large
proportion of Muslim presence.
proportion of Muslim presence.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

22. Economy and
Economy and
Employment
Employment
Apparel, Auto repair and Electrical
Apparel, Auto repair and Electrical
machinery are important for Muslims.
machinery are important for Muslims.
Participation of Muslims in security related
Participation of Muslims in security related
activities [Police, Army, Jail] is considerably
activities [Police, Army, Jail] is considerably
lower than their share in population.
lower than their share in population.
Bidi Workers, tailors, and mechanics need to
Bidi Workers, tailors, and mechanics need to
provided with safety nets and social
provided with safety nets and social
security.
security.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

23. Economy and
Economy and
Employment
Employment
The participation of Muslims in
The participation of Muslims in
professional and managerial cadre is
professional and managerial cadre is
low.
low.
Muslim workers are vulnerable with no
Muslim workers are vulnerable with no
written contracts and lack of social
written contracts and lack of social
security measures.
security measures.
Muslim workers get lower daily
Muslim workers get lower daily
earning than other CRGs.
earning than other CRGs.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

24. Economy and
Economy and
Employment
Employment
Among Urban male workers, the
Among Urban male workers, the
probability of Muslim workers taking
probability of Muslim workers taking
up regular work is the lowest while
up regular work is the lowest while
that of SC/ ST worker is the highest.
that of SC/ ST worker is the highest.
Improvement requires skill
Improvement requires skill
development and flow of credit in
development and flow of credit in
those sectors and regions in which
those sectors and regions in which
Muslim employment is concentrated.
Muslim employment is concentrated.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

25. ACCESS TO BANK CREDIT
ACCESS TO BANK CREDIT
Iniquitous access to public and private
Iniquitous access to public and private
banking institutions across SRGs can
banking institutions across SRGs can
perpetuate disparities.
perpetuate disparities.
Share of Muslims on Amount Outstanding is
Share of Muslims on Amount Outstanding is
only 4.7% against 6.5% for other minorities
only 4.7% against 6.5% for other minorities
On average, the amount outstanding per
On average, the amount outstanding per
account is half of that of other minorities.
account is half of that of other minorities.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

26. ACCESS TO BANK CREDIT
ACCESS TO BANK CREDIT
RBI efforts under 15 point program to
RBI efforts under 15 point program to
extend banking facilities benefited only
extend banking facilities benefited only
other minorities marginalizing Muslims.
other minorities marginalizing Muslims.
The share of Muslims in deposit account is
The share of Muslims in deposit account is
also much lower than their population
also much lower than their population
share.
share.
Comment: Extent of Bank Use and Credit
Comment: Extent of Bank Use and Credit
Worthiness, Recent decisions of the RBI
Worthiness, Recent decisions of the RBI
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

27. ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND
ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
There are noteworthy differentials in
There are noteworthy differentials in
the availability, accessibility and
the availability, accessibility and
utilization of infrastructure across
utilization of infrastructure across
SRGs.
SRGs.
Inverse relationship between prop. of
Inverse relationship between prop. of
Muslim population and availability of
Muslim population and availability of
educational infrastructure in small
educational infrastructure in small
villages.
villages.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

28. ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND
ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
Muslim concentration villages are not
Muslim concentration villages are not
well served with asphalted approach
well served with asphalted approach
roads and local bus stops
roads and local bus stops
Concentration of Muslims in states
Concentration of Muslims in states
with poor infrastructure (Assam, Bihar,
with poor infrastructure (Assam, Bihar,
Jharkand, UP. WB) implies that a large
Jharkand, UP. WB) implies that a large
portion of the community without
portion of the community without
access to basic facilities.
access to basic facilities.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

29. ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND
ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
In both, Urban and rural areas, the
In both, Urban and rural areas, the
proportion of Muslim households living
proportion of Muslim households living
in Pakka houses is lower than the total
in Pakka houses is lower than the total
population.
population.
Over all, the access of Muslims to
Over all, the access of Muslims to
toilets is low but better than that of
toilets is low but better than that of
both SC/ST and OBCs.
both SC/ST and OBCs.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

30. ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND
ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
Compared to the Muslim majority areas, the
Compared to the Muslim majority areas, the
areas with low Muslims concentration, had
areas with low Muslims concentration, had
better roads, sewage and drainage and
better roads, sewage and drainage and
water facilities.
water facilities.
About a third of small villages with high
About a third of small villages with high
concentration of Muslims do not have any
concentration of Muslims do not have any
educational institution.
educational institution.
About 40% of large villages with Muslim
About 40% of large villages with Muslim
concentration do not have any medical
concentration do not have any medical
facility.
facility.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

31. POVERTY, CONSUMPTION
POVERTY, CONSUMPTION
AND STANDARD OF LIVING
AND STANDARD OF LIVING
A substantially larger proportion of the
A substantially larger proportion of the
Muslim households in Urban areas are in the
Muslim households in Urban areas are in the
less than Rs 500 bracket.
less than Rs 500 bracket.
Inequality is higher in Urban areas than in
Inequality is higher in Urban areas than in
the rural areas.
the rural areas.
Incidence of poverty is found to be highest
Incidence of poverty is found to be highest
amongst Muslims. SC/ ST occupy next
amongst Muslims. SC/ ST occupy next
position.
position.
Economic conditions of Muslims in Urban
Economic conditions of Muslims in Urban
areas did not improve as those of SC/ST
areas did not improve as those of SC/ST
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

32. GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
EMPLOYMENT AND
EMPLOYMENT AND
PROGAMS
PROGAMS
In a pluralistic society, a reasonable
In a pluralistic society, a reasonable
representation of various communities
representation of various communities
in government sector employment is
in government sector employment is
necessary to enhance participatory
necessary to enhance participatory
governance.
governance.
Presence of Muslims: I.A.S. 3%, IFS
Presence of Muslims: I.A.S. 3%, IFS
1.8%, IPS 4% [Data on P.105]
1.8%, IPS 4% [Data on P.105]
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

33. GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
EMPLOYMENT AND
EMPLOYMENT AND
PROGAMS
PROGAMS
Muslims constituted 4.9 % of
Muslims constituted 4.9 % of
candidates who appeared in the
candidates who appeared in the
written examination of Civil Services in
written examination of Civil Services in
the year 2003 and 2004
the year 2003 and 2004
There is no diversion between all
There is no diversion between all
candidates and Muslim candidates in
candidates and Muslim candidates in
percentages of those recommended
percentages of those recommended
for interviews and appointments.
for interviews and appointments.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

34. GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
EMPLOYMENT AND
EMPLOYMENT AND
PROGAMS
PROGAMS
Share of Muslims in employment in
Share of Muslims in employment in
various departments is abysmally low
various departments is abysmally low
at all levels.
at all levels.
Muslims have a representation of only
Muslims have a representation of only
4.5% in Indian Railways. Almost all
4.5% in Indian Railways. Almost all
(98.79%) of them are at lower levels.
(98.79%) of them are at lower levels.
Share of Muslims in Security Jobs is
Share of Muslims in Security Jobs is
around 4%.
around 4%.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

35. GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
EMPLOYMENT AND
EMPLOYMENT AND
PROGAMS
PROGAMS
In no State does the representation of
In no State does the representation of
Muslims in the government
Muslims in the government
departments match their population
departments match their population
share.
share.
Muslim Share in Education Department
Muslim Share in Education Department
6.5%, in Home Department 7.3%.
6.5%, in Home Department 7.3%.
Over all share of Muslims as police
Over all share of Muslims as police
constables is only 6%
constables is only 6%
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

36. GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
EMPLOYMENT AND
EMPLOYMENT AND
PROGAMS
PROGAMS
Muslim Shares:
Muslim Shares:
Health Departments 4.4%
Health Departments 4.4%
Transport Department 6.5%
Transport Department 6.5%
Muslim representation in Judiciary: A source of
Muslim representation in Judiciary: A source of
concern
concern
Share of Muslims in recent recruitments by State
Share of Muslims in recent recruitments by State
Public Service Commission 2.1%
Public Service Commission 2.1%
The share of Muslims as beneficiaries in
The share of Muslims as beneficiaries in
government programs in U.P. ranges between 3
government programs in U.P. ranges between 3-
-14
14
% which is far less than their share in the number
% which is far less than their share in the number
of poor in the State 24%
of poor in the State 24%
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

