Running Head US DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY BUDGETARY SPENDING .docx

Running Head: US DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY
BUDGETARY SPENDING 1
US DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY BUDGETARY SPENDING
7
US Department of Treasury Budgetary Spending
Department of treasury is a part of executive department of the
United States federal government. The department was
established by the congress in year 1979 to manage government
revenue. Its main administrator is secretary of the treasury who
serves in the cabinet. Moreover, treasurer of the United States
plays a major role in the administration of the department. The
department has a wide range of responsibilities. First, the
department produces all the currency, coinage and postage
stamps of the US. Moreover, the department collects taxes,
duties and monies paid to the federal government. Another
major function is the management of public accounts and public
debt. Furthermore, the department supervises national banks and
other financial institutions. The department also gives the
federal government advice on domestic and international fiscal
policies. The department also helps in enforcing federal finance
and tax laws and publishing statistical reports. The treasury also
joins forces with other management bodies to come up with the
federal budget. First, there is Office of Management and Budget
that estimates the spending for the executive branch. Secondly,
there is the Joint Committee on Taxation that estimates the
revenue for the congress. Lastly, there is Congressional Budget
office that estimates spending for the congress. With their joint
forces, the treasury helps formulate the president’s budgetary
request taken to the congress for the approval. In designing the
federal budget, the treasury has to act within various
subcommittees jurisdictions through enactment of legislation.
These subcommittees have jurisdiction over various agencies

budgeting request. By year 2012, there were twelve
subcommittees in both the house and the senate whose their
mandate was to determine the budget ceiling for the various
federal agencies.
First, there is states senate appropriation committee on
agriculture, rural development, food, and drug administration.
The committee has jurisdiction over the department of
agriculture discretionary spending and safety programs at the
food and drug administration as well as in foreign agriculture
assistance program. It also oversees rural development programs
like rural housing loans guarantee and rural electrification
program. For 2012 fiscal year, the total budget request from the
agency totaled over four billion dollars. The committee makes
appropriation decisions regarding the budget that should be
allocated to the department for normal operations and staffing
purposes. The rest of the money is raised form user fees with
pharmaceutical firms contributing the majority of the budget. In
the federal budget function, the agency falls in the function 450
that is concerned with community and regional development.
The function includes programs aimed at improving community
economic conditions. Such programs include rural
electrification and other disaster management programs such as
federal insurance program.
Secondly, there is subcommittee on commerce, justice, and
Science. The committee has jurisdiction over the discretionary
spending at the department of commerce, department of justice,
and other independent federal agencies like international trade
Commission, National Aeronautics and Space Administration as
well as US Commission on Civil Rights. The committee
evaluates the budget proposal from the agency and then sets a
budget ceiling for that fiscal year. The department of commerce
fall under budget function 370 that is concerned with commerce
and housing credit. The department is concerned with mortgage
credit, postal service, deposit insurance, and other commerce
advancement spending. Department of science falls under
budget function 250 concerned with general science, space and

technology. Lastly, the justice agency falls under budget
function 750 that is concerned with administration of justice.
Moreover, there is a subcommittee on defense. The committee
has the jurisdiction in setting the budget ceiling for the US
department of defense. The department of defense is compose of
office of the secretary of defense, joints chiefs of staff and the
joint staff, office of the inspector general, combatants
commands, and national guard bureau. The department of
defense accounts for the majority of the federal discretionary
spending. For instance, for 2012 fiscal year, the department of
defense accounted for twenty-three percent of the budget
spending. The department of defense falls under the budget
function 050 concerned with national defense. Its scope of
activities includes nuclear weapons related activities and
national security activities.
There is also the subcommittee on homeland security. The
subcommittee has the legal mandate to pass appropriation bills
regarding the department budget functions. The department has
responsibility of protecting United States and its territories
from terrorist attacks, ma- made accidents, and natural
disasters. For instance, the department has had many activities
preventing Mexican drug cartels from infiltrating the US
borders. Department of homeland security also regulates
immigration into the United States. In the budget function,
homeland security falls under function national defense. While
the department of defense is tasked with military actions mainly
abroad, the department of homeland security works in the
civilian arena protecting the citizens of the United States from
within, at, and from outside border threats.
Another subcommittee is committee on interior and
environment. The subcommittee have jurisdiction over the
discretionary spending for the department of environment. The
department is responsible for conservation of federal land,
natural resources, and administration of programs regarding
American Indians, Alaska Natives and Insular areas of United
States. It also invests in the safety, reliability, and efficiency of

