4. 1.INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
•Difference in the behaviours, interests and performances between the gender -men in the
economic activities- flow of money- root for discrimination.
•Though women represent nearly half the population of the globe and one-third of the
labour force, they receive only one-tenth of the world income.
•Made its path to the extent of deciding the sex of the baby- Gender divide (a human right
issue)- reflecting on Child Sex Ratio- inclusive planning?.
•Across the globe, women empowerment is an emerging trend in the path of development
whereas it is highly neglected to probe into the determining factors of skewing child sex
ratio.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
5. 890
900
910
920
930
940
950
1991 2001 2011
CSR-TREND
CSR-TREND• "Diagnostic teams with ultrasound scanners
which detect the sex of a child advertise with
catchlines such as spend 600 rupees now and
save 50,000 rupees later." - IndianChild.com
RATIONALE
•A 2011 study published in the British medical journal the Lancet found that as many as 12
million Indian girls may have been selectively aborted between 1980 and 2010.
•Despite the introduction of legal provisions, media messages and incentive based
schemes, there is prevalence of dismal sex ratio.
•India ranks third in the skewed child sex ratio.India ranks 113 out of 135 countries as
per World Economic Foru ’s Global Gender Gap Report 2011.
SOURCE: Census 1991,2001,2011
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
7. 2.LITERATURE REVIEW
Female child mortality is high after 6 months of age showing that behavioral pattern
influences the sex ratio (Waldron, 1983).
In such context, little education level improvement did not prove to help. Daughters of
educated women face worse situation than daughters of uneducated women
(Makinson,1994)
Though biology supports dismal sex ratio, improving nutrition and health to women will
enhance the unbalanced number (Sen, 1990).
Patriarchy is the main reason and women themselves cause gender discrimination
(Jyothi,1991)
In China, improved women education has direct influence in improving girl children
health. In India, if first girls are born to educated mothers who wanted the child to
balance sex composition, mortality is low (Ren, 1995).
In the case of Morocco and Tunisia, inspite of having good sign of female education
Tunisians prefer sons (Obermeyer,1996).
Higher level of education among women shows reduction in son preference in India
(Pande,2001)
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
8. OBSERVATION
SOCIAL CULTURAL HEALTH ECONOMY
Education level of
mother
Head of household Usage of advanced
technologies in medical
sciences
Employment
opportunity of
mother
Education level of
father
Allowance of other’s
parents to stay
Nutritional level of
female children
Total income of the
family
Type of household Marriage expense on
daughters
Female mortality rate
between infants and
children aged between
1 & 6
Religion
•The factors influencing gender divide in CSR do not remain the same
across the globe.
• Socio economic, cultural and demographic pattern influences the
change.
SOURCE: Inference of literature review
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
9. RESEARCH GAP
•Research to understand the determinants behind the drastic decrease in
CSR on district level scale is scanty.
•Research focusing on effective policy interventions and awareness of it is
scanty.
5 DETERMINING COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
11. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• What is the prevailing scenario of child sex ratio in the study area?
• What are the influential components in the skewed child sex ratio?
• What are the determinants of gender divide in sex preference?
• What are the programs and schemes imposed by the government in
response to the declining child sex ratio?
• What are the loopholes in the programs and schemes with respect to the
determinants identified?
• To study the prevailing scenario of child sex ratio in the district.
• To understand the determinants of gender divide in sex preference.
• To examine the loopholes in the programs and schemes with respect to
the determinants.
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
12. METHODOLOGY
STAGE 1
• Developing an understanding of the concept and interpreting
literature review across various domains of the world to frame
components of determinants of gender divide in child sex ratio.
STAGE 2
• Incorporating three tier sampling method to select the survey area
with respect to the declining child sex ratio. Formulating data
collection methods and to collect the same from HSCs,
Anganwadis and households.
STAGE 3
• Finding the determinants of child sex ratio and loopholes in the
programs and schemes by analyzing the data collected.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
13. FIRST STAGE SAMPLING
Identified as one of the 100 GENDER
CRITICAL DISTRICTS in the country.