37. MUSLIM OBC and
MUSLIM OBC and
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
On the question of backward classes
On the question of backward classes
among non
among non-
-Hindus, the court held
Hindus, the court held
that they should be identified on the
that they should be identified on the
basis of their traditional occupations.
basis of their traditional occupations.
The Census of India 1901 had
The Census of India 1901 had
identified 133 Muslim social groups
identified 133 Muslim social groups
reflecting social stratification amongst
reflecting social stratification amongst
Indian Muslims.
Indian Muslims.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

38. MUSLIM OBC and
MUSLIM OBC and
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
Muslim OBC come from the non
Muslim OBC come from the non-
-ashraf
ashraf
category.
category.
The conference on Muslim OBC agreed
The conference on Muslim OBC agreed
that Muslims are a differentiated group
that Muslims are a differentiated group
and policy initiatives must reflect it.
and policy initiatives must reflect it.
The Mandal commission declared 82
The Mandal commission declared 82
groups among Muslims as part of the
groups among Muslims as part of the
OBC.
OBC.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

39. MUSLIM OBC and
MUSLIM OBC and
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
Kerala and Karnataka extended
Kerala and Karnataka extended
reservation to their entire Muslim
reservation to their entire Muslim
population
population
Havanur Commission, 1972
Havanur Commission, 1972
recommended a separate category
recommended a separate category
reservation for minorities
reservation for minorities –
– 6%
6%
In Kerala, a separate Muslim share
In Kerala, a separate Muslim share
was fixed at 10% later raised to 12%.
was fixed at 10% later raised to 12%.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

40. MUSLIM OBC and
MUSLIM OBC and
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
Tamil Nadu Government has done
Tamil Nadu Government has done
away with reservation on ground of
away with reservation on ground of
religion, yet nearly 95% of the
religion, yet nearly 95% of the
Muslims have been in included in the
Muslims have been in included in the
fold of Backward classes.
fold of Backward classes.
Present situation of Reservation for
Present situation of Reservation for
Muslims [ See Table 10.1 p. 198]
Muslims [ See Table 10.1 p. 198]
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

41. MUSLIM OBC and
MUSLIM OBC and
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
There are many OBC groups
There are many OBC groups
irrespective of their religion that are
irrespective of their religion that are
present in the state list but missing in
present in the state list but missing in
the central list.
the central list.
The highest proportion of Muslims
The highest proportion of Muslims
declared as ST is found in
declared as ST is found in
Lakshadweep where Muslim constitute
Lakshadweep where Muslim constitute
entire ST Population [99.74%]
entire ST Population [99.74%]
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

42. MUSLIM OBC and
MUSLIM OBC and
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
Unemployment rates were the highest
Unemployment rates were the highest
among Muslim OBCs as compared to the
among Muslim OBCs as compared to the
other two SRGs within OBC category.
other two SRGs within OBC category.
Within the formal sector, the share of
Within the formal sector, the share of
Muslim OBC in the government /PSU jobs
Muslim OBC in the government /PSU jobs
was much lower than those of Hindu OBC
was much lower than those of Hindu OBC
and Muslim
and Muslim-
-Gen categories.
Gen categories.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

43. MUSLIM OBC and
MUSLIM OBC and
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
The bulk of women in all SRG work in
The bulk of women in all SRG work in
their own dwellings. However, the
their own dwellings. However, the
proportion of Muslim OBC Women
proportion of Muslim OBC Women
working within their dwellings is much
working within their dwellings is much
higher.
higher.
Out of every 100 workers, about 11
Out of every 100 workers, about 11
are Hindu OBC, only three are Muslim
are Hindu OBC, only three are Muslim-
-
general and one is Muslim OBC.
general and one is Muslim OBC.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

44. MUSLIM OBC and
MUSLIM OBC and
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action
The abysmally low representation of
The abysmally low representation of
Muslim OBC suggests that benefits of
Muslim OBC suggests that benefits of
entitlements mean for backward
entitlements mean for backward
classes did not reach them.
classes did not reach them.
The conditions of Muslim
The conditions of Muslim –
–G are also
G are also
lower than the Hindu OBC who have
lower than the Hindu OBC who have
the benefit of reservation.
the benefit of reservation.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