water infrastructure in America. The discretionary budget for
the department for financial year was eleven billion and four-
hundred million dollars. The department falls in function 300 of
the federal budget that is concerned with natural resources and
the environment. The function includes programs concerned
with environmental protection and enhancement, recreational
and wildlife areas.
Lastly, there is subcommittee on labor, health and human
services, and education services. The subcommittee passes bills
regarding the budgetary proposal for the department of health,
department of labor, and department of education. For the 2012
financial year, the department of health and human services had
an allocation of about seventy six billion dollars. The
department falls under function 550 of the federal budget
concerned mainly with direct health care service programs such
as providing health services, national biomedical research, and
promoting training for health care workforce. The department of
labor had an allocation of twelve billion dollars for 2012 fiscal
year. The mandate of the department is to preserve
unemployment insurance safety net, creating subsidized
employment opportunities and increase improved re-
employment to newly separated veterans. The department falls
under budget function 500 of federal budget. Lastly, the
department of education had an allocation of almost seventy
billion dollars for the fiscal year 2012. The department falls
under the same budget function as that of labor and its mandate
include reforms in the education sector, improving college
access, and facilitating affordability and quality of education.
In formulating the federal budget, various agencies will
continue influencing budgetary decision for the next five years.
First, there is the environmental protection agency. Due to the
rise in the climate change awareness, the environmental agency
continues to have great influence in the budgetary policy as the
government tries to meet international treaties on climate.
Moreover, there is need to invest in twenty first century
technology in curbing environmental preservation and abating

pollution. Secondly, there is national aeronautics and space
administration agency. As other countries continue to advance
their research on space wars, there is more need to increase
funding for research in space technology. This will help
implement low cost programs of robotic exploration.
Despite committees and subcommittees mandate, there is major
political influence on mandatory and discretionary spending.
For instance, for 2014 financial year, the war against Islamic
state has seen the United States getting involved. This led to the
increment on federal discretionary spending. Moreover, the
outbreak of Ebola in West Africa did need US intervention
making the government increase its discretionary spending. On
the other hand, politics has increased mandatory spending. The
military presence in Pakistan and Afghanistan has forced an
increased allocation to the military. Moreover, United States
intervention on the political struggles between North Korea and
South Korea has increased mandatory spending on military.
Lastly, international policies did affect budgetary policies for
the 2012 fiscal year. For instance, international policies on the
production of nuclear materials have led to collision between
United States and the Iran government as well as North Korea.
The result has been an increased spending on intelligence and
surveillance thereby increasing mandatory spending. Lastly,
international policy on foreign aid to the developing nations did
result on increase on mandatory spending for the 2012 fiscal
year.
Management and proper utilization of finances for the United
States is imperative in achieving the nation’s dream. This task
squarely lies on the shoulders of the treasury department with
the help of other support departments. Therefore, it is the role
of subcommittees to ensure the various legal procedures are
adhered to while the congress and senate ensure political and
international policies do not derail the growth of our economy.