YEARS INDIA TAMILNADU CUDDALORE
1991 945 948 969
2001 927 942 957
2011 914 946 895
2021 901 950 833
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1991 2001 2011 2021
TREND IN CSR
TREND IN CSR
SOURCE: Census 1991,2001,2011
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
14. SECOND STAGE SAMPLING
TALUKS 1991 2001 2011 2021
PANRUTI 956 953 898 847
CUDDALORE 968 952 931 910
KURINJIPADI NA NA 883 -
CHIDAMBARAM 970 967 907 851
KATTUMANNARKOIL NA 975 900 825
VIRUDHACHALAM 982 944 867 790
TITTAKUDI NA 958 882 806
820
840
860
880
900
920
940 CSR-2011
PANRUTI
CUDDALORE
KURINJIPADI
CHIDAMBARAM
KATTUMANNARKOIL
VIRUDHACHALAM
TITTAKUDI
700
800
900
1000
1991 2001 2011 2021
TREND IN CSR
SOURCE: Census 1991,2001,2011
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
18. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Focus groups - Village Head Nurse from HSCs, Anganwadi teachers, ANMs, households
(whose female child is dead)
HEALTH SUB CENTRES
•Kanadukandan
•Kilpathi
•T.Mavadandal
•Kodumanur
•Vilakkapadi
•Pavalangudi
•Ka.Elamangalam
•Chinnapandarankuppam
•Village Head Nurses
from the HSCs were
contacted.
•Addresses of parents
whose female fetus and
daughters of age 0-6
were dead between
2001 and 2011.
ANGANWADI
•9 Anganwadis and 9 teachers.
•Addresses of dropped out female
children.
ANM
•One mid wife from each HSC was contacted.
•Addresses of unrecorded abortions of the
female fetus .
SOURCE: nrhmtn.gov.in
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
19. HOUSEHOLDS
Category Source
Prenatal
Still Birth HSC record
Unrecorded Abortion ANM
Postnatal
Neonatal Deaths HSC record
Dead Female (1-6) HSC record
Anganwadi Dropouts Anganwadi teachers
Category
Total
recorded
No. of
addresses
provided
No. of
addresses
available
Prenatal
Still Birth
HSC1 40 23 11
HSC2 43 18 18
Unrecorded abortion NA 21+26 15+24
Postnatal
Neonatal
Deaths
HSC1 56 17 16
HSC2 57 32 13
Dead Female (1-6) 15 12* 9
Anganwadi Dropouts 6 2** 0
Total 217 141 106
*out of 15, 3 families were dead of vehicular accident
**out of 6, 3 had moved to convent for schooling and 1 died of AIDS
SOURCE: Secondary data from HSCs, Anganwadis & ANM
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
20. FIVE DETERMINANTS AND ITS DATA SOURCE
HSC NAME OF THE VILLAGE
PRENATAL DEATH POSTNATAL DEATH
TOTAL
Still birth
Unrecorded
abortion
Neonatal
deaths
Dead
female(1-6)
HSC 1
Kanadukandan 2 3 3 1 9
Kilpathi 4 5 4 0 13
T.Mavadandal 2 4 5 2 13
Kodumanur 3 3 4 1 11
HSC 2
Vilakkapadi 6 5 3 1 15
Pavalangudi 3 4 4 0 11
Ka.Elamangalam 4 6 3 2 15
Chinnapandarankuppam 5 9 3 2 19
TOTAL 29 39 29 9 106
Purposive sampling
SOURCE: Secondary data from HSCs, Anganwadis & ANM
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
22. YEAR
LIVE
BIRTHS
STILL
BIRTHS
EARLY
NEONATAL
DEATH
LATE
NEONATAL
DEATH
POST
NEONATAL
DEATH
INFANT
DEATH
M F M F M F M F M F M F
2001 114 89 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 0 3 1
2002 98 89 0 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
2003 105 80 3 8 5 3 1 2 1 0 7 5
2004 116 77 4 5 1 7 2 2 1 1 4 10
2005 97 73 0 1 1 11 3 0 2 2 6 13
2006 60 50 3 6 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 5
2007 65 44 0 9 2 9 1 2 1 2 4 13
2008 91 63 2 13 3 11 1 4 1 0 5 15
2009 105 62 3 13 2 7 0 2 1 2 3 11
2010 81 55 1 11 1 12 2 4 0 3 3 19
2011 90 47 0 10 4 11 0 1 0 0 4 14
TOTAL 1022 729 17 83 22 79 11 19 8 12 41 113
HEALTH DETERMINANT-HSC
SOURCE: Secondary data from HSCs
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
23. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
MALE
FEMALE
NO. OF LIVE BIRTHS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
MALE FEMALE
STILL BIRTH
MALE
FEMALE
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MALE FEMALE
POST
LATE
EARLY
NEONATAL DEATHS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MALE FEMALE
INFANT DEATH
MALE
FEMALE
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
24. Age
group
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1-2 0 1 0 1 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
2-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
3-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4-5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
5-6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
MALE FEMALE
SEX WISE DEATH IN THE AGE GROUP OF 1-6
INFERENCE
•High still birth influencing low live births.
