Slipforming operation’s linearity is a source of planning complications, and operation is usually subjected to bottlenecks at any point, so careful planning is required in order to achieve success. On the other hand, Discrete-event simulation concepts can be applied to simulate and analyze construction operations and to efficiently support construction scheduling. Nevertheless, preparation of input data for construction simulation is very challenging, time consuming and human prone-error source. Therefore, to enhance the benefits of using DES in construction scheduling, this study proposes an integrated module to establish a framework for automating the generation of time schedules and decision support for Slipform construction projects, particularly through the project feasibility study phase by using data exchange between project data stored in an Intermediate database, DES and Scheduling software. Using the stored information, proposed system creates construction tasks attribute [e.g. activities durations, material quantities and resources amount], then DES uses all the given information to create a proposal for the construction schedule automatically. This research is considered a demonstration of a flexible Slipform project modeling, rapid scenario-based planning and schedule generation approach that may be of interest to both practitioners and researchers.
The job structure of the bottom (lower Structure) has the weight of the work
amounted to 8% of the total cost of the construction of high
delay in implementation
analysis conducted by using the Relative Important Index (RII) Obtained 15 influential
factors ie Comparison of measurement and prediction, the adequacy of the plan
Specifications, fix and schedules and plans, instrumentation and
monitoring, evaluation of static pole Data , Data collection, soil conditions, scope of
work, Issues, accuracy of data, problem identification, Solution Optimization,
validation projects, Improve communication, skilled workforce. While the resu
the analysis of the case study foundations work efficiency powerboats Obtained results
using PERT of 4.85% and optimization for quality using Six Sigma of 99. 56%.
Implementation of Line of Balance Method for Scheduling High-rise BuildingIJERA Editor
In linear construction projects like high rise buildings, roadways, pipelines where activities are repeated after a specific interval, it is very much important for project manager to monitor the project at each stage. Line of Balance method is therefore useful for the project like high rise building to monitor the progress of the work. This method is useful for calculating the total duration of the project, crew synchronization and also shows the process, status, timing and phasing of the project activities. The overall objective of this study is to identify the total duration required by the project for its completion and its comparison with the actual plan by using Line of Balance method, to crash some of the activities and find out the total duration of crashed activities and to calculate labours required for the crashed activities by drawing the graph of Histogram.Keywords- crashing, crew synchronization, buffer, Histogram, Rate of Production
BIM-Based Cost Estimation/ Monitoring For Building ConstructionIJERA Editor
Proper Cost Estimate, Monitor and Control (CEM&C) are vital for the success of construction projects. Starting from preliminary design to project closing, CEM&C progressively becomes more complex and challenging. Visualization can add another dimension to monitor and control where major deviations can be visually detected and analyzed. However, literature related to visualization in construction and integrating it with cost control is still in its early stages. Building Information Modeling (BIM) can have promising impact in that domain. In this paper, a comprehensive cost estimating and monitoring model is presented. The model is integrated with BIM to provide the user with the capability of visualizing actual cost expended in different building elements and compare it with that budgeted at different time intervals. It provides construction practitioners with vital data that help them in taking appropriate corrective actions in case of any deviation from the budget. An example application is presented to demonstrate the capability and applicability of the model.
Planning is a guideline in implementing the project so that development can be
implemented in accordance with the time and cost planned. Control discrepancy
between initial plan and realization that exists in implementation project required a
project management, therefore required optimization analysis of project duration, so
it can be known how long a project is completed and look for the possibility of project
acceleration implementation by Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
and Critical Path Method (CPM) or critical path method. This research aims to apply
Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Project Management
(CPM) methods to find optimize solutions and control the performance of time and
cost in project scheduling. The research method used case study method at hospital
project in Bogor District, Indonesia, by collecting data direct observation and
interview results at contractor. Based on these data, create a schedule by using PERT
and CPM methods, which will be measured performance of time performance and
project cost which is expected to overcome the problem of controlling and completion
of project. The results of this study, using PERT and CPM methods proved to optimize
the project. Based on calculation by PERT method reduce duration of work: 12 days
(13, 18%). Based on calculation by CPM method reduce duration of work: 31 days
(34, 06%) but direct cost increase 112.208,300, - rupiahs (0, 25%).
Effect of project cost and time monitoring on progress of construction projcteSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is a review of research work in the last decade on friction stir welding. Research is going on to investigate the effect of various process parameters on quality of the welded joint. In this study, the investigation is made on the effect of various process parameters, such as tool rotational speed, traverse speed, axial force and tool geometry on the quality of the welded joint are reviewed. Yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation, toughness, microstructure of the joint are evaluated and correlated with received base material. To compare and validate experimental results, FEA model is the best way to study the quality of welded joint. Keywords- Friction stir welding, tool rotation and transverse speed, axial force, tool geometry
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The job structure of the bottom (lower Structure) has the weight of the work
amounted to 8% of the total cost of the construction of high
delay in implementation
analysis conducted by using the Relative Important Index (RII) Obtained 15 influential
factors ie Comparison of measurement and prediction, the adequacy of the plan
Specifications, fix and schedules and plans, instrumentation and
monitoring, evaluation of static pole Data , Data collection, soil conditions, scope of
work, Issues, accuracy of data, problem identification, Solution Optimization,
validation projects, Improve communication, skilled workforce. While the resu
the analysis of the case study foundations work efficiency powerboats Obtained results
using PERT of 4.85% and optimization for quality using Six Sigma of 99. 56%.
Implementation of Line of Balance Method for Scheduling High-rise BuildingIJERA Editor
In linear construction projects like high rise buildings, roadways, pipelines where activities are repeated after a specific interval, it is very much important for project manager to monitor the project at each stage. Line of Balance method is therefore useful for the project like high rise building to monitor the progress of the work. This method is useful for calculating the total duration of the project, crew synchronization and also shows the process, status, timing and phasing of the project activities. The overall objective of this study is to identify the total duration required by the project for its completion and its comparison with the actual plan by using Line of Balance method, to crash some of the activities and find out the total duration of crashed activities and to calculate labours required for the crashed activities by drawing the graph of Histogram.Keywords- crashing, crew synchronization, buffer, Histogram, Rate of Production
BIM-Based Cost Estimation/ Monitoring For Building ConstructionIJERA Editor
Proper Cost Estimate, Monitor and Control (CEM&C) are vital for the success of construction projects. Starting from preliminary design to project closing, CEM&C progressively becomes more complex and challenging. Visualization can add another dimension to monitor and control where major deviations can be visually detected and analyzed. However, literature related to visualization in construction and integrating it with cost control is still in its early stages. Building Information Modeling (BIM) can have promising impact in that domain. In this paper, a comprehensive cost estimating and monitoring model is presented. The model is integrated with BIM to provide the user with the capability of visualizing actual cost expended in different building elements and compare it with that budgeted at different time intervals. It provides construction practitioners with vital data that help them in taking appropriate corrective actions in case of any deviation from the budget. An example application is presented to demonstrate the capability and applicability of the model.