References
Allen, S (2007). The Federal Budget: Politics, Policy, Process.
Washington, USA :Brookings Institution Press
Idp Usa (2010). US Budgeting Process Handbook. Newyork,
USA: International Business Publications
Office of Management and Budget (2013). Fiscal Year 2013
Budget of the U. S Government. Washington, USA: U. S.
Government Printing Office.
Administrative Ethics
In the past few years the world as a whole has experienced a
time of economic upheaval the likes of which and the severity at
such a magnitude that has not been witnessed in the world since
the 1920’s. It is at such times that such a body as the treasury
should act in a manner that is for the greater good of the
persons whom it is mandated to protect. In the case of the

United States Treasury this is the public of the United States of
America. It is important to note that the treasury is tasked with
the minting of United States currency through its subsidiary
known usually as the United States Mint; it also manages the
country’s consolidated fund which is the government’s main
account through which all government projects and agencies are
funded. This account is crucial in the stability of the country’s
economy and the government’s provision of such services that
may be expected by the populous in return for their payment of
taxes. This body is also the country’s tax collector through
another subsidiary which is the Internal Revenue Service.
Therefore it’s important to note that the monies collected by the
Internal Revenue service are the main funding for the
Governments consolidated fund in conjunction with bonds loans
and other debt instruments that also fall under the purview of
this governmental agency.
This agency deals with monies that belong to the public it is in
this note that the country has a fiduciary relationship with the
citizenry and hence has a fiduciary duty to the people of the
United States therefore this governmental agency should not
only act in an ethical manner and in relation to the values and
interest of the nation but this should be evident in all the
actions it undertakes on behalf of the people of the United
States. It is then true that with regards to the sensitive docket
occupied by this body as mentioned above and its dealings with
money on behalf of the people the heads of this organization
and the decision makers in this body have the unenviable task of
acting as the conscience of the whole country in their decision
making and execution of their mandate in terms of their
administrative responsibility and ethical implications of their
decision making to the stake holders the organization in itself
and the public in general. The following is an analysis of
certain events that have left a mark with regard to the
implications above.
In the year 2008 the country experienced a term of financial
upheaval known as the economic meltdown that was

characterized by a large drop in share prices of securities tied to
the real estate market and the consequent foreclosures and
evictions that were witnessed in the ensuing crisis where
interest rates on mortgages rose to a point that very few could
afford to keep up with the payments. This melt down as it was
known led to the government bailing out large financial
institutions and manufacturers to avert a total economic
collapse, while some debate this as unethical and some not we
are not going to discuss this due to the fact that it happened
more than 2 years ago, which would have been catastrophic not
only to the United States but to the world as a whole. This
served to save these companies from bankruptcy and save some
jobs for the American taxpayer. As the world slowly rose from
this recession in 2013 (two years ago) Information came from
the United States Treasury that it had authorized the payment of
bonuses to certain individuals within these corporations. In this
case the issue wasn’t the authorization of the payment of the
bonuses as this is deeply embedded in corporate culture but it
was the amounts of money that had been authorized as payment
to the members of the senior management of these companies
that were still surviving under the auspices of taxpayers’
money. Some records have it that AIG that was bailed out in
2008 received over 165million in extra pay as bonuses for its
executives whereby the average American household
contributing to tax had an average income of 50000 dollars only
(Elizabeth M, 2013). This led to an outcry on how these
companies can award themselves such bonuses while surviving
on taxpayer cash.
Another event of this nature is the curious case of the Internal
Revenue targeting controversy whereby the internal revenue
service was accused of targeting certain political groups as this
was per the services own admission this was caused by extra
scrutiny afforded to the conservative political parties and other
movements such as the occupy movements. This was pursuant to
the Internal Revenue Code which exempts some organizations
especially those of a nonprofit kind (Internal Revenue Code).

