2. 1. A male pig castrated before reaching sexual
maturity.
A. Boar B. Barrow C. Sire
2. A defect involving the failure of one or both testicles
to descend to the scrotal sac
A. Cryptorchidism B. Hernia C.
Impotent
3. The group of pigs belonging to one farrowing.
A. Litter size B. Flock C. Litter
4. Refers to domesticated swine either sex usually
weigh more than 50 kgs
A. Native B. Hog C. Flock
5. It is the process of increasing feed intake of Dry
sow/ Gilt 10-14 days before breeding
A. Drying B. Flushing C. Adli bitum feeding
TERMINOLOGIES
3. • Boar
– sexually mature uncastrated male hog usually kept for
breeding
• Castration
– Removal of testicles
• Dam
-female parent/ mother of an any domesticated animal
• Estrus
– The period wherein the female is sexually responsive to the
male
• Farrow
– to give birth
• Farrowing
– The act of giving birth to pigs
TERMINOLOGIES
4. • Finisher/ Fattener
– Swine fattened for slaughter
• Gilt
– A young female swine usually kept for breeding and not yet
given birth.
• Pig
– A non-ruminant, cloven-footed animal belonging to family
Suidae with a simple stomach, having a snout, large number
of mammary glands, thin skin and heavy bristles. Also called
Swine/Hog.
• Sow
– an adult swine usually kept for breeding and has farrowed at
least once
• Weaning-the act of separating young from its dam
TERMINOLOGIES
5. Lard or pork type
– breeds of pigs that have pork and wide body
conformation
– Short body length, tend to put a lot of fat easily
Bacon or meat type
– breeds of pigs with long and rounded body with
thin pork
– Develop higher levels of muscling
– Fast growing and larger
Dual purpose breed
– breed which is derive mostly by breeding the
first two types
TYPES OF HOGS
6. 1. Efficient feed converters and uses
concentrates well
2. Prolific animals and are polytocous
3. Requires small investment (compared to large
ruminant)
4. Can be sold and converted to cash after
weaning
5. Salvage value of culled sows, boars and stags
is high
6. Higher dressing percentage
7. Pork is traditionally accepted as table meat
8. Filipinos are pork eaters
9. Short generation interval between breeding,
raising and harvesting
WHY INVEST TO PIG FARMING?
7. • Heavy losses due to diseases and parasites
• Feed adulteration and supply is critical
• Wide variation/ fluctuation in prices of inputs, hogs,
feeds, drugs and medicine
• High labor requirement during farrowing time
• Objectionable odor from piggery
• As environmental pollutant
PROBLEMS IN SWINE RAISING
8. SWINE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
• Sow Herd Enterprise
– Farrow to weanling Operation
• Begins with breeding and farrowing
sows and produce weanlings and
selling piglets for finishing operations
– Farrow to finish operation
• Begins with pregnant sows and feeding
weanlings until market weight is
achieved.
• Most intensive production system
– Farrow to breeder operation
• Begins with pregnant sows produce
weanlings which used as breeder stocks
(junior boars& replacement gilts) which
could be used for their own operation or
sold to other breeder farms
9. • Growing-Finishing Enterprise
(Feeder-finish)
– Begins when buying weanlings
and feed them to market
weight of about 80-95 kg
• Faster rate of capital turnover than the sow
herd enterprise
• Sow-feeder management problems can be
avoided
• Allow for minimum overhead, low labor
requirements and no-long term commitment
• High penalty for slow growth due
to substandard management
10. • Boar for hire Enterprise
– Operation starts with young boar
which is raised and trained until
sexual maturity of 5 to 6 months
old. The fee may be in cash or kind
whichever is acceptable to the
customer.
• requires lesser capital
• Fast return of investment
• Additional source of
income
• Less management
• Halt operation due to
diseases
• Increasing use of AI which
is substitute of natural
mating
11. Factors that determine the Profitability
based in Production System
• Requirements for feed
• Labor and capital
• Type and price of animals sold
• Utilization of Artificial
insemination
12.
13. HOG ZOOLOGICAL SCHEME
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM CORDATA
CLASS MAMMALIA
ORDER ARTIODACTYLA
SUB ORDER BUNODONTIA
FAMILY SUIDAE
GENUS SUS
European Wild Sus scrofa
boar
Southeast Asian Sus vittatus
Specie
Subspecies domesticus
Most of domesticated
swine were arrived from
wild boar of the Europe
continent
15. Basis of differentiating Swine Breeds
Breed
– is a group of animals that shares the same traits or
characteristics.
