Small ruminant production

1. Ruminants Production:
2. Goat and Sheep
Review notes presented to the participants of the review classes for the 9th Licensure Examination for Agriculturists conducted by the
UPLB Alumni Association, Inc., at the Agricultural Systems Cluster, UPLB-CA, College, Laguna on 22 & 28 May 2011.
MAFEO B. BEJO, Ph.D.
University Researcher
Animal and Dairy Sciences Cluster
UPLB-College of Agriculture
2.1 Breeds and Breeding
2.2 Housing
2.3 HealthManagement

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1. Which one is the goat and the sheep?
A B
A. Goat – Angora goat
B . Sheep – Barbados blackbelly sheep
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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Basic differences b/w goat and sheep:
Goat Sheep
Scientific name Capra hircus Ovis aries
Chromosome number 60 54
Sounds made maaa baaa
Tail posture/carriage upward downward
Feeding behavior partly browser purely grazer
Social behavior individualistic flocking instinct
Long hair growth beard mane
Skin covering mostly hair mostly wool
Presence of horns naturally horned naturally polled
Presence of scent glands in males base of horn;
beneath tail
between
hooves
Growth behavior of horn Narrower; upright;
less curved
curl in loops at
sides of head

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2. Are goat and sheep native animals to the
Philippines?
a. YES
b. YES for native goat but NOT in sheep
d. NO
c. YES for native sheep but NOT in goats
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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3. It is referred to as the poor man’s cow and
called as “biological herbicide” because
of its destructive feeding behavior.
a. Cattle
c. Goat
b. Carabao
d. Sheep
e. All of the above

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4. Being named as biological lawn mower
because of the flocking instinct behavior.
a. Cattle
c. Goat
b. Carabao
d. Sheep
e. All of the above

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Popular goat breeds in the Philippines:
Name Characteristics Type
1. Saanen Milky head & neck; longest
milking period
Milk
2. Toggenburg Erect ears carried forward Milk
3. Alpine Alert breed; upright ears Milk
4. La Mancha Small ear Milk
5. Anglo Nubian Convex roman nose;
pendulous ear
Dual
6. Boer Reddish-brown head &
neck, white body & legs
Meat
7. Phil. Native Goat Small stocky and low set Meat
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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5. Regarded as the queen of the milking breed
of goats?
a. Alpine
d. Saanen
c. Boer
b. Anglo Nubian
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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Saanen (2.0 kg/day) Alpine (1.5 – 1.75)
Toggenburg (1.5 – 1.75)
La Mancha (1.5 – 1.75) Anglo Nubian (1.5 – 2) Boer (0.75 – 1.75)
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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Philippine native (PN) buck
Crossbred (AN x Boer)
Philippine native (PN) does
Upgrade (50% AN x 50% PN)
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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Some breeds of sheep:
Name Category (Type) Characteristics
Mouflon Native (wild) Ancestor of modern sheep breeds
Karakul Wool (fat-tailed) Oldest domesticated; long, colorful fleeces
Suffolk Medium wool (meat) All black head; fast GR
Shropshire Medium wool (meat) Dark faces; wool on legs
Dorset Medium wool (meat) Prolific, lambing occurs anytime
Rambouillets Fine wool (dual-meat
& wool-purpose)
Large sized, rugged and long-lived with
strong flocking instinct
Barbados
blackbelly
Hair (meat) Easy lambing, lean carcass
Kathadin Hair (meat) Easy-care low-maintenance; natural
resistance to parasites
St. Croix Hair (meat) Faster GR; polled; parasite resistance
Note: The blue colored names are those breeds already imported into the country.
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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Mouflon Merino Shropshire
Rambouillets Somali Karakul
Breeds of goat and sheep

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Breeds of sheep in the Philippines
Suffolk Barbados blackbelly
St. Croix Kathadin
Philippine sheep
Breeds of goat and sheep

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Breeding characteristics:
Bos
taurus
Capra
hircus
Ovis
aries
Age at puberty (months) 8 5-6 7-8
Age at 1st breeding (months) 15 8-10 12
Estrus cycle (days) 18-24 18-24 15-19
Estrus duration (hours) 18 24-72 24-72
Post-partum estrus (days) 40-60 60 17
Gestation period (days) 283 150 150
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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6. Post-partum estrus occurrence
happens to be earliest in which
animal.
a. Cow
c. Ewe
d. Buck
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding
b. Doe

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7. A mating system in goat breeding whereby
the in-heat doe is brought to the pen to
be served by buck.
a. Artificial insemination
c. Pasture mating
b. Hand mating
d. None of the above
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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8. It is the recommended ratio of male to
female in a breeding herd of goat and
sheep under pasture mating system with
rolling topography.
a. 1 : 15 - 20
c. 1 : 25 - 30
b. 1 : 20 -25
d. All of the above
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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9. The basis of choosing the source of the
dam in a crossbreeding system is
dictated by this trait.
a. Adaptation trait
c. Mothering ability
b. Mature weight
d. None of the above
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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10. One of the beneficial effect of
crossbreeding resulted in better
average quality of performance of the
F1 offspring than the average of the two
parental breeds.
a. Breed complementation
b. Homozygousity
c. Hybrid vigor
d. None of the above
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding

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11. Names of celebrity-ruminants:
The name of the first cloned animal, a
sheep, which was engineered to
produce human insulin?
b. Dolly
c. Shrek
d. L1 Dominette 01449
e. None of the above
I. Goat and Sheep: Breeds and Breeding
a. Bonnie