Leadership Influences
In the case of the bailout bonus it is important to note that it
was the administrative responsibility of the Treasury which had
oversight with regards to the use of the public funds as they
were in use in the bailed out corporations. It is bare to see that
the amounts given to these executives was quite vulgar in light
of the fact that millions of hardworking citizens are jobless due
to the crisis and had actually contributed as tax payers to the
monies that saved these corporations. It is apparent that this
decision may have not been the best decision with regard of the
greater good of the American citizen in this case this was not an
ethical decision as it was made to the benefit of a few
individuals and with disregard to the prevailing situation that
the country was undergoing this has the effect of making the
citizenry resent the Treasury for not having the good of the
citizens in mind. The lack of confidence in the revenue service
may lead to a reduction in the taxes collected and general
lethargy as with regards to tax payment.
In the second instance that concerns the targeting of certain
groups it gives the impression of unfair scrutiny and
surveillance of certain individuals and groups in essence a
proper tax system should advocate the equal enforcement of
such laws as those that govern tax remittance and collection in a
fair manner this may lead to a perception of unfairness and the
use of the tax system as a political tool that may erode the
taxpayers confidence in the body charged with such
collection.(Alex A, 2013)
Legal Decisions
The Treasury department is headed by the Secretary of
Treasury, his Deputy Treasurer of the United States chief of
staff of the Treasurer after this it is divided into the various
components each with its head and duties some of these include
domestic finance economic policy general counsel, international
affairs, legislative affairs, management, public affairs, tax
policy and finally terrorism an financial intelligence in this
management structure the rest of the heads of departments enjoy

equal status with regards to other heads in a horizontal manner.
In this case some of these leaders are political appointees in the
sense that these leaders have been appointed by politicians or
by the permission of political establishments this includes
leaders such as the Secretary of the Treasury whose
appointment is by the President with the permission of
Congress. Therefore, it is bare to see that the political leaders
of a country have a bearing on the success or the failure of this
agency just the same as the internal agency leaders.
Strategies for Consideration to Administrative Processes
In this matter the leaders should engage with the public in a
manner that is conducive to the creation of a good working
relationship with the public and foster understanding with
regards to the decisions taken by the agency. Secondly the
political leaders involved in the appointment of such officials
should do so in a sober manner devoid of any political
considerations but rather consider the candidates credentials and
the value he or she would bring to the agency. Finally the
adherence of the staff and leadership of such an agency to the
law is of vital importance for an agency that can ill afford
scandals as these may damage its reputation leading to loss in
confidence in the institution leading to a fall the revenue
collected as it relies on the confidence of the citizenry.
Recommendations for Improvements to Administrative
Processes
This agency is tasked with the collection of taxes from citizens
of the United States who and the making or minting of the
United States currency but of its many duties it is the
collection of taxes that has the most challenges.
In this case the volatility of markets in the entire world and
internally in the United States makes the management of the
country’s debt instruments very hard this is not helped by
political stalemates causing such major issues as the federal
shutdown (Dealing with Tax Payment Difficulties and Engaging
with Revenue). Secondly the issue of tax evasion is a problem
not only in the entire world but also in the United States this

has to be battled by the introduction tough international laws as
well as municipal legislation in the country. Thirdly the internal
revenue service’s loses millions of dollars to smugglers be it the
smuggling of cigarettes and other goods across the borders. This
may be curbed by the increase in funding to the border
protection and customs services in order to increase manpower
and tighten security in the various frontiers (tax payment
difficulties).
References
Altman Alex, The Real Internal Revenue Service Scandal,
www.swmpland.time.com, retrieved 19th Feb 2015.
Dealing with Tax Payment Difficulties and Engaging with
Revenue .pdf www.revenue.ie retrieved 19th Feb. 2015.
Elizabeth MacDonald (2013), American Inconscionable Group,
Fox Business.
Internal Revenue Code26 U.S.C, Section 501(c) (4).
Tax Payment Difficulties .pdf www.revenue.ie retrieved 19th
Feb. 2015
Human resource management is a vital part of the process of
running a business organization and any other entities that have
staff. This function entails the maximization of the employee’s
ability as per the goals of the employer. Human resource
management includes tasks such as employee hiring,
recruitment, training, and maybe most importantly, appraisal of
the employee’s performance with regards to the duties an
employer or the hirer prescribes for the said employees. It is
therefore of great importance, that an organization have a robust
human resource section as this does directly influence the
productivity. Therefore, the profits, an organization may
achieve, directly influences the productivity with this being
with regard to non-governmental profit making institutions. As
with regards to Governmental institutions, as we shall discuss in
the next few paragraphs this may lead to an increase in the