Basis:
• Color: black, white, brown, etc.
• Color combinations: spotted, belted, etc.
• Size of ears
• Position of ears: erect, hanging, ¼ hanging, etc.
• Length and shape of the snout
• Body length
• Weight at maturity
• Backline: straight, swaying, curved, etc.
16. BREEDS OF SWINE
1. Local/Indigenous breed
– Philippine Native pig
2. Exotic breed
a. Purebreds
b. Synthetic breeds
c. Upgrades
17. Local Breed: Philippine Native Pig
Origin:
Luzon, Negros Island, Palawan and
Mindanao
Characteristics:
Well-build body; generally small; long
snout
Small erect ears
Coarse, thick , black color coat with
silvery white color hairs on their side
Male- longer body and tail (127-129
cm); tusk
Female- prolific, exhibit estrus as
early as 4-5 months; BL 124-125 cm
Average Litter size: 5-7 piglets
Easier and cheaper to raise
Low FCR and late maturing
60 kg BW at 6-8 months
19. Purebred: Landrace
Origin: Denmark, 1896
Features:
Longest breed (16-17 pair of ribs)
almost flat back; lack of excess fat
Prolific, strong mother ability
White color with black skin spots
short legs
Medium to large drooping ears;
snout relatively straight
Heavy milker, wean large litter
Piglets: Superior growth rate and
FCR
Weak legs, feet and pastern
20. • Origin: England
• Features:
White; broad face with medium
curvature and medium length snout
Medium erect ears and flabby jowls
Sturdy and strong legs
Excellent milkers, prolific
High dressing percentage
Superior mothering ability
breed”
Bacon breed, Good FCR
“mother
Used in crossbreeding programs to
produce excellent commercial females
Excess back fat
Relatively short with big belly
Purebred: Large White
21. • Origin:
– USA-Jersey
• Features:
Varying shed of red
Called “red power”-aggressiveness
(boar)
Medium in size 2/3 erect and 1/3
drooping ears
slight curved face
Short and straight snout
Superior (ADG and FCR)
Good carcass quality
prolific, good mothers
Used as terminal sire
strong, tendency to have a well-
arched back
Unsound front and hind legs may
lead to stiff gilt
Purebred: Duroc
22. • Origin: Belgium
• Features:
Spotted black and white, “muscle
pig”
Piebald markings
Erect ears
Very meaty, well shape hams, loin
and shoulders
High lean percentage; thin back fat
gene);
Very susceptible to stress
slow
(Halothane
grower
Weak hind legs
Poor mothering ability and
milk production
Purebred: Pietrain
23. • Origin: Southern England
• Features:
Black with white belt around shoulder, body
and legs
Erect ears; trim jowls
Well-arched back
Excellent FCR, length and ham-loin percent
Leanest breed, good carcass quality; less
back fat
High weaning percentage
Low litter size at birth and at weaning
Poor mothering ability
Late maturing; low growth rate
difficulty in dressing/cleaning during
slaughtering
Purebred: Hampshire
24. • Origin: South Central England
• Features:
– Black (6 white spots)
– Erect ears; relatively short snout
– Short, dished face; large jowl; upturned
nose
– Excellent meat type;
– Long body; fast and efficient growth
– Adapted to rugged
conditions Poor grower;
Low FCR
small litter size at birth and at weaning
Thick back fat
Color is objectionable
Purebred: Berkshire
25. • Origin: Ohio, early 1800s
• Features:
– Black and has white spots
– Hot type “Big china”
– Medium length face
– Looped ears
– Lean, sturdy
– Adaptable to rugged conditions
– High FCR
– Matured early
– Very prolific
– Poor mothering ability
– Poor prolificacy
Purebred: Poland China
26. Other Pure breeds
• Spotted
• Limousine
• Chester white
• Hereford
• Tamworth
• Large black
• Chinese Pigs
• Meishan
28. Synthetic breed: TOPIGS
• Developed in Netherland by
TOPIGS breeding company
• Foundation: Pietrain, Largewhite
and Land race
• Fast growth rate, excellent FCR,
high fertility,
• Solid legs, well developed udder,
and stress negative animals
29. Synthetic breed: Hypor
• Developed by Eurobrid,
Netherlands
• Sow line: Largewhite, Landrace,
Meishan
– Developed for high litter size
and weaning capacity
• Boar line: Pietrain, Duroc
– Developed for meat
percentage, confirmation and
FCR
30. Synthetic Breed: Segher
• Developed by Segher hybrid
Company in Belgium
• Makes up the line: Large white,
Landrace and Pietrain
• Parent gilt: Dutchess
– known for reproductive efficiency