•Early neonatal deaths occur when a y’s
sex is unknown in the womb.
•The child sex ratio is skewed because of
the high female still birth and IMR and the
female mortality of age group (1-6) does ’t
affect the child sex ratio.
•High rate of milk asphyxia due to improper
attention/ forceful feeding which is
purposive in motive.
RECORDED REASONS FOR THE DEATH
0-1 1-6
REASON % OF DEATH REASON % OF DEATH
Brain tumour 3 Vehicular accident 25
Insect bite 15 Jaundice 4
Low birth weight 25 Tsunami 40
Heart disease 2 Fever 31
Premature labour 17 -
Milk asphyxia 38 -
In the reported low birth weighed female children, the
associated factor recorded is preterm birth which means
premature labor.
SOURCE: Secondary data from HSCs
SOURCE: Secondary data from HSCs
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
25. HEALTH & POLITICAL DETERMINANT-ANGANWADI
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
FEMALE
MALE
PERCENTAGE OF SEX WISE ENROLLMENT OF
CHILDREN FROM 2001 TO 2011
Male – Female MUWs
Male-23
Female-77
Male – Female SUWs
Male-306
Female-217
INFERENCE
•Reason behind high male enrolment of male children than that of female is the screwed CSR before
the age of 2.
•Less number of female dropouts show that the children of age group 2-5 did not have influenced the
CSR.
•Care for female children is highly neglected and is reflected in MUWs and SUWs irrespective of the
enrolment strength.
•Introduction of mid-day meal program reduced total number of SUWs and MUWs but not benefitted
the female children.
SOURCE: Secondary data from HSCs
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
26. CASE STUDIES
VILLAGE HEAD
NURSE
MID WIFE ANGANWADI
TEACHER
CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
OFFICER
•Practices of
ultrasonic scanner
•Sex of the first
baby revealed
•Number of scans
per month is 60
•And 50% of them
opt for illegal
abortion
•Postnatal deaths
occur when fetus’
sex is unknown
•Forceful milk
feeding and paddy
seed feeding are the
methods used to kill
infants
•Prevalence of
informal abortions
by receiving money
from parents
•The money spent
on aborting is found
to be lesser than the
money that will be
spent to grow up a
female child.
•There are no
recorded dropouts
in the school
•This is because to
show 100% pass out
to the authority of
Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan
•No irregularity in
attending the
classes between
male and female
•The enrollment of
female children are
lesser than that of
the male children
•Pointed that IMR
influences the low
child sex ratio
SOURCE: Primary survey to VHN,ANM, Anganwadi teacher and CDO
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
27. SOCIAL,CULTURAL,ECONOMIC & POLITICAL
DETERMINANT-HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
SOCIAL CULTURAL ECONOMY POLITICAL
Education level of
mother
Head of household Employment
opportunity of
mother
Awareness of
programs and
schemes
Education level of
father
Allowance of other’s
parents to stay
Total income of the
family
Availed and
benefitted
programs
Type of household Marriage expense on
daughters
Type of
employment of
men and women
Size of household Religion
Marital status Community
Fear of safety for
daughters
Decision maker
Age of marriage
Expenses o others’
parents
Son/ daughter-like?
QUESTIONS TO THE SAMPLES
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
28. GENERAL
CATEGORY PERCENTAGE
PRE/POST PRENATAL 64
POSTNATAL 36
DEATH
TYPE
STILL BIRTH 28
ABORTION 37
NEONATAL
DEATH
27
1-6
MORTALITY
8
•The number of samples in the Chinnapandarankuppam is higher than the other villages and this
village ranks the least the least in CSR with 479.
•The percentage of samples from prenatal category is higher than that of postnatal. This shows
there is high percentage of foeticide which is because of the prenatal sex determination.
•The percentage of different types of death shows that the samples from 1-6 mortality is the least
since CSR is not highly affected by this category.
PROFILE OF THE SAMPLES
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
29. CATEGORY PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENT’S AGE <= 25 26
26-30 53
31-35 21
MARITAL STATUS MARRIED LIVING WITH
HUSBAND
83
WIDOWED 16
SEPARATED/DIVORCED 1
TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD JOINT 63
NUCLEAR 37
SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD SMALL 56
MEDIUM 43
EDUCATION LEVEL ILLITERATE 0 0
PRIMARY 0 8
HIGH SCHOOL 12 26
HIGHER SECONDARY 41 41
DEGREE 47 25
SOCIAL
Middle aged mothers with the
hope for son birth opting to loose
female child.
The gender divide is inculcated in
both the father and mother of the
child.
The percentage of joint family is
higher than that of the nuclear
family.
The size of household is
insignificant in determination
factor.
Though there are no illiterates,
there is high gap between fathers’
and others’ education level.
And high % of degree holders are
identified in men.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
30. CATEGORY PERCENTAGE
NO.OF CHILDREN 0 28 60
1 39 29
2 23 8
3 10 2
NO.OF ELDERLY PEOPLE 0 61 47
1 39 53
AGE OF FATHER <=35 33
36-40 47
41-45 20
FEAR OF SAFETY YES 27
NO 73
SOCIAL
The number of samples with no male child is
highly lesser than that of the family with no
female child. Also the percentage of families
with 3 sons are higher than that of the female.
The presence of elderly people has implications
on sex preference.
The percentage of families with middle aged
men are higher which is same as that of women
category
The percentage of people admitted for the fear
of safety for daughters are lesser and so this
factor is insignificant
Delay
in
birth
Prenatal
category
Postnatal
category
Percentage Percentage
0-3 6 74
4-7 60 16
8-11 29 8
12-15 4 2
Total 100 100
Category
% Of
respondents
with no child
Prenatal
deaths
10%
Postnatal
deaths
2%
Total 12%
This shows that higher percentage of death is
when the sex of the baby is revealed.
The prenatal category holds higher percentage
of respondents with no child.
This reveals the severity of wait for the male
child.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
31. CATEGORY PERCENTAGE
RELIGION HINDU 76
CHRISTIAN 12
MUSLIM 11
COMMUNITY OC 8
BC 41
MBC 40
SC 10
ST 1
HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD MALE 91
FEMALE 9
DECISION MAKER MALE 88
BOTH 12
AGE OF MARRIAGE <=25 6 85
26-30 87 15
31-35 7 0
36-40 1 0
ALLOWANCE OF
MOTHERS’ PARENTS
STAY
YES 12
NO 88
CULTURAL
The percentage of Hindu parents are higher
where the last rites performed by sons are
given importance
The composition has higher percentage of
backward and most backward class which is
higher in the district.
Unless the women is widowed, the family is
male headed showing the patriarchal authority.
Nearly 90% of families hold men as decision
maker and this proves wo e ’s action are
controlled by men
The age of marriage shows that there are no
late marriages which influences the delay in
child birth and expect for son
The patriarchal system affecting old age
security for others’ parents influence in
preferring for sons.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
32. CULTURAL
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
DAUGHTER
SON
EXPECTED MARRIAGE EXPENSES ON SON AND DAUGHTER
High expense on
daughters- dowry –
status reflection.
PERCENTAGE OF LIKELINESS
SON
DAUGHTER
BOTH
ECONOMY
0
20
40
60
80
100
WAGE WORKER
BUSINESS
PRIVATE
GOVERNMENT
UNEMPLOYED
PERCENTAGE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EMPLOYMENT SECTOR OF MEN AND WOMEN
High percent of
unemployed
women
TOTAL INCOME OF THE FAMILY
80% into low
income group
and this
affects sex
preference.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
33. POLITICAL
This shows that 65% of samples are unaware of the policies
and schemes available that encourages increasing the child
sex ratio. Among the rest 35%, only 14% of people have
availed a scheme. And the rest had not availed any.
SOCIAL CULTURAL ECONOMY POLITICAL
Age of parents Community Employment
opportunity of mother
Awareness of
programs and
schemes
Type of household Religion Total income of the
family
Difference in
education level
between parents
Head of household
Average education
level of family
Decision maker in the
family
Old age security to
others’ pare ts
Marriage expense on
daughters
IDENTIFIED DETERMINANTS OF GENDER DIVIDE
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
34. INTERDEPENDENCE OF PARAMETERS
Community & Religion
Patriarchal setup
•Joint family
•No old age se urity for others’ pare ts
•Head & decision maker
•Gap in education level
•Women employment opportunity
Low total income of family
High marriage expense on daughters
INFERENCE
•High prenatal death - delay in child birth with
prenatal category.
•Middle aged parents - hope of having a male child
• 12% of samples have no child
•Joint family structure with higher percentage of
presence of elderly women influences son
preference.
•The patriarchal structure grounds the fathers’
parents to look for daughter-in-laws with lower level
of education
•The difference in level of education affects wo e ’s
freedom of action.
•Hindu religion -last rites are performed only by
sons.
•low income groups and high expectation on
daughters’ marriage expense
•Institution failure starting from the awareness.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
35. POLITICAL LOOPHOLES-PROGRAMS & SCHEMES
Program/scheme
Year
Authority Objective
GIRL CHILD PROTECTION
SCHEME
1991
DEPARTMENT OF WOMEN AND
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
To ensure economic security of female
girls.
BABY CRADLE SCHEME
1992
STATE GOVERNMENT To end female infanticide by adopting
children.
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD
HEALTH
1997
MINISTRY OF HEALTH & FAMILY
WELFARE
To reduce infant mortality, fertility rate
and maternal death
INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD
FEEDING
2004
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT
To improve survival and health.
To reduce malnutrition
DHAN LAKSHMI
CONDITIONAL CASH
TRANSFER 2008
MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
To provide financial assistance to
educate and save girl child
MOOVALUR
RAMMAMIRTHAM
AMMAIYAR NINAIVU
MARRIAGE ASSISTANCE
SCHEME
2009 SOCIAL WELFARE AND NUTRITIOUS
MEAL PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT
To help financially poor parents in
getting their daughter’s married and
to promote the educational status of
poor girls.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
36. Program/scheme
Year
Authority Objective
SIVAGAMI AMMAIYAR
MEMORIAL GIRL CHILD
PROTECTION SCHEME
2010 SOCIAL WELFARE AND
NUTRITIOUS MEAL
PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT
To provide financial assistance to the
poor family with girl child in condition of
no male child adoption in future.
JANANI SHISHU
SURAKSHA KARYAKRAM
2011 MINISTRY OF HEALTH & FAMILY
WELFARE
Reduce maternal and infant mortality by
providing free institutional deliveries
SAVE THE DAUGHTER,
TEACH THE DAUGHTER
2015 MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
To improve the ou try’s dwindling child
sex ratio & gender equality through
education.
LOOPHOLES
•Low level of outreach of programmes of family planning and women and child development
schemes in rural areas.
•The expected expense on daughter’s marriage is higher than what is provided by the government.
•The patriarchal setup of the family where the parents of the daughters are not guaranteed for old
age security is not considered in any of the schemes.
•Also the expense on daughters’ education is considered a burden as she will be entering the culture
of being economically less powered than that of men. Not reflecting the education on the schemes is
a major drawback.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
38. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
SOCIAL CULTURAL HEALTH ECONOMY POLITICAL
Age of parents Community Still birth and
infant death rates
of female children
Employment
opportunity of
mother
Awareness of
programs and
schemes
Type of household Religion Use of prenatal
sex determining
technologies
Total income of the
family
Difference in
education level
between parents
Head of household
Average education
level of family
Decision maker in the
family
Old age security to
others’ pare ts
Marriage expense on
daughters
DETERMINANTS OF GENDER DIVIDE AND SEX RATIO
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
39. RECOMMENDATIONS
•Education to girls can be made free till high school irrespective of the social and economic
status of the family.
•Encouraging rural girls in higher education will reduce literacy gap between men and
women which is a stepping stone for mitigating discrimination.
•Policy that ensures equality in salary to both the gender in the jobs assigned to them will
help improvising the freedom of action to women.
•Increasing the outreach of existing schemes and programs through media and other
means in the rural areas will enrich the value of female children.
•Regulating the provision of old age security in an effective way in the rural areas will
reduce the joint family setup which is the major problem.
•Abolishing the dowry system by educating people about the equal rights of men and
women will reduce the expected marriage expense on daughters.
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH DESIGN CSR & ITS DETERMINANTS CONCLUSION