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• Site Requirements (shall be followed):
– Conforms with the land use plan;
– Accessible to service road, water supply,
electric lines, well drained and allows free air
circulation;
– Prevailing winds will not carry odors to the
farmhouse;
– An east-west orientation of the building;
– Structure for marketable animals located near
the service road.
II. Goat and Sheep: Housing

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Type of housing
• Shed type
– Free movement in or out
– Feeding / watering trough, mineral feeders, grain
bunks
• Pen-barn type
– Stall barns (individual confinement)
– Confined housing (group pens for same sizes of
animals)
– Provision for feed and water shall be placed and
protected from spoilage and will not mess up the pen.
II. Goat and Sheep: Housing

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Pen-barn type
Shed type
Alley feeding
Sheep milking
II. Goat and Sheep: Housing

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Minimum floor space requirement*
Animal
weight
kg
Floor space (m2/animal)
Solid floor Slatted Open yard
Doe/Ewe 35 0.8 0.7 2.0
Doe/Ewe 50 1.1 0.9 2.5
Doe/Ewe 75 1.4 1.1 3.0
Kid/Lamb 0.4-0.5 0.3-0.4 -
Buck/Ram 3.0 2.5 -
*in intensive production
II. Goat and Sheep: Housing

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Minimum space requirement:
a. Floor
Animal
Weight
(kg)
Floor space (m2/animal)
Pregnant Lactating
Doe/Ewe 50-70 1.3 2.0
Doe/Ewe >70 1.6 2.3
b. Exercise lot or loafing area:
- a fenced exercise lot located
adjacent to the animal house
- 3 m2/animal
II. Goat and Sheep: Housing

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Structural requirement
• Floor
– height from ground: 1m at least
– floor underneath slatted floor of either concrete or
rammed earth with minimum slope towards
drainage of 2% - 4%, respectively.
1. Slatted type flooring:
• Slats dimension: 70mm – 100mm wide
25mm – 30mm thick
• Slats spacing: 10mm – 25mm
2. Staircase type for goats
• Minimum step width: 800mm
• Vertical distance b/w steps: 300mm

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• Roof
– against rain and intense heat from the sun
– shed type: roof sloping towards the back
front eave ht., 2.0m at least
rear eave ht., 1.5m at least
– roof slope for adequate ventilation:
not < 25% = ? in degrees
58% min. for indigenous materials
• Wall
– against rain, predators
– 150mm – 300mm clearance from floor to wall and wall
to beam for adequate air circulation and lower draft

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Functional requirement
• Pens (for pen-barn type housing)
– Height of pen wall and gate:
not <1.2m
• Pen facilities:
– Feeding trough and
hay racks
– Watering trough
• 300mm space
per 15 -25 head
• 1 bowl or nipple
per 50 head
Animal
Weight
kg
Feeding
space,
linear
mm/animal
Doe/Ewe 35 350
Doe/Ewe 50 400
Doe/Ewe 70 450
Kid/Lamb - 250
Buck/Ram - 500

29. 12. What would be the total floor space
area for 25 head of ewe/doe if 1.0 m2 is
allocated to each animal?
a. 20
c. 30
b. 25
d. None of the above
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30. 13. What would be the total floor space area
for a 25-ewe/doe level the considering
minimum floor space requirement and its
reproductive parameters?
a. 43
c. 49
b. 46
d. None of the above
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• Basis:
– the number of breeding females;
– the reproductive parameters; and
– minimum floor space requirement.
Computation for the total floor space area
• Reproductive parameters:
– Conception rate (80%)
– Kidding interval (8 mos.)
– Ave. kidding size (1.5)
– Disposal age (at 1 yr age)
– Annual replacement rate (20%)
– Livability rate (to 1 yr age)

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Example: 25-doe level
1. Breeder female (doe):
25 does x 1.0 m2/doe = 25.0 m2
2. Breeder male (buck):
1 buck x 3 m2/buck = 3.0 m2
3. Young stock:
25 does x 80% CR x 1.5 kids/kidding
x 1.5 kidding/yr x 80% livability rate
= 36 offspring/yr x 0.5 m2/animal = 18.0 m2
TOTAL FLOOR AREA 46.0 m2
TOTAL NUMBER OF GOATS 62.0 head

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III. Goat and Sheep: Health Management

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14. The oral administration of liquid veterinary
drugs as in deworming.
a. Balling gun
c. Parenteral
b. Drenching
d. None of the above
III. Goat and Sheep: Health Management

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15. The external sign that the goat and/or
sheep manifest to indicate parasite
infestation.
a. Course, rough hair coat
c. Pot-belly
b. Bottle-neck jaw
d. Scouring or diarrhea
e. All of the above
III. Goat and Sheep: Health Management

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16. A nutritional disorder resulting from
overfeeding of rapidly digestible CHO;
and underfeeding of effective quality fiber
that would stimulate buffering activity
provided by saliva being introduced
during rumination.
a. Enterotoxemia
c. Tympany
b. Grass tetany
d. None of the above
III. Goat and Sheep: Health Management

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17. The inoculation of a killed or live pathogen
into a healthy animal to protect it against
a given disease.
a. Immunization
c. Vaccination
b. Injection
d. None of the above
III. Goat and Sheep: Health Management

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SUGGESTED PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• start with healthy breeder stocks
• provide good housing (appropriate)
• strict quarantine procedure
• practice animal segregation
• vaccinate against prevalent/high incident
diseases
• check presence of parasites
• provide feed supplements/salt-mineral lick
• confine goats during rainy season
• graze goats when dews on grasses have
evaporated or subsided
• serologic examination of newly acquired
bucks before joining the herd
III. Goat and Sheep: Health Management

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Good LUCK !!!