– large number of born and
weaned
– designed durability
– strong mothering ability
– good carcass quality
31. Synthetic breed: Camborough
• Developed by PIC 35 years ago
• Prolific
• Docile temperament
• Good mothering ability
• Reared lean fast growing piglets
• Stress negative animals
32. Synthetic breed: JSR Healthbred
• Foundation: Large white,
Landrace, Duroc
• Example: JSRDuraGilt
– Hardy, docile, good
mothering ability and good
rebreeding ability
– Suited for outdoor and semi-
intensive systems
33. Exotic Breed: Upgrades
• Kaman
– Native pig from batangas x Duroc Jersey
• Black diani
– Native pig from batangas x Berkshire
• Berkjala (UPLB 1916)
– Native pig from Jala jala Rizal x Berkshire
34. Breeding Systems
• It is a systematic way of bringing together superior
genotype to produce the desired products.
Pure breeding
• system of breeding wherein animals of the same breed
are mated to each other to produce pure breeds.
• Goal: is to produce breeding stocks
Out breeding
• is that system where unrelated individuals are mated to
produce the next generation
35. Outbreeding: Cross breeding
Crossbreeding
• Mating of two animals from different breeds to combine
traits of the two different breeds
• Combine the strengths and weaknesses of two different
breeds to create an animal “hybrid” that is more balanced
for relevant performance traits.
• Used for production of slaughter pigs.
• Why?
to obtain hybrid vigor or “heterosis”
to bring together the desirable characteristics of the parental
breeds.
To produce large litters and high survival rate
have better FE (2.6) and require lower feed cost per kilogram live
weight gain.
Produce better carcass quality
36. System of Crossbreeding
• Two way cross- mating of 2 different breeds
– LW (boar) x LR (sow)
– LWLR (progeny)
• Three way cross- mating of 3 different breeds
– LW x LR
– LWLR x Du (terminal sire)
– LWLRDu (offspring)
• Four way cross
– Ex. New Dalland
– Father
LW x P/L
LWP/L
Mother
DT x LW (Grandparents)
DTLW (Parents)
LWP/LDTLW (Dalland)
37. Upgrading
It is a system of breeding where native breeds
are usually crossed with pure breeds of swine
To upgrade the characteristics of inferior breed
Selected female pigs are bred to purebred boar
of the same breed; this procedure is repeated
until offspring approach the characteristics of
purebred
38. Types of Mating
• Natural mating
– where a boar mounts a sow and introduces his
semen
• Hand Mating
– The supervised person take the boar to the in heat
sow
– Operator knows certain female was bred
• Pen Mating
– The boar runs with the group of sows/gilts
– Less labor intensive, more boar power
39. Artificial Insemination
• System of mating where semen is deposited to females
genitalia in time conductive to fertilization by artificial means
• Advantages:
– Allow greater degree of choice of sire
– Disease control
– Breeding stock improvement
– Increase number of sows that can be serviced by a boar
– Allow raisers to keep few sows without maintaining a boar
– Infertile boars are immediately detected
– Allow to used aged, crippled yet genetically superior boars
– Reduces breeding cost
40. • Limitations:
– Use of semen from infected boars will spread
infection faster because of higher number of sows
inseminated
– Needs properly trained technician
– Difficulty in storing diluted semen of boar over a
prolonged period of time
– Additional cost for equipment and laboratory
chemicals
42. AI: Training of Boar
• Starts and early as 6.5 to 7 months of
age
• Should be housed individually
• Should be trained on the same place
• Steps:
– Transfer the boar to collecting pen
– Observe outside the pen until it
mounts
– Once it mounted, start collection
– Don’t rush the boar
– Let the boar finish and satisfied
43. • Introduce the boar to dummy immediately
after another boar
• Return boar to its pen and try again next day
• Wet dummy with sow’s urine or boar semen
• Manually stimulate boar penis
• Remember:
– Boar differ in characteristics and attitude
– Always check semen quantity and quality
– Check for any abnormalities
45. • Clean, dry and warm collecting
cup with filter
• Wash the hands and use gloves
• Remove preputial fluid
• Once the boar mounted, grasp
the penis firmly