45. Leveraging Community
Leveraging Community
Initiatives: Waqf
Initiatives: Waqf
Encroachment by the State who is the
Encroachment by the State who is the
custodian of the Waqf interests is common
custodian of the Waqf interests is common
across the country.
across the country.
The management of the Waqf board is
The management of the Waqf board is
unsatisfactory due to inadequate
unsatisfactory due to inadequate
empowerment of State Waqf Boards and
empowerment of State Waqf Boards and
Central Waqf Council.
Central Waqf Council.
New institutional support is recommended.
New institutional support is recommended.
Non implementation of Recommendations
Non implementation of Recommendations
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

46. Leveraging Community
Leveraging Community
Initiatives: Waqf
Initiatives: Waqf
Case Study of Delhi:
Case Study of Delhi:
–
– A number of properties acquired without
A number of properties acquired without
compensation.
compensation.
–
– Delhi Waqf Board has effectively been
Delhi Waqf Board has effectively been
deprived of the use of its valuable
deprived of the use of its valuable
properties.
properties.
–
– Legislative, Administrative and Judicial
Legislative, Administrative and Judicial
reforms required.
reforms required.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

47. Looking Ahead:
Looking Ahead:
Recommendations
Recommendations
While there is considerable variation in the
While there is considerable variation in the
conditions of Muslims across states the
conditions of Muslims across states the
community exhibits deficits and deprivation
community exhibits deficits and deprivation
in practically all dimensions of development.
in practically all dimensions of development.
Mechanism to ensure equity and equality of
Mechanism to ensure equity and equality of
opportunity to bring about inclusion should
opportunity to bring about inclusion should
be such that diversity is achieved and at the
be such that diversity is achieved and at the
same time, the perception of discrimination
same time, the perception of discrimination
is eliminated.
is eliminated.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

48. Looking Ahead:
Looking Ahead:
Recommendations
Recommendations
National Data Bank to restore socio
National Data Bank to restore socio
economic data on SRG
economic data on SRG
Assessment and Monitoring Authority
Assessment and Monitoring Authority
Strengthen the Legal basis to remove
Strengthen the Legal basis to remove
discrimination.
discrimination.
Equal Opportunity Commission to look into
Equal Opportunity Commission to look into
grievances.
grievances.
Elimination of anomalies with respect to
Elimination of anomalies with respect to
reserved constituencies.
reserved constituencies.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

49. Looking Ahead:
Looking Ahead:
Recommendations
Recommendations
Continuous Revision and Monitoring of text
Continuous Revision and Monitoring of text
books.
books.
UGC may directed to link the disbursement
UGC may directed to link the disbursement
of its funds to diversity of population.
of its funds to diversity of population.
Alternate admission criteria for the ‘Most
Alternate admission criteria for the ‘Most
Backward’ in all CRG 60% weight to merit
Backward’ in all CRG 60% weight to merit
and 40% to backwardness (13% to income,
and 40% to backwardness (13% to income,
13% backward district, 14% to backward
13% backward district, 14% to backward
classes).
classes).
Hostel facilities at reasonable cost to
Hostel facilities at reasonable cost to
minorities.
minorities.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

50. Looking Ahead:
Looking Ahead:
Recommendations
Recommendations
Teachers training to be made compulsory
Teachers training to be made compulsory
State is required to run Urdu Medium Schools.
State is required to run Urdu Medium Schools.
Workout mechanism whereby
Workout mechanism whereby Madarsahs
Madarsahs could be
could be
linked with higher secondary boards.
linked with higher secondary boards.
Recognition of
Recognition of Madarsah
Madarsah degrees for competitive
degrees for competitive
exams.
exams.
Promoting and enhancing access to Muslims in
Promoting and enhancing access to Muslims in
priority sectors.
priority sectors.
Policy initiatives required.
Policy initiatives required.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