governmental revenue collected and deposited with the
exchequer. Now, with regards to both types of organizations as
mentioned above a robust human resource management regime,
shall reduce duplication of duties within the work place, thereby
reducing confusion in the workplace environment by each
employee knowing his or her exact function in the system and
its importance allowing them to be more efficient. With regards
to the same point, this shall also work to the advantage of the
employer by reduction of workplace conflict. In all the above
advantages it is important to note that the more efficient the
workplace the less employees that are needed to run the
organization this then leads to savings with regards to the
organizations wage bill and furthermore efficiency leads to an
improved customer experience.
The United States department is a department tasked with the
minting of United States currency and collects federal taxes
through internal revenue service also managing the United
States Government debt instruments (treasury.gov).
Human Resource Processes
The US Treasury has a homogenous hiring policy in that this
department has the same hiring policy in every of its branches
in the various states of the union. This is done to provide an
amount of equality and openness in this process. This may also
be done as a means of discouraging arbitrage in the hiring
process from state to state thus making the process
uncompetitive for some citizens. This federal body offers
employment in the various relevant fields directly involved as
per the mandate of the body. Furthermore, it offers various
other positions of a supportive nature to its mandate this is to
allow for the best and most efficient staffing of this body in
order to reach the objectives such as those discussed in the
previous paragraphs. By the evaluation of the various new
technologies that are in circulation the human resource
departments of this organization continually review the
efficiency of the body by the various individual jobs and may
recommend hiring of new persons or the training and upgrading

of the various staff members that are already within the system
ensuring that they remain versatile efficient and adept at new
technologies that have become relevant in the various jobs this
together with the hiring of new staff contribute to the
diversification of skills within the body as a whole (Deborah G,
2013).
The treasury has a hiring policy that is done in accordance and
executed with an utmost regards to the laws of the land, which
include a policy of non-discrimination on any basis including
those of sex/gender, color, religion, national origin, ancestry,
ethnicity, age, handicap, military status, and marital status
among other personal attributes (civil rights act, 1946). This is
meant to curb the infiltration of personal prejudices of the
persons charged with the job of hiring the employees to this
government body becoming a handicap on rather qualified
individuals seeking a chance to work in the body which may
have an effect of the outlook of individuals towards the
government.
The performance appraisal of employees working within this
body is a periodical cyclic means whereby the employee is
tested with regard to the parameters of the function he serves
within the organization it is a means of the employer to know
the personal performance of the individual employee and the
relevance of the position of the employee within the
organization as certain positions may fall irrelevant with the
advent of new technologies or methods of management this
appraisals link personal accountability and Organization
outcomes.
In government agencies this feature of human resource
management is carried out by a body known as the United States
Office of Personnel Management, this office helps the various
agencies provide internal reviews in accordance with the Human
Capital Accountability Assessment Framework. It is a four step
process that include a first pass performance review inclusive of
general briefings, a second pass review, an exemplary
performance plan review and finally a one on one consultation.

Which are meant to interrogate every aspect of the work
environment with regards to an individual employee (office of
personnel management).
Implications of Human Resource Workforce
The factors affecting government agencies with regard to the
employment trends and growth are more or less the same as
those that affect other non-governmental agencies; this factors
may be internal and external the external factors may include
the economic situation or outlook of the country at large which
may lead to governments spending less on governmental
agencies thus leading to a slower uptake of new employees in
such government agencies and in the worst case scenario may
lead to retrenchment of nonessential staffers. Secondly
governmental legislation may lead to the change of status in
such bodies leading to the absorption of the said agencies by
others and a streamlining of operations leading to less
employment, on the flipside the expansion of the agencies
mandate may lead to the expansion of its workforce thus
resulting in the employment of more workers.
Internal factors may include internal agency policy of the
agency with regards to its own situational evaluation i.e. an
agency like a police department may hire more manpower to
combat increasing crime levels thus the same may be said of the
treasury. Implementation of new technologies in the work place
may lead to an increase in efficiency leading to fewer
employees.
Succession Planning for Human Resource Management
In this case, I’d recommend the addition of a inter-employee
relationship manager to the human resource management team
whose main task will be to foster a good team dynamic between
the various employees of the department in order to increase the
efficiency of the workplace by reduction of individual
competitiveness in favor of inter teams competitiveness thus
increasing the efficiency of the department as a whole this may
be achieved by the use of team building exercises and the said
manager should be adept at the forming of the bonds between