• When ejaculation starts, loosen
the grip
– Collect the sperm rich fraction
(gray-milky white)
– It may take 15-20 minutes, so
be patient
• Do not release until the boar is
finish
46. Fractions of Semen
• First fluid part and gel sperm free
and not collected
• Sperm rich fraction- gray or milky
white and collected
• Fluid part- you can collect about
1/3 to increase volume
• Gel or tapioca- filtered
– not collected because it clogs
the catheter cause death of
sperm
47. Frequency of Collection
• Junior boars (8-12 months)- once a week
• Adult boars (13 months and up)- twice a week
collection with 3-4 days interval
• It affects volume and concentration of semen to
certain extent
• Over-used boars have low semen concentration
and volume
49. Semen Evaluation
• Need to examine first few ejaculates of new boar and one
sample each month
• It is indispensable tool in A.I
• Two types:
1. Physical evaluation
Volume/Weight
• Normal boar ejaculates 150-250 ml
• Usual range- 50-500 ml or 50-500 grams (1ml: 1 gram)
Smell- has little odor
• With preputial fluid- very distinctive odor
Color- vary from grayish-white to creamy white
• Blood contamination- red –brownish color
• Urine- yellowish color
50. • Microscopic Evaluation
1. Sperm motility
– Measures viability of semen
– Involves assessing proportion of sperm showing
progressive forward motion
Grading %Motility Description
5 95-100 Very good
wave-motion
4 85-94 Good, some
wave motion,
clumping
present
3 70-84 Good;clumping
present
51. Sperm Morphology
• Need to stain undiluted semen sample using eosin-nigrosin
solution
• Appearing red-pink color have damage membranes
• White sperm are viable
• 30% abnormality; suspect for culling
• 50% abnormality; AUTOMATICALLY REJECTED
• Less than 30%, it can be used but increased the
concentration
Allowable sperm defects
Abnormal head
shape
5%
Abnormal acrosome 5%
Cytoplasmic droplets 10%
Coiled tails 5%
54. Semen Density evaluation
• Estimate the number of semen doses from single
ejaculate
• Hemacytometer method
– Count cells included in big four corners and central
square marked by triple thoma lines
– Count only sperm lines
55. • Ocular method
– If semen is used for less than 10
sows, ocular method can be used
– It based on color of sample
– Creamy sample: very
concentrated; watery- less
concentrated
57. SEMEN EXTENSION
• Why?
– To extend volume of ejaculate so that more doses of
semen are produced
– To provide sperm cells with an environment that
keeps them alive for few days
– used to maintain semen storage life from 3-14 days
• Average total number of sperms per ejaculate is 30-40
billion
• Normal boars it can range 20-120 billion
• Examples of commercial diluents :
– Belthsvilled Thawing solution, Guelph, Kiev or Merck
diluents
– keep viable sperm for 3 days
58. • Local diluents: Pure coconut
semen store 16-17C
• Tubig ng Niyog, Itlog at asin
• Can be used for 2 days
water : diluted
59. Procedure
Prepare 1 liter of distilled water at 32˚C-36˚C water
Add the extended powder to water and stir carefully
Allow the pH to stabilize for one hour before
extending semen
Ensure that freshly collected semen and extender
are adjusted to the same temperature or a
maximum of 1 ˚C difference
Add the needed amount of extender to semen and
mix gently but thoroughly
Rest the extended semen for 15 minutes then check
for motility of sperm cells
60. Once the semen is extended, can now be poured
into semen bottles
If semen is to be used immediately after dilution,
store semen for 2 days
Clearly label all bottles and send them to farm or
store them at 16 ˚C -17 ˚C
61. Storage of Semen
• Store in temperature-controlled cabinet
• Never store in refrigerator 2-8C or greater than
20C
• Shelf of semen can be prolong by storing 16-
17C (lowers metabolism of sperms)
• Used insulated container such as styrofoam box
battery operated
box to transport
with cool packs or
thermostatistically-controlled
semen
62. HEAT DETECTION
• Timing of insemination is very important factor
affecting fertilization rate and overall success of
AI
• Each day boar should left parade in front of dry
sows/gilts at least 15 minutes to provide
stimulation
• Heat Detection can be done to:
– Gilts
– Dry sows
– 21 and 42 days after insemination