51. WHERE DO WE GO FROM
WHERE DO WE GO FROM
HERE?
HERE?
Reservation
Reservation
Special programs and affirmative action
Special programs and affirmative action
–
– Special Urdu Medium Schools in Muslim
Special Urdu Medium Schools in Muslim
dominated areas
dominated areas
–
– Diversity Index, Special admission formula,
Diversity Index, Special admission formula,
Linking grants to diversity index.
Linking grants to diversity index.
–
– Equal Opportunity Commission
Equal Opportunity Commission
Special community action has to be based
Special community action has to be based
on the Correct understanding of the
on the Correct understanding of the
situation and underlying social dynamics.
situation and underlying social dynamics.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

52. IMPORTANT MISSING
IMPORTANT MISSING
FACTORS
FACTORS
mind set …Communal identities and
mind set …Communal identities and
communal attitudes
communal attitudes
Communal rioting and Security
Communal rioting and Security
Concerns
Concerns
Historical factors:
Historical factors:
Partition and its aftermath
Partition and its aftermath
Zamindari Abolition
Zamindari Abolition
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

53. FRAMEWORK OF
FRAMEWORK OF
CUMULATIVE CAUSATION
CUMULATIVE CAUSATION
Fear Psychosis
Fear Psychosis
Majority aggressive
Majority aggressive-
- Minority
Minority
Ness
Ness Consciousness
Consciousness
Minority Separatism
Minority Separatism
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

54. A SUGGESTED STRATEGY
A SUGGESTED STRATEGY
Protection of Identity
Protection of Identity
Pursuit of Excellence
Pursuit of Excellence
Self help and Cooperative
Self help and Cooperative
efforts
efforts
Enlightened Leadership
Enlightened Leadership
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

55. PROTECTION OF
PROTECTION OF
IDENTITY
IDENTITY
Articles 25 and 26 of the constitution
Articles 25 and 26 of the constitution
guarantee preservation of Minority
guarantee preservation of Minority
Character.
Character.
Protection of Muslim identity
Protection of Muslim identity
Inculcation of Islamic values
Inculcation of Islamic values
Who is better in speech than the one who
Who is better in speech than the one who
calls to God, works in righteousness and
calls to God, works in righteousness and
says, “ I am the one of those who bow in
says, “ I am the one of those who bow in
Islam (41:33)
Islam (41:33)
Hikmah (Farasat al Momin)
Hikmah (Farasat al Momin) : Cooperation
: Cooperation
and not confrontation.
and not confrontation.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

56. PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE
PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE
Pursuit of Excellence can break the vicious
Pursuit of Excellence can break the vicious
circle though it may be a tall order.
circle though it may be a tall order.
It has to pervade all walks of life.
It has to pervade all walks of life.
A minority can not afford to be mediocre.
A minority can not afford to be mediocre.
Pursuit of Excellence has to be inculcated as
Pursuit of Excellence has to be inculcated as
a value from the very childhood.
a value from the very childhood.
Excellence is the result of hard work and
Excellence is the result of hard work and
positive frame of mind.
positive frame of mind.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

57. SELF HELP AND
SELF HELP AND
COOPERATIVE EFFORTS
COOPERATIVE EFFORTS
Verily never will God change the condition
Verily never will God change the condition
of a people until they change it themselves [
of a people until they change it themselves [
13:11]
13:11]
Help ye one another in righteousness and
Help ye one another in righteousness and
piety but help ye not another in sin and
piety but help ye not another in sin and
rancor. [ 5:2].
rancor. [ 5:2].
The social life of Muslims in India could be
The social life of Muslims in India could be
transformed through self help and
transformed through self help and
cooperation.
cooperation.
Muslim NGOs could also be helpful in this
Muslim NGOs could also be helpful in this
context.
context.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

58. ENLIGHTENED
ENLIGHTENED
LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP
Reconstruction requires sustained effort,
Reconstruction requires sustained effort,
persistence, hard work and foresight.
persistence, hard work and foresight.
Vision for future
Vision for future
Micro approach.
Micro approach.
Abstaining from narrow and Parochial
Abstaining from narrow and Parochial
political gains.
political gains.
Spread of success story and change of mind
Spread of success story and change of mind
set.
set.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016

59. THANK YOU
THANK YOU
In the End, you are invited to praise Thy
In the End, you are invited to praise Thy
Lord, the Sustainer of the worlds.
Lord, the Sustainer of the worlds.
Dr.C.Thana
Dr.C.Thana
11/25/2016
11/25/2016