individuals within the teams thus fostering healthy competition
within the department increasing departmental output.
Secondly, I would suggest the employment of an in house
conflict manager adept at conflict resolution with a
concentration in workplace conflict. It is important to note that
no matter how perfect workplace conditions are office conflict
is one of the inevitable occurrence s that occur where ever a
group of humans are. It is therefore in the interest of the agency
to invest in a means of amicably settling such issues and
fostering a good and continuous working relationship for the
sake of efficiency and productivity of the agency among other
considerations and this may be achieved by a conflict manager
implementing an effective conflict resolution system.
Job Analysis and Design
In the above position and as required by the question the author
of this work is acting as a United States Office of Personnel
Management Consultant. This job entails the evaluation ofthe
Human resource systems deployed by the various governmental
agencies including the evaluation of the Human capital of the
agency in the means described in the above sections providing
recommendations on the way forward in each of the cases.
Having said this and also being an employee of the federal
government we also undergo the same assessment. The
assessments may include the feedback from the concerned
agencies on the conduct of the assessor during the assessment as
well as an internal assessment by internal assessors of the
department or external consultants as may be hired by the
department.
In conclusion, the place of human resource in any agency is of
vital importance to the profitability and survivability of any
organization as the human capital is of an importance that can’t
be understated.
References
Deborah Goldberg, (2013), Office of the Treasurer and Receiver
General: Hiring Policy, www.mass.gov/treasury/about/ retrieved
19th Feb. 2015.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964, M.G.L Chapter 151B.
U.S. Treasury, Act of Congress Establishing the Treasury
Department, retrieved 19th Feb. 2015.
U.S. Office of Personnel Management,
www.opm.gov/serviceies, retrieved 19th Feb. 2015.
Current Organization and Design Model for US Department of
the Treasury
The reviewed current organization of the United States
Department of the Treasury shows that, the Treasury
Department works with additional federal agencies, foreign
regime, as well as the worldwide economic institutions to uplift
the international monetary growth, increase the standards of
living, and to the point possible, and forecast furthermore put
off. The Treasury Department additionally performs a
significant and extensive role in enhancing the general security
by putting into practice the fiscal approve in opposition to the
foreign intimidation to the United States, making out moreover
targeting the financial support system of the state security
threats, along with improving the uphold of the financial
systems.
The Treasury's Office of the International Affairs works on an
extensive range of financial issues (International Monetary
Fund., & International Monetary Fund, 2004). The first issue it
works upon is the Information on the Sanctions Programs and
the Country Information, the SDN list, which updates wide-
ranging information also guidance from the Office of the
Foreign Assets Control. Additionally the Committee on Foreign
Investment in United States is an inter-agency board authorized
with the appraisal of transactions that could result in the control
of United States business by a far-off person, in order to
establish the outcome of such dealings on the general security

of U. S (Reuvid, 2006).
The Exchange Stabilization Fund (ESF) consists of the U.S.
dollars, Foreign legal tender, and the Special Drawing Rights
(SDR) which can be used to obtain or rather put up for sale the
foreign currencies in order to embrace U.S. foreign trade and
SDR possessions. Moreover, to make available financing to
foreign regimes, the entire operations of the ESF call for the
clear approval of the Secretary of Treasury who is accountable
for the formulation as well as the achievement of the U.S.
global financial and monetary strategy.
Organizational Design
Among the numerous significant groups that the United States
takes part in is Group of 7 and Group of 20. The Treasury
Department also leads the U.S. appointment in the International
Monetary Fund and it contains information regarding the U.S.
votes on the International Monetary Fund’s state programs as
well as the IMF-related information to the Congress. As a
matter of fact, the Treasury directs the Administration’s
appointment in the mutual expansion banks, counting the World
Bank along with further area development banks and it contains
reports and statements related to the institutions, Policies; the
report evaluates the developments in the global monetary and
exchange rate strategy. Furthermore, it is obligatory under the
collection Trade plus Competitiveness Act of the 1988, 22
U.S.C. $ 5305. The Financial Stability Board has recognized 12
key monetary, fiscal, and numerical standards along with
regulations that are globally established as significant to
encourage sound state and international economic systems, the
information included is the comprehensive information and the
existing appraisal reports (Reuvid, 2006).
The Economic Policy reports on present status, mainly,
potential economic growth and assists in the purpose of suitable
financial policies. The office is accountable for the appraisal
and analysis of both domestic and global financial matters
regarding the developments in the monetary markets. The Office
of Economic Policy is in charge of examining and reporting on