– Repeat breeders
63. Estrus/Heat
• It is the period of sexual receptivity and
ovulation in a female pig
64. External Signs of Estrus
Signs Pre-heat Standing Heat Post-heat
Standing
heat
she will not stand still if
you
try to sit on her back, so
she
fails the "sit on the back"
test
stands still with arched back
when ridden by other sows or
farm caretaker
does not
stand
still when
being
pushed
Vulva red
• swollen
• with little mucus
Pink; less swollen
• with clear, sticky mucus
pale
•almost no
swelling
• no mucus
Behavior restless and nervous
• mounts other animals
•does not allow herself to
be mounted
• frequent urination
• less feed intake
calm
• allows mounting by other
animals
• mounts other animals
• clear, cocking ears
•actively seeks the boar,
stands arched back in the
presence of the boar
• normal
Service NO YES NO
66. • Haunch pressure test
– applying pressure on her
sides with both hands
– If she’s receptive, she will just
stand firm and rigid ready to
be served
• Riding the back test
– By riding on or pressing the
back or loin of sow
– If shes receptive, she will just
stand firm and rigid ready to
be served
67. • Sex odor aerosol test
– Sex odor aerosol is squeezed in
snout of sow
– If shes receptive, she will just
stand firm and rigid
• Teaser boar
– Vasectomized boar is allowed to
have nose to nose contact with
sow
– If she’s receptive, she will just
stand firm and rigid with cocked
ears ready to be served
– It should be done in routine basis
from Monday till Wednesday
– Twice each day 8 am and 3 pm
68. Fertilization and Trans-Uterine Migration
• Mating process takes 15 minutes where 400 ml of fluid can
be inseminated
• Penis spirals towards the vagina and into the cervix where it
screws into folds to become locked
• Travel- 2 hours to arrive at the bottom of fallopian tubes
• Second phase of maturation “capacitation”- 6-8 hours
• Life span of semen- 24 hours
• Life span of unfertilized ova: 10 hours/ 21 hours
• Semen can then be inseminated after 8 hours
• Ovulation starts at least 70% of the length of standing heat
period
69. • Sowa: SH in morning
– First dose of insemination in afternoon
– Follow-up in the morning
• Sows: SH in the afternoon
– First dose of insemination in the morning
(next day)
– Follow-up in the afternoon
70. TIMING OF INSEMINATION
• For gilts with 24 hours length of ovulation,
inseminate 8 hours after onset of standing heat
71. • For sows with 48 hours of ovulation,
inseminate 26 hours after onset of standing
heat
72. Actual Insemination
• 30 minutes before use, remove stored semen
from AI ref and allow semen to warm up and
agitate the semen gently to redistribute the
sperm cell in the diluent
• Clean sows vulva with clean towel
• Mimic stimulation normally done by boar like
back pressure, flank and udder rubbing
• Lubricate tip of catheter with small amount of
semen
• Part the lips of vulva and insert the head of
catheter into vulva, gently push forward and
upward at an angle of 45degree
reproductive
into
tract, being careful to miss
entrance of bladder
• Spiral catheter are rotated counterclockwise
and steadily pushed to lock into cervix
• It is successful if the catheter tends to spring
back in a clockwise position
73. • Cut the tip od semen bottle and fit the tip into catheter
• The bottle is raised over the sows back and squeezed a little
to remove the airlock in catheter
• Sexual stimulation should be continued to promote contraction
• A clamp or breeding saddle bag can be used
• If backflow occurs, disconnect the bottle reposition the
catheter and delay insemination for 2 minutes
• Removed catheter after 10 minutes
• Allow sow to remain undisturbed after insemination
74. Pregnancy Diagnosis
• Records
– Records first 18-24 days and second heat
control 38-42 days
– If sow does not come to heat during these
period, assumed to be pregnant
Ultrasound
• Detect an ultrasonic echo from
fluid in uterus
• Detectable at 25-30 days after
breeding
Ultrasound-Doppler test
Movement of fetus, heart beat can be
detected
Used from 26 days to term of pregnancy
75. • Pregnancy tester
– Positioned 2-3 cm from last teat at
back
– Continuous beep means sow is
pregnant
• External signs
– Enlargement of teat, mammary,