Planning is a guideline in implementing the project so that development can be
implemented in accordance with the time and cost planned. Control discrepancy
between initial plan and realization that exists in implementation project required a
project management, therefore required optimization analysis of project duration, so
it can be known how long a project is completed and look for the possibility of project
acceleration implementation by Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
and Critical Path Method (CPM) or critical path method. This research aims to apply
Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Project Management
(CPM) methods to find optimize solutions and control the performance of time and
cost in project scheduling. The research method used case study method at hospital
project in Bogor District, Indonesia, by collecting data direct observation and
interview results at contractor. Based on these data, create a schedule by using PERT
and CPM methods, which will be measured performance of time performance and
project cost which is expected to overcome the problem of controlling and completion
of project. The results of this study, using PERT and CPM methods proved to optimize
the project. Based on calculation by PERT method reduce duration of work: 12 days
(13, 18%). Based on calculation by CPM method reduce duration of work: 31 days
(34, 06%) but direct cost increase 112.208,300, - rupiahs (0, 25%).
Effect of project cost and time monitoring on progress of construction projcteSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is a review of research work in the last decade on friction stir welding. Research is going on to investigate the effect of various process parameters on quality of the welded joint. In this study, the investigation is made on the effect of various process parameters, such as tool rotational speed, traverse speed, axial force and tool geometry on the quality of the welded joint are reviewed. Yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation, toughness, microstructure of the joint are evaluated and correlated with received base material. To compare and validate experimental results, FEA model is the best way to study the quality of welded joint. Keywords- Friction stir welding, tool rotation and transverse speed, axial force, tool geometry
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This paper presents an investigation into analysis of the causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of engineers working in Kuwait. This is achieved through identification of the major causes of delays in the construction industry as reported in literature and using a questionnaire survey to collect the views of the various key players in the Kuwaiti construction industry. The data is analyzed and the views of the groups surveyed discussed and the relative importance index used to rank the causes of delays in the construction industry as per the questionnaire responses obtained. .It is found that the top 10 causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait are as listed below. Using a lowest price bidding and tendering system Poor performance of the main contractor Inadequate experience or qualifications of main contractor’s staff Delay of payments from client to other parties Poor performance of subcontractors Shortage in the supply of general labour Frequent changes of subcontractors Delay in decision making by the client Poor management of subcontractors Conflict between the main parties to the contract Inappropriate methods used by the main contractor Proposals of ways to effectively prevent delays in the future construction projects managed in Kuwait construction industry were developed from the identified causes delay
Modeling Delay Percentage of Construction Projects in Egypt Using Statistical...IOSR Journals
This paper presents two models for predicting the delay percentage in construction projects in Egypt.
The first model based on regression analysis. 74 causes that lead to delay in construction projects gathered
from literature. A questionnaire survey was made on construction contractors of construction projects in Egypt
to evaluate the relative importance of these causes. 14 causes were obtained as the most significant causes that
affect the delay percentage (DP) and these are the independent variables of the proposed model. Data for the
occurrence of the previous causes on a yes/no basis and the corresponding DP (dependent variable) for 20
construction projects was collected. The data was divided into two sets, the first set contains projects for the
purpose of model building. The results revealed that there was a strong linear relationship between DP and 9
causes from 14 causes that significantly affect DP of projects. These causes are: difficulties in obtaining work
permits from authorities concerned, original contract duration too short, inflation, difficulties in financing the
project by the contractor, effect of subsurface conditions, changes in the scope of the project, economic
conditions, excessive bureaucracy in the owner administration, and inefficient coordination by the owner in the
early planning &design stages. The second set contains 8 projects for the validation purposes and comparison
with the second model. The second model is a statistical fuzzy approach which is a hybrid approach from fuzzy
logic and regression analysis. A regression equation between each cause and DP using projects of first set was
extracted. The relative weight of each cause is determined by its coefficient of determination (R2
) value. The
degree of severity each cause had received from questionnaire analysis was used to fuzzify this cause. A
trapezoidal membership function was used to represent the delay percentages in construction projects in
general depending on 18 out of 30 the previous 20 projects. Two projects were excluded from this function due
to their divergence values from other projects. Thus, the expected delay percentage of a project is then
determined using fuzzy rules. Validation of the two models using projects of the second set revealed that
regression model has prediction capabilities higher than that of statistical fuzzy model. The average percentage
error for regression model was 30.3, against 38.5 for statistical fuzzy model.
OPTIMAL PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGSIAEME Publication
Objective: The research aims an empirical study on the application of MSP in every
single aspect of a project from planning and scheduling phase. Irrespective of nature of
work, location or norms in an organization, all the members work on tasks that are varied
and involve people who do not usually work together but for the same objective. Methods:
A project may have a simple goal that may not require many people or a great amount of
capital or it may be complex to a certain extent, calling for various skills and excess of
resources. But, the common line is that every human can manage projects. Due to this, the
purpose of dealing with the project should not be only execution but the effective and
efficient execution of a project is essential which is needed to be emphasized. Construction
companies in India executes the project in a traditional way, this sometimes leads
uneconomical and tedious too. The traditional method is time-consuming and bit confusion
in execution. Findings: This paper will provide how to do planning and scheduling for a
building which is a multi-storied (G+8) with Microsoft Project (MSP) software by
observing the site conditions, labour productivity, and available resources with proper
utilization of time and resources. Application: This approach can be projected to similar
projects of the same size.
An Application of Green Quality Function Deployment to Designing an Air Condi...IJERA Editor
The paper tackles a systematic and operational approach to Green Quality Function Deployment (GQFD), a customer oriented survey based quality management system with regular improvement in product development. GQFD shows balance between product development and environmental protection. GQFD is not used to determine their attributes and their levels. GQFD captures what product developers “think” would best satisfy customer needs considering Environmental factor. This research used Air Conditioner as a case study for implementation of GQFD. In the design of a new Air Conditioner, apply GQFD to find out the most important parameter and functions from customer point of view and then find out Technical Characteristics. These important parameters are then put into house of quality and make relation matrix between voice of customer and Technical Characteristics. From the result of QFD applied to Air Conditioner are short out the parameter which are require modification according to voice of customer and the result has used for new design.
Several Kinds of Thermal Analysis Technologies of Measuring Glass Transition ...IJERA Editor
Thermal analysis technology is a general term of a set of techniques that can measure the material’s performance varying with temperature. The thermal property, volumetric property, mechanical property and electrical property of polymer exist obvious difference through glass transition, tracking these properties’ variation with temperature changes can determine its GTT (glass transition temperature). According to different measuring principles, these thermal analysis technologies of testing GTT are divided into following several categories, they are differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), dynamic thermomechanic analysis (DMA) and dielectric thermal analysis (DEA). The article introduces their testing methods, characteristics and influencing factors, in order to provide a reference for choosing appropriate technique to measure the glass transition temperature.
Summary of fracture mechanics problems analysis method in ABAQUSIJERA Editor
Fracture mechanics is the study of the strength of the materials or structures with crack and crack propagation regularity of a discipline. There are a lot of analysis function of ABAQUS, including fracture analysis. ABAQUS is very easy to use and easy to establish a model of the complicated problem. In order to effectively study of strong discontinuity problems such as crack, provides two methods of simulating the problem of cracks of ABAQUS. This paper describes the two methods respectively, and compare two methods.
Summary of Self-compacting Concrete WorkabilityIJERA Editor
On the basis of a large number of domestic and foreign literature, situation and development of self-compacting concrete is introduced. Summary of the compacting theory of self-compacting concrete. And some of the factors affecting the workability of self-compacting concrete were discussed and summarized to a certain extent. Aims to further promote the application and research of self-compacting concrete
Comparison of Dynamic Scheduling Techniques in Flexible Manufacturing SystemIJERA Editor
Scheduling is an important tool in the manufacturing area since productivity is inherently linked to how well the resources are used to increase efficiency and reduce waste. The present article analyzes and provides comparison of modern techniques used for solving dynamic scheduling problem in flexible manufacturing system. These techniques are often impractical in dynamic real world environments where there are complex constraints and a variety of unexpected disruptions. This paper defines the modern techniques of dynamic scheduling and provides a literature survey of scheduling which are presented in recent few years. The principles of several dynamic scheduling techniques, namely dispatching rules, heuristics, genetic algorithms and artificial intelligence techniques are describe in details and comparison of their potential.
Anatomy of Data Frame API : A deep dive into Spark Data Frame APIdatamantra
In this presentation, we discuss about internals of spark data frame API. All the code discussed in this presentation available at https://github.com/phatak-dev/anatomy_of_spark_dataframe_api
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence Of Gamma Irradiation On The Dielectric Properties Of PVA- PS Polyme...IJERA Editor
Pure Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polystyrene (PS) and PVA0.5PS0.5 films were prepared by simple cost effective solution casting techniques. The as prepared films were subjected to gamma irradiation upto 1.5 kGy at room temperature. The irradiated and unradiated films were subjected to XRD and electrical analysis. The results revealed that gamma irradiation improves the crystallinity as well as electrical conduction of the films. Moreover, the PVA0.5PS0.5 polymer blend film showed enhanced behavior than pure PVA and PS in both the structural and electrical properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation on Divergent Exit Curvature Effect on Nozzle Pressure Ratio of ...IJERA Editor
The objective of this project work is to computationally analyze shock waves in the Convergent Divergent (CD) Nozzle. The commercial CFD code Fluent is employed to analyze the compressible flow through the nozzle. The analysis is about NPR (Nozzle Pressure Ratio) i.e., the ratio between exit pressure of the nozzle to ambient pressure. The various models of CD Nozzle are designed and the results are compared. The flow characteristic of shockwave for various design of CD Nozzle is also discussed. The purpose of this project is to investigate supersonic C-D nozzle flow for increasing NPR (Nozzle pressure ratio) through CFD. The imperfect matching between the pressures and ambient pressure and exit pressure leads to the formation of a complicated shock wave structure. Supersonic nozzle flow separation occurs in CD nozzles at NPR values far above their design value that results in shock formation inside the nozzle. The one-dimensional analysis approximations are not accurate, in reality the flow detaches from the wall and forms a separation region, subsequently the flow downstream becomes non-uniform and unstable. Shock wave affects flow performance of nozzle from NPR value 1.63 for existing geometrical conditions of nozzle. Problem of using this nozzle above 1.63NPR is shock wave at downstream of throat. After shock wave, static pressure increases further downstream of flow. It leads to flow separation and back pressure effects. Back pressure makes nozzle chocked. To investigate this problem, geometry of divergent portion is introduced and analysed through CFD. This is expected in resulting of reduction of flow separation and back pressure effect as well as increase in nozzle working NPR.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This paper presents an investigation into analysis of the causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of engineers working in Kuwait. This is achieved through identification of the major causes of delays in the construction industry as reported in literature and using a questionnaire survey to collect the views of the various key players in the Kuwaiti construction industry. The data is analyzed and the views of the groups surveyed discussed and the relative importance index used to rank the causes of delays in the construction industry as per the questionnaire responses obtained. .It is found that the top 10 causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait are as listed below. Using a lowest price bidding and tendering system Poor performance of the main contractor Inadequate experience or qualifications of main contractor’s staff Delay of payments from client to other parties Poor performance of subcontractors Shortage in the supply of general labour Frequent changes of subcontractors Delay in decision making by the client Poor management of subcontractors Conflict between the main parties to the contract Inappropriate methods used by the main contractor Proposals of ways to effectively prevent delays in the future construction projects managed in Kuwait construction industry were developed from the identified causes delay
Modeling Delay Percentage of Construction Projects in Egypt Using Statistical...IOSR Journals
This paper presents two models for predicting the delay percentage in construction projects in Egypt.
The first model based on regression analysis. 74 causes that lead to delay in construction projects gathered
from literature. A questionnaire survey was made on construction contractors of construction projects in Egypt
to evaluate the relative importance of these causes. 14 causes were obtained as the most significant causes that
affect the delay percentage (DP) and these are the independent variables of the proposed model. Data for the
occurrence of the previous causes on a yes/no basis and the corresponding DP (dependent variable) for 20
construction projects was collected. The data was divided into two sets, the first set contains projects for the
purpose of model building. The results revealed that there was a strong linear relationship between DP and 9
causes from 14 causes that significantly affect DP of projects. These causes are: difficulties in obtaining work
permits from authorities concerned, original contract duration too short, inflation, difficulties in financing the
project by the contractor, effect of subsurface conditions, changes in the scope of the project, economic
conditions, excessive bureaucracy in the owner administration, and inefficient coordination by the owner in the
early planning &design stages. The second set contains 8 projects for the validation purposes and comparison
with the second model. The second model is a statistical fuzzy approach which is a hybrid approach from fuzzy
logic and regression analysis. A regression equation between each cause and DP using projects of first set was
extracted. The relative weight of each cause is determined by its coefficient of determination (R2
) value. The
degree of severity each cause had received from questionnaire analysis was used to fuzzify this cause. A
trapezoidal membership function was used to represent the delay percentages in construction projects in
general depending on 18 out of 30 the previous 20 projects. Two projects were excluded from this function due
to their divergence values from other projects. Thus, the expected delay percentage of a project is then
determined using fuzzy rules. Validation of the two models using projects of the second set revealed that
regression model has prediction capabilities higher than that of statistical fuzzy model. The average percentage
error for regression model was 30.3, against 38.5 for statistical fuzzy model.
OPTIMAL PLANNING AND SCHEDULING OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGSIAEME Publication
Objective: The research aims an empirical study on the application of MSP in every
single aspect of a project from planning and scheduling phase. Irrespective of nature of
work, location or norms in an organization, all the members work on tasks that are varied
and involve people who do not usually work together but for the same objective. Methods:
A project may have a simple goal that may not require many people or a great amount of
capital or it may be complex to a certain extent, calling for various skills and excess of
resources. But, the common line is that every human can manage projects. Due to this, the
purpose of dealing with the project should not be only execution but the effective and
efficient execution of a project is essential which is needed to be emphasized. Construction
companies in India executes the project in a traditional way, this sometimes leads
uneconomical and tedious too. The traditional method is time-consuming and bit confusion
in execution. Findings: This paper will provide how to do planning and scheduling for a
building which is a multi-storied (G+8) with Microsoft Project (MSP) software by
observing the site conditions, labour productivity, and available resources with proper
utilization of time and resources. Application: This approach can be projected to similar
projects of the same size.
An Application of Green Quality Function Deployment to Designing an Air Condi...IJERA Editor
The paper tackles a systematic and operational approach to Green Quality Function Deployment (GQFD), a customer oriented survey based quality management system with regular improvement in product development. GQFD shows balance between product development and environmental protection. GQFD is not used to determine their attributes and their levels. GQFD captures what product developers “think” would best satisfy customer needs considering Environmental factor. This research used Air Conditioner as a case study for implementation of GQFD. In the design of a new Air Conditioner, apply GQFD to find out the most important parameter and functions from customer point of view and then find out Technical Characteristics. These important parameters are then put into house of quality and make relation matrix between voice of customer and Technical Characteristics. From the result of QFD applied to Air Conditioner are short out the parameter which are require modification according to voice of customer and the result has used for new design.
Several Kinds of Thermal Analysis Technologies of Measuring Glass Transition ...IJERA Editor
Thermal analysis technology is a general term of a set of techniques that can measure the material’s performance varying with temperature. The thermal property, volumetric property, mechanical property and electrical property of polymer exist obvious difference through glass transition, tracking these properties’ variation with temperature changes can determine its GTT (glass transition temperature). According to different measuring principles, these thermal analysis technologies of testing GTT are divided into following several categories, they are differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), dynamic thermomechanic analysis (DMA) and dielectric thermal analysis (DEA). The article introduces their testing methods, characteristics and influencing factors, in order to provide a reference for choosing appropriate technique to measure the glass transition temperature.
Summary of fracture mechanics problems analysis method in ABAQUSIJERA Editor
Fracture mechanics is the study of the strength of the materials or structures with crack and crack propagation regularity of a discipline. There are a lot of analysis function of ABAQUS, including fracture analysis. ABAQUS is very easy to use and easy to establish a model of the complicated problem. In order to effectively study of strong discontinuity problems such as crack, provides two methods of simulating the problem of cracks of ABAQUS. This paper describes the two methods respectively, and compare two methods.
Summary of Self-compacting Concrete WorkabilityIJERA Editor
On the basis of a large number of domestic and foreign literature, situation and development of self-compacting concrete is introduced. Summary of the compacting theory of self-compacting concrete. And some of the factors affecting the workability of self-compacting concrete were discussed and summarized to a certain extent. Aims to further promote the application and research of self-compacting concrete
Comparison of Dynamic Scheduling Techniques in Flexible Manufacturing SystemIJERA Editor
Scheduling is an important tool in the manufacturing area since productivity is inherently linked to how well the resources are used to increase efficiency and reduce waste. The present article analyzes and provides comparison of modern techniques used for solving dynamic scheduling problem in flexible manufacturing system. These techniques are often impractical in dynamic real world environments where there are complex constraints and a variety of unexpected disruptions. This paper defines the modern techniques of dynamic scheduling and provides a literature survey of scheduling which are presented in recent few years. The principles of several dynamic scheduling techniques, namely dispatching rules, heuristics, genetic algorithms and artificial intelligence techniques are describe in details and comparison of their potential.
Anatomy of Data Frame API : A deep dive into Spark Data Frame APIdatamantra
In this presentation, we discuss about internals of spark data frame API. All the code discussed in this presentation available at https://github.com/phatak-dev/anatomy_of_spark_dataframe_api
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence Of Gamma Irradiation On The Dielectric Properties Of PVA- PS Polyme...IJERA Editor
Pure Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polystyrene (PS) and PVA0.5PS0.5 films were prepared by simple cost effective solution casting techniques. The as prepared films were subjected to gamma irradiation upto 1.5 kGy at room temperature. The irradiated and unradiated films were subjected to XRD and electrical analysis. The results revealed that gamma irradiation improves the crystallinity as well as electrical conduction of the films. Moreover, the PVA0.5PS0.5 polymer blend film showed enhanced behavior than pure PVA and PS in both the structural and electrical properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation on Divergent Exit Curvature Effect on Nozzle Pressure Ratio of ...IJERA Editor
The objective of this project work is to computationally analyze shock waves in the Convergent Divergent (CD) Nozzle. The commercial CFD code Fluent is employed to analyze the compressible flow through the nozzle. The analysis is about NPR (Nozzle Pressure Ratio) i.e., the ratio between exit pressure of the nozzle to ambient pressure. The various models of CD Nozzle are designed and the results are compared. The flow characteristic of shockwave for various design of CD Nozzle is also discussed. The purpose of this project is to investigate supersonic C-D nozzle flow for increasing NPR (Nozzle pressure ratio) through CFD. The imperfect matching between the pressures and ambient pressure and exit pressure leads to the formation of a complicated shock wave structure. Supersonic nozzle flow separation occurs in CD nozzles at NPR values far above their design value that results in shock formation inside the nozzle. The one-dimensional analysis approximations are not accurate, in reality the flow detaches from the wall and forms a separation region, subsequently the flow downstream becomes non-uniform and unstable. Shock wave affects flow performance of nozzle from NPR value 1.63 for existing geometrical conditions of nozzle. Problem of using this nozzle above 1.63NPR is shock wave at downstream of throat. After shock wave, static pressure increases further downstream of flow. It leads to flow separation and back pressure effects. Back pressure makes nozzle chocked. To investigate this problem, geometry of divergent portion is introduced and analysed through CFD. This is expected in resulting of reduction of flow separation and back pressure effect as well as increase in nozzle working NPR.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Delay Analysis in EPC Projects using Ishikawa DiagramIJAEMSJORNAL
Delay is one of the major issues in EPC projects in Oman. Project managers are not considering the root causes of delay while taking preventive measures. This project aims to identify the most common types of delay in EPC projects, to find out the root causes of delay by using Ishikawa diagram and further to prepare acceleration plan for a running project by using schedule compression techniques. The objectives of this project are: (a ) to identify root causes of various delays commonly affecting the EPC projects in Oman by using Ishikawa diagram. (b) to identify critical delay cause factors for a running project by conducting questionnaire survey. (c) to prepare acceleration plan for the project by using schedule compression techniques. To achieve this study: all the information was collected, schedules were compared to calculate the delay in each activity, questionnaire survey was conducted to study the impact of various factors causing delay and the root causes by using Ishikawa diagram and finally prepared an acceleration plan by using schedule compression techniques . The results found are: time and cost constraints are the biggest obstacle causing delay in EPC projects. The study identified the importance of analyzing the root causes before taking any particular preventive measures.
DESIGN PATTERNS IN THE WORKFLOW IMPLEMENTATION OF MARINE RESEARCH GENERAL INF...AM Publications
This paper proposes the use of design patterns in a marine research general information platform. The development of the platform refers to a design of complicated system architecture. Creation and execution of the research workflow nodes and designing of visualization library suited for marine users play an important role in the whole software architecture. This paper studies the requirements characteristic in marine research fields and has implemented a series of framework to solve these problems based on object-oriented and design patterns techniques. These frameworks make clear the relationship in all directions between modules and layers of software, which communicate through unified abstract interface and reduce the coupling between modules and layers. The building of these frameworks is importantly significant in advancing the reusability of software and strengthening extensibility and maintainability of the system.
A systematic mapping study of performance analysis and modelling of cloud sys...IJECEIAES
Cloud computing is a paradigm that uses utility-driven models in providing dynamic services to clients at all levels. Performance analysis and modelling is essential because of service level agreement guarantees. Studies on performance analysis and modelling are increasing in a productive manner on the cloud landscape on issues like virtual machines and data storage. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic mapping study of performance analysis and modelling of cloud systems and applications. A systematic mapping study is useful in visualization and summarizing the research carried in an area of interest. The systematic study provided an overview of studies on this subject by using a structure, based on categorization. The results are presented in terms of research such as evaluation and solution, and contribution such as tools and method utilized. The results showed that there were more discussions on optimization in relation to tool, method and process with 6.42%, 14.29% and 7.62% respectively. In addition, analysis based on designs in terms of model had 14.29% and publication relating to optimization in terms of evaluation research had 9.77%, validation 7.52%, experience 3.01%, and solution 10.51%. Research gaps were identified and should motivate researchers in pursuing further research directions.
A cloud computing scheduling and its evolutionary approachesnooriasukmaningtyas
Despite the increasing use of cloud computing technology because it offers
unique features to serve its customers perfectly, exploiting the full potential
is very difficult due to the many problems and challenges. Therefore,
scheduling resources are one of these challenges. Researchers are still finding
it difficult to determine which of the scheduling algorithms are appropriate
and effective and that helps increases the performance of the system to
accomplish these tasks. This paper provides a broad and detailed examination
of resource scheduling algorithms in the environment of a cloud computing
environment and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of some
algorithms to help researchers in selecting the best algorithms to schedule a
particular workload to get a satisfy a quality of service, guarantee good
utilization of the cloud resources also minimizing the make-span.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
An Automated Input Data Management Approach for Discrete Event Simulation Application in Slip-from Operations
1. Hesham A. Khalek et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 7, (Part - 2) July 2015, pp.124-134
www.ijera.com 124 | P a g e
An Automated Input Data Management Approach for Discrete
Event Simulation Application in Slip-from Operations
Hesham A. Khalek1
, Shafik S. Khoury1
, Remon F. Aziz1
, Mohamed A. Hakam2
1
Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
2
Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria,
Egypt
Email : Mohamed.hakam@pua.edu.eg
ABSTRACT
Slipforming operation’s linearity is a source of planning complications, and operation is usually subjected to
bottlenecks at any point, so careful planning is required in order to achieve success. On the other hand, Discrete-
event simulation concepts can be applied to simulate and analyze construction operations and to efficiently
support construction scheduling. Nevertheless, preparation of input data for construction simulation is very
challenging, time consuming and human prone-error source. Therefore, to enhance the benefits of using DES in
construction scheduling, this study proposes an integrated module to establish a framework for automating the
generation of time schedules and decision support for Slipform construction projects, particularly through the
project feasibility study phase by using data exchange between project data stored in an Intermediate database,
DES and Scheduling software. Using the stored information, proposed system creates construction tasks attribute
[e.g. activities durations, material quantities and resources amount], then DES uses all the given information to
create a proposal for the construction schedule automatically. This research is considered a demonstration of a
flexible Slipform project modeling, rapid scenario-based planning and schedule generation approach that may be
of interest to both practitioners and researchers.
Keywords – Automation, Slip forming, Modeling, planning, Data exchange, Scheduling generation, EZstrobe
I. INTRODUCTION
Modeling and simulation of construction
process supports construction planning and can help
in reducing the risks concerning budget, time and
quality on a construction project [1]. Construction
projects are usually delivered in an uncertain
environment in which project resources and
activities interact with each other in a complex
manner [2]. Due to vertical Slipforming process’s
linear nature, it is considered a complicated process
where it depends on efficient management of
numerous parameters, moreover by considering the
variability that always exists in construction
operations, Slipform operations requires careful and
thorough planning where Structure cross section;
jacking rate; and concrete layer thickness can affect
the Slipforming rate therefore project duration and
so can the, pouring method, the site location,
equipment location, and many other factors.
Therefore, scheduling by coordinating the
aforementioned parameters, resources of workers,
machines and materials in a time-efficient way is
required in order to realize the construction project
within the anticipated time and budgeted costs
Traditionally and even today scheduling is still
mostly specified and accomplished manually using
Gantt chart techniques and the critical path method
[CPM] which can be an extensive and very time
consuming process. Although these two concepts are
utilized by a number of commercial software
solutions in the field of construction planning and
scheduling, software is unable to assess schedule
correctness, especially of process duration for a
given amount of available resources, as well as its
inability to optimize the schedule according to total
costs or total duration work against the application
of these methods within more complex scheduling
tasks. In addition to the previous, generation of
construction schedules are currently manually
accomplished, resulting in an extensive and time
consuming process that is insufficiently supported
between software applications.
On the other hand, simulation of construction
processes has proven to be a suitable approach for
detailed investigation of construction schedules,
moreover simulation has the ability to incorporate
uncertainty, has been used as an effective approach
to better capture the complicated interactions and
uncertainties found in construction operations [4].
While the benefits of using DES as a decision
support tool have been recognized, it has not been
widely adopted by the construction industry [5]. One
of the reasons for this lack of implementation is the
amount of manual work needed to specify and
maintain the interdependencies between activities
and resources in the construction supply chain [6],
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Hesham A. Khalek et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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[7]. Therefore, in this paper we consider scheduling
within the context of discrete event simulation
[DES] with an end goal of generating a construction
schedule through automatic data extraction from a
DES results file, focusing on automating physical
model input.
II. BACKGROUND
2.1 DES in construction
Discrete Event Simulation, referred to as
simulation has proved to be an effective tool for
complex processes analysis [8] besides being a well-
established approach for analyzing, scheduling, and
improving construction processes in the AEC arena.
[9]. The methodology of discrete-event simulation,
which concerns “the modeling of a system as it
evolves over time by a representation in which the
state variables change only at a countable number of
points in time” [10] provides a promising alternative
solution to construction planning by predicting the
future state of a real construction system following
the creation of a computer model of the real system
based on real life statistics and operations. An event
in the context of discrete-event simulation can be
defined as an instant of time at which a significant
state change occurs in the system [11]. One of the
major aims that operations simulation is used in the
construction industry is that DES assists in reducing
resource idling time, improving resources utilization,
site productivity and identifying logistics bottlenecks
for storages and transportation [2]. Since the 1960s,
it has been recognized that discrete-event simulation
[DES] provides a powerful tool to model and
evaluate construction processes, including the
overall project duration as well as the utilization of
resources. (12) Method is the earliest known method
for construction simulation. Developed systems are
designed for both simple [e.g., CYCLONE] and very
advanced [e.g., STROBOSCOPE] modeling tasks
but do not satisfy the need for a very easy to learn
and simple tool capable of modeling moderately
complex problems with little effort. Nevertheless,
while considering the benefits of DES in
construction, a major problem that remains valid and
restricts the wide utilization of DES is module input
data. Input data management within simulation
projects often becomes a major challenge. In order
to overcome this obstacle and benefit from the
power of simulation modeling, Input data
management of simulation models have to be
simplified to encounter various scenarios and
changes in the construction project. [13] Identified
four methodologies of input data management as
shown in Fig.1: [a] Manual data collection and
processing. [b] Manual data collection and
processing. [c] Automated connection between data
sources and simulation model using an intermediary
database and [d] direct link between the CBS and the
simulation model. Since their study, published in
2002, there have been advances in the input data
management process itself as well as in support
systems such as data collection systems, databases,
and simulation software. [14]. Consequently this
paper has adapted the third methodology
“Intermediate Database” utilizing the MS Access
program as an external data storage unit for project
conditions material quantities that is considered the
simulation model’s main input data.
Fig.1 DES Alternative IDMs
2.2 Slipforming Principles
Slip-forming is a method of erecting silos by
sliding up the whole form using an automated
jacking device embedded in concrete and pouring
concrete continuously, once concrete has developed
early strength enabling it to stand by itself after
placing. The essential elements of a Slipforming
assembly are two parallel wall panels [about 1.2 m
tall] supported by steel frames and horizontal yokes
connected to hydraulic jacks as shown in Fig.2.
After Slipform is completely assembled on a
concrete base, the forms are filled slowly with
concrete. When the concrete in the bottom of the
forms has gained sufficient rigidity, the upward
movement of the forms is started and continued at a
speed that is controlled by the rate at which the
concrete sets. Many challenges face slip-form usage
in the construction industry. The rate of movement
of the forms is controlled and matches the initial
setting of concrete so that the forms leave the
3. Hesham A. Khalek et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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concrete after it is strong enough to retain its shape
while supporting its own weight. The forms move
upward by mean of jacks climbing on smooth steel
rods embedded in the hardened concrete and
anchored at the concrete foundation base. These
jacks may be hydraulic, electric, or pneumatic and
operate at speeds up to 24 in. /h [609.6 mm/h].
Lifting rates may vary from 2 or 3 in. per hr to in
excess of 12 in. per hr, depending on the temperature
and other properties of the concrete as shown in
Fig.2. The jacks for lifting of the form are installed
on the horizontal crossbeam between the yokes.
When the Slipform is lifted, all the jacks are
activated at the same time. Hydraulic driven jack is
the most common type of jack used. The Slipform
panel will normally have an inclination in the
vertical plane in order to make the panel self-
clearing in relation to the concrete wall. The steel
reinforcement, inserts and box outs are placed inside
the wall panels as they are continuously being lifted
by the jacks and as the concrete are placed in layers
of uniform thickness. Slipform continuous work
needs high-level management of resources and
convenient work environment. In addition, weather
conditions and labor union restrictions might add to
these challenges. It requires many accompanied
equipment that have to work continuously parallel to
the slip-forms. In addition, any changes in the
operational information during construction cost a
lot of time and money [15] the main key to a
successful operation is the ability to synchronize and
control the concrete setting time. A decision as to the
economy of Slipforming a structure should be based
on the cost savings that may accrue as a result of a
decrease in construction time and easier construction
of other elements of the structure
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview
This paper presents a Discrete event simulation–
based scheduling approach as a practical solution for
automatic schedule generation for Slipform
construction projects by integrating the schedule
generation process with a discrete event simulation
process in order to enhance both capabilities of the
utilized tools. Moreover, this research presents an
integrated methodology for estimating and
prediction of construction productivity and time
generated by Slipform system using EZstrobe
software. To facilitate the generation of the input
data required for the discrete event-based simulation,
this paper introduces an Input Data Methodology
[IDM] for simulation; this paper introduces a
methodology which is based on extracting the
simulation input data from an intermediate database
acting as a source of input data. In this research, a
Discrete Event Simulation [DES] and Scheduling
Software framework is proposed to enable the
implementation and integration of DES in the
planning and follow-up of construction activities
Fig.3 illustrates the overall workflow.
.The framework consists of the following
concepts: (1) Estimating quantities of material and
geometric data to the indeterminate database
external database; (2) Inserting project conditions
and activity constraints in Database (3) Maintain
database for final simulation input data
methodology; (4) Developing an intelligent
simulation model that reads data directly from
database as export results and lastly (5) generating a
CPM schedule in MS project through data from
DES. These concepts are explained in detail in the
following subsections.
3.2 Collect Project Conditions Stage
First step in the system is gathering and
collecting project data, where project data is
categorized into two groups [1] Quantification of
Materials and Resources quantities, and [2] Inserting
activities Data. First, Material quantities is
calculated and estimated using traditional quantity
surveying method by creating a project WBS for all
activities and work packages, this step ends in
product data shown as quantity per work package.
Second, activities data is inserted in order to
generate a valid and realistic schedule. Project
constraints such as required activities, tasks
durations, duration distribution and
interdependencies between activities must be
inserted through the system by the user.
Fig.2 Slip form System Component
4. Hesham A. Khalek et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Fig.4. Database Screen shot of Activities Data
Fig.5. Mapping Database Data to DES Model
DES Field Database Field
3.3 Database Input Data Stage
After project conditions are completely gathered
and organized and all project objects quantities
[foundations, walls, etc.] are exported to MS Access,
the IDM method is considered ready to pass the
information from database to the simulation model.
The simulation model is generated using EZstrobe
simulation software. Data from database is
transferred to the simulation Visio objects through
an add-in in the Visio named “Database wizard”.
Process of transferring is based upon mapping
method, where Database wizard assigns each Visio
object to its related database element for both
Combis and Queues. Fig.4 presents a screen shot of
MS Access data stored and ready to be mapped to
DES model for Activities durations and Resources
Data
3.4 Discrete Event Simulation Stage
EZstrobe discrete event simulation software
has been applied through the proposed system in
order to conduct the site-level simulation of
construction operations Fig.5 shows a screen shot of
mapping Combi activities from database to Visio by
defining both Name and Duration and mapping it to
the Visio Object Further details of the operations
simulation that is applied in this work is presented in
Section 4.
Fig.3 Proposed DES Integrated System Framework
5. Hesham A. Khalek et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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3.5 Schedule Generation Stage
Second, activities data is inserted in order to
generate a valid and realistic schedule. Project
constraints such as required activities, tasks
durations, duration distribution and
interdependencies between activities must be
inserted through the system by the user. Fig.6
presents the generation of schedule activities
approach where; step [1] results are produced after
DES run; step [2] results are transferred from result
template format [.sto] to a manageable format [.txt]
and; step [3] activities durations and sequence are
connected to the pre-organized schedule in excel
file. MS project has the capability to generate
schedules by mapping relevant data from excel file
with a definite order to facilitate the schedule
generation.
IV. PRELIMINARY PROTOTYPE
As for a case study, the preliminary
prototype of the proposed integrated framework has
been implemented and developed by using EZstrobe
as the DES tool, and MS project as the construction
planning software. Furtherer, to illustrate the
framework model capabilities a Slipform case of
study was chosen to apply the proposed software to
a silo project located in Bandar Abbas, Iran for the
Hormozghan cement factory project. This building
built with Slipform concrete and has a height of 50
m and average productivity of 0.15 m/hr. and a total
Slipforming duration of 14 days. The following
subsections present the evaluation results of this case
study. Prototype Model is based upon four stages of
construction processes encountering Silo earthwork,
Foundation work, Slipform Assembly and
Slipforming works where each process covers the
related activities.
4.1 Database Input Data Generating
Project conditions are inserted in the
intermediate database where the data stored in the
database can be retrieved by the Simulation model
using the Open Database Center “ODBC”
connection.
First; Material and Resources Quantities
Silo material quantities are estimated using
traditional Quantity survey where QS estimates
quantities from project drawings and provides the
relevant parameters needed to perform the quantity
takeoffs of the weight [in tons] of steel, the area [m]
Step [1]: Run DES and
Results in [.sto] Format
Step [2]:
Transfer
Result [.sto]
to text [.txt]
Format
Step [3]: Connect Result [.txt]
to Excel file [.xls]
Fig.6. Schedule generation from DES Cycle
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of the forms, and the volume [m3] of concrete for
each construction element. After material
quantification the calculated material quantities of
each building element are inserted to an MS Access
files. Table. 1 and 2 presents a quantity table that
summarizes the quantities of materials and resources
that will be needed for the tasks in the project.
Second; Activity Durations
In order to create the durations input data, each
project activity is assigned to duration with a certain
distribution. Activities durations is shown in Table 3
where it presents the category of activity, activity
name, type of duration and assigned duration. It is
noted that due to the uncertainties in the industry
both uniform and triangular distributions owns the
majority of duration types as illustrated in the
aforementioned table.
4.2 EZstrobe Simulation Model Development
By working with the practitioners and
experts for this case project, an EZstrobe network
for a full Slipform project, has been created and
developed. This network indicates the construction
tasks, the logical links between tasks, and the
resources required for the project. Specifically, the
following sub models are encountered through
building the simulation model the four models are
connected through a fusion Queue for ease of
studying each sub model. In addition, crews
formulation for concrete pouring, steel rebar and
formwork crews are involved. The methodology
dramatically facilitates the generation of input data
for a simulation. The following section illustrates the
DES model phases.
Silo Earth works Phase Model
Silo Earth works Model describes Earth
works for the Slipform project, where it encounters
the excavation works, hauling excavated soil to
dumps and dumping, moreover the sub model shows
compacting works for the excavated area. Silo earth
work Sub model process is furtherer illustrated in
Fig.7; durations for activities in phase model are
shown in Table 3.
Foundations Works Model
Foundations Works Model describes typical
foundation works for the Slipform project, where it
encounters the plain concrete pouring under
foundations, steel and rebars works for foundations,
form work and Reinforced concrete pouring for
foundations. Foundations Work Sub model process
is furtherer illustrated in Fig.8, durations for
activities in phase model are shown in Table 3.
Slipform Assembly Works Model
Slipform Assembly Works Model describes
the Slipform assembly process, where it encounters
raising the jacks and connecting it using horizontal
straps, installing panels, installing hydraulic jacks
and platforms. Slipform assembly Sub model
process is furtherer illustrated in Fig.9, durations for
activities in phase model are shown in Table 3.
Slip forming Works Model
Slip forming Works Model describes the
Slip forming operation sequence for Silo
construction, the sub model encounters jacking
forms based on jacking rates and layer thickness and
concrete setting time, moreover concrete placement,
rebar work and raising rebar to working decks. Slip
forming Sub model process is furtherer illustrated in
Fig.10; durations for activities in sub model are
shown in Table 3.
Table 1 .Silo project material quantities
ID Phase Resource
Type
Resource Description Unit Amount
1 Earthworks Soil Amount of Excavated Soil m³ 555
Soil Amount of Compacted Soil m² 340
2 Foundation Works Plain
Concrete
Foundation PC Beneath Raft m³ 45
Reinforced
Concrete
Foundation RC Raft m³ 340
Steel Raft Rebar Amount ton 50
Formwork Raft Formwork Amount m² 60
3 Assembly Works Slipform Yokes Set for Slip Assembly Set 1
Slipform Straps Set for Slip Assembly Set 1
Slipform Panels Set for Slip Assembly Set 1
Slipform Platforms Set for Slip Assembly Set 1
4 Slipforming
Works
Reinforced
Concrete
Slipform Continuous Concrete
Crew Number
m³ 1300
Steel Slipform Continuous Steel Crew
Number
ton 100
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Table 2 .Project resources amounts for IDM
ID Phase Resource
Type
Resource Description Unit Amount
1 Earthworks
Equipment Number of Excavators for
Excavation
No. 1
Equipment Number of Trucks for Hauling No. 1
Equipment Number of Compactors for
Leveling
No. 1
2
Foundation
Works
Labor Foundation Formwork Crew
Number
Crew No. 1
Labor Foundation Steel Rebar Crew
Number
Crew No. 1
Labor Foundation Concrete Placing Crew
Number
Crew No. 1
Equipment Number of Foundation Concrete
Pumps
No. 1
3 Assembly Works
Labor Slipform Techs Crew Number Crew No. 1
Equipment Hydraulic Jacks Set Number No. 1
4
Slipforming
Works
Labor Slipform Continuous Concrete
Crew Number
Crew No. 1
Labor Slipform Continuous Steel Crew
Number
Crew No. 1
Labor Slipform Finishing Surface Crew
Number
Crew No. 1
Equipment Slipform Crane Available No. 1
Table 3 .Project activities durations for IDM
ID Phase
Activity
Name in
DES
Activity
Type
Duration
Type
Duration [min]
MS Project
Calendar
Type
1 Earth Work
LoadTruck Combi Triangular [8,8.8,9] Standard
HaulTruck Normal Triangular [10,10.5,11] Standard
DumpTruck Normal Deterministic 1 Standard
ReturnTruck Normal Triangular [7,8.5,9] Standard
SitePrep Combi Triangular [60,90,120] Standard
SurfaceFinis
h
Combi Triangular [60,90,120] Standard
2 Foundation Work
PCFoundPou
r
Combi Triangular [3,4,5] Standard
WtConcHard Combi Deterministic 1600 Standard
FoundRebar
Wrk
Combi Triangular [100,110,120] Standard
FoundForm
Work
Combi Triangular [65,70,75] Standard
RCFoundPou
r
Combi Triangular [3,4,5] Standard
3
Slipform
Assembly Work
StartFormAs
s
Combi Triangular [1400,1500,160
0]
Standard
RaiseForms Combi Triangular [1400,1500,160
0]
Standard
ConnectJack
s
Combi Triangular [1400,1500,160
0]
Standard
InstallPanels Combi Triangular [1400,1500,160
0]
Standard
HydJacksInst
all
Combi Triangular [1400,1500,160
0]
Standard
Install
Platform
Combi Triangular [1400,1500,160
0]
Standard
4
Slip forming
Model
JackForm Combi Deterministic 10 24 Hours
PlaceConcret
e
Combi Triangular [8.5,9.5,10.5] 24 Hours
RebarandEm
bd
Combi Triangular [7,8,9] 24 Hours
RaiseSttoDec
k
Combi Triangular [5,6,7] 24 Hours
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Fig.7. Earthworks Model Phase
Fig.8. Foundation work Model Phase
Fig.9. Slipform Assembly Model Phase Fig.10. Slipforming Operation Model Phase
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4.3 Simulation Results
After inputting simulation modeling data, the
simulation model runs and generates a result output.
The results define both Queues and Combis
characteristics. For scheduling purposes the concern
will be on the Combi characteristics [activities] only,
where activities durations are finally defined.
Results are produced after simulation in EZstrobe
extension [.sto] therefore to be able to generate the
schedule the results must be transferred to an [.xls]
format. Consequently the results are saved first as
text file [.txt] and after that the required data for
scheduling which is the durations of Combi
activities are automatically linked to an excel file to
automate the operation later and ease of information
transfer. Fig.18 illustrates graphically the first data
transport route from the simulation model to an
applicable readable format in excel for scheduling
purposes. The driving results in this case of study are
both the Slipforming duration operation and the
Total silo construction project. In this case study,
EZstrobe took approximately 42.67 s to run 1000
simulation replications. After simulation results are
presented in [.sto] file user stores the simulation
results in .txt format, which allows the system to
read and extract the results. For instance, minimum
duration, average duration, and maximum total
duration of this Slipform project construction project
are 48.8, 53.6, and 57.6 days, respectively, while
Slipforming duration for this case study was 12.6.
13.8 And 14.2 Days as minimum duration, average
duration, and maximum durations.
In addition to the previous, this research discusses
the main factors that should be carefully taken into
consideration when planning a Slipform project as
schedule can be directly affected by these factors as
shown in next section.
4.4 Schedule Generation
Within various simulation runs, the same
activities, constraints and material are used. For each
simulation run, the work step schedule and the
workload of employees was recorded and evaluated
afterwards. However, this approach generates a
multitude of practical schedules that can be analyzed
and visualized to identify good solutions manually.
Planners can select the best solution according to the
objectives of their particular project. The selected
schedule can subsequently be imported into standard
scheduling systems for further modifications and
evaluations. Therefore, after simulation results are
generated the user can save these results in a .txt
format then link required schedule parameters to an
excel file that is in turn mapped to the MS project
software as shown in steps 1 to 3 in Fig.11. Then,
the user must operate MS Project to map this Excel
file and set a starting calendar date for the
construction project to generate a network [or bar
chart] schedule. Notably, at this moment, name,
duration, and the predecessors of each work task in
the Excel file are retrieved automatically by MS
Project mapping feature as illustrated earlier. Fig. 11
presents the generated schedule as viewed in MS
Project. The proposed system exports activity list of
data to the format of a Microsoft Project file. Each
activity lists the activity name, description, duration
in days [assuming 40-hour workweek] for standard
calendar and [assuming 168-hour workweek] for 24
hour calendar, start date, end date and predecessors.
By exporting the output in Microsoft Project format,
all of the functions of this popular and powerful
scheduling tool may easily be applied to the
generated preliminary schedule.
V. MODEL VALIDATION AND
VERIFICATION
In this research the case of study data was
collected from Hormozghan Cement Project which
had more than twenty towers and silos that were
constructed using Slipforming technique considering
jacking Rates and productivity in meter per hour. [T.
Zayed et al, 2008] Average Maximum capable
jacking rate was 30 cm/hr; average productivity was
15 cm/hr in which concrete pouring used crane and
bucket. The project total Slipform duration was 14
days. This study showed that after utilizing the
model in prediction of Slipform operation duration
and silo construction project duration the developed
model shows robust results with 97.9 % validation.
Meanwhile it can be used to predict productivity
properly for the presented scenario combinations.
A verification step was held on to ensure
the automatic data exchange between database
module and discrete event simulation module
process. Specifically, the verification was conducted
to make sure that the durations and quantities data
automatically extracted from database did not
lose/skip any data or material properties. Moreover
verification was conducted to ensure that simulation
model result matches the generated schedule total
duration for various strategies implemented. On the
other hand, the research considered only the basic
building components such as foundations, rebar and
formwork to propose a systematic approach in the
substructure works, while for the Slipform operation
the building components were considered sufficient
to compare with the status of the actual case of
study. Therefore, the comparison between the result
in the case study and real construction project results
was not made due to the fact that our demonstration
did not include all the building components that a
real project would do. However, we intend to
include more building components in the future
research and verify the results in a more realistic
way.
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VI. CONCLUSIONS
The scheduling of construction processes for
building projects is extremely complex with a
multitude of requirements, such as technological
dependencies and resource capacities, to be taken
into account, together with principal guidelines of
project duration and available funds. The constraint-
based simulation technique can generate effective
schedules virtually automatically, but creating the
necessary input data manually is tedious and time
consuming.
This paper has introduced a new
methodology for creating input data for a discrete-
event simulation of construction processes. The
methodology, implemented in a software application
is based on an interactive process whereby an
intermediate database works provides the simulation
model with the process model and a corresponding
product model the methodology dramatically
facilitates the generation of input data for a
constraint-based simulation. Moreover, this paper
proposes a framework to be used for automated
schedule generation from DES. This system focuses
on data exchange using a well-established input data
management scheme “Intermediate Database”. To
test the suggested framework, a prototype has been
developed and applies the techniques described in
the methodology and through the information
gathered, the proposed DES based scheduling
approach is used to create construction tasks,
Step 1: Convert Simulation Results from [.sto] to [.txt]
Format
Step 2: Generate Schedule in Excel from Simulation Results
Step 3: Retrieve Schedule data from Excel file by MS
project Mapping
Fig.11. Generating Schedule in MS project from DES Results for Scenario No.13
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calculate activity durations using PERT technique
for duration provided for activities from a database,
and apply sequencing rules. Once computed the
prototype produces a preliminary schedule.
In the demonstration presented in this paper, the
prototype was successfully applied to a DES
Slipform construction project consisting of ordinary
construction stages and a Slipform operation stage.
The project components and stages were modeled
with basic DES software “EZstrobe” then results
were exported to facilitate construction schedule
generation. Applying the prototype system to the
produced file, a preliminary schedule was generated
and able to be visible in various formats. While the
proposed methodology is able to quickly generate
construction schedules, there are a few limitations
observed. In the paper, a limited number of basic
building components such as foundations, rebar
works, form work and concrete works were applied
in generating the construction schedule in the case
study. However, its possible application can be
extended to all the building components with further
detailing each building component in the process.
Another extension of this research could integrate
the techniques used here in automatically linking a
generated schedule's tasks to a 3D building model
using BIM technology for the creation of 4D
building simulations.
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