existing and projected economic expansion in United States and
the global financial systems thus providing support in the
determination of suitable financial policies. The Assistant
Secretary for Economic Policy reports straight to the Secretary
of the Treasury who is also answerable to him for the evaluation
and scrutiny of both domestic and international economic
matters as well as growth in the economic markets. The Office
takes part, together with the Council of Economic Advisers and
the Office of Management also Budget in the grounding of the
Administration's financial plan. Financial Policy supports the
Secretary of Treasury in his responsibility as the Chairman,
Managing Trustee of Social Security, and Medicare Boards of
Trustees. The Office conducts inquiries that help in the
formulation and communication of public policies as well as
positions of the Treasury Department on an extensive range of
microeconomic matters. Current examples take in terror risk
insurance, fiscal disclosure, auditing, supply options, equivalent
imports, health insurance, withdrawal income security, and
long-term care (International Monetary Fund., & International
Monetary Fund, 2004).
Office of Management
Council of Economic Advisers
Secretary of the Treasury
Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy
Office of Economic Policy

Assessment of Organizational Design
The organizational plan model for the United States Department
of the Treasury stipulates that the Office of Foreign Assets
Control (OFAC) of the US Department of the Treasury
administers and implements the financial trade are approved
based on US alien strategy along with nationwide security goals
in opposition to besieged foreign countries, rebels, global drug
traffickers, those occupied in the activities associated with the
creation of weapons of group devastation that are threats to the
state security. Foreign rule of financial system within U S.
OFAC acts under the Presidential nationwide crisis powers, and
the authority approved by definite legislation in order to enforce
controls on dealings and freezing of assets under US
command(Fountain, 2001). Many of the sanctions are based on
United Nations and additional global authorization, and are
multilateral in scope, but they entail close cooperation with
allied governments.
Office of Foreign Assets Control
United States Department of the Treasury
Evaluation of Planning and Implementation
Tax Policy develops and implements tax policies and programs;
reviews regulations and rulings to administer the Internal
Revenue Code, negotiates tax treaties, provides economic and
legal policy analysis for domestic and international tax policy
decisions. It also provides estimates for the President's budget,
fiscal policy decisions, and cash management decisions. The
Office of Tax Policy assists the Secretary and is dependable
for developing and implementing tax policies as well as plan;
providing the authorized estimates of all regime receipts for the

President's financial statement, fiscal policy conclusion, as well
as Treasury cash management decisions; setting up policy
principle reflected in rules as well as rulings in addition to
guiding their preparation with the Internal Revenue Service;
discussing tax treaties for the U S and on behalf of the U S in
meetings and work of joint organizations dealing with tax rule
issues; furthermore on condition that economic as well as
permissible policy scrutiny for domestic and global tax policy
results (United States, 1998).
Treasury's Office of Technical Assistance (OTA) supports the
expansion of well-built financial sectors such as sound public
monetary administration in countries where support is required
with a well-built obligation to development. The mission of
Department of the Treasury’s Office of Technical Assistance is
to assist economic ministries and central banks in increasing
and altering countries in order to make stronger their
capabilities to deal with public finances efficiently and uphold
their economic sectors. Such backing is in the concentration of
OTA associate countries along with the U S. Strong monetary
sector and resonance management of public funding support
financial constancy, speculation, above the economic
development. Developing countries that make additional
domestic income and deal with their funds effectively are less
reliant on foreign support. Governments that build up effective
monetary sector oversight regime are important partners in the
international effort to struggle money decontamination and
terrorist funding. OTA’s work supports the Treasury
Department’s planned goals to improve U.S. the
competitiveness in job creation, encourage global financial
constancy, and more reasonable inclusive growth, as well as
maintaining the financial system thus making use of monetary
measures to oppose general security intimidations (United
States, 1998). In providing the technical assistance, OTA
pursues a number of guiding principles which are; First OTA
supports self-reliance in which it provides countries with the
knowledge and skills required to move towards financial self-

sufficiency including the ability to make furthermore better deal
with their own regime finances and to decrease dependence on
global aid. OTA in general follows a three- to five-year
development cycle that is aimed at generating greatest impact
moreover exiting when restricted competence has been created.
Recommendations for Planning and Implementation
OTA is selective as it works with governments that are
dedicated to reform improvement that they design also own in
addition to using United States support successfully. Among
U.S. organization involved in foreign support, OTA has been
predictable for supporting state rights; accomplishing position
with host state main concern; organization for expansion
results; furthermore development of joint accountability with
host state officials. It does not take on with a country with no a
signed joint Terms of Reference article that sets out the
advanced terms furthermore aims of the engagement, pursued by
a tactical-level work preparation identifying activities in
support of the aims (Fountain, 2001).
OTA works alongside with complement; itsactivities are
founded on close relations between advisors along with
working-level partners, whether in an economics ministry,
central bank, monetary intelligence component, tax
management, or additional applicable government group. OTA
advisors bring in sound performances in every day work
practice in the course of ongoing mentoring as well as on-the-
job training.
OTA is organized beside well-designed lines, operating in five
most important disciplines the Revenue Administration plus
Policy Team. It creates additional effective tax administrations
that make simpler measures to support controlled agreement on
the part of taxpayers, efficiently discover tax evasion, and
furthermore preserve high standards of equality along with
intelligibility. The other one is Budget and Financial
Accountability Team, it makes stronger the efficiency of
ministries of economics, the readability in addition to simplicity
of budget documents, moreover the organization as well as the

expenses of the government resources. Additionally are
Government Debt plus Infrastructure Finance Team that
provides planned technological support to build up market-
based ways of public economics in the course of the issuance of
domestic regime securities, and enlarges the competence of the
regime debt managing; it also implements complete balance
policies that expand sources of funding, decrease accountability
risk, and lower arrears service burdens. The team additionally
gives technical support to speed up the expansion of
economically sound infrastructure development (Fountain,
2001). Then there is Banking and Financial Services Team
which supports the expansion of strong financial sectors in
which organization are well-regulated, established and easy to
get to, serve as well-organized intermediaries involving savers
and investors, but are opposed to illegal activities. The last bit
is the Economic Crimes Team which assists in the expansion
and achievement of anti-money laundering along with counter
terrorist funding regimes that are accommodated within the
global standards.
Cause
Effect
Involved in foreign support
Development of joint accountability with host state officials
Maintains relations between advisors along with working-level
partners
Support controlled agreement on the part of taxpayers
Anti-money laundering along with counter terrorist funding
Decrease accountability risk, and lower arrears service burdens
Economically sound infrastructure development
Serve as well-organized intermediaries involving savers and
investors

References
Fountain, J. E. (2001). Building the virtual state: Information
technology and institutional change. Washington, D.C:
Brookings Institution Press.
International Monetary Fund., & International Monetary Fund.
(2004). Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, 2004.
Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund.
Reuvid, J. (2006). World trade: Cancun, Hong Kong and beyond
: a review of current WTO regulations and practice. London:
GMB.
United States. (1998). IRS restructuring: Hearings before the
Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth
Congress, second session, H.R. 2676, January 28, 29 ; February
5, 11, and 25, 1998. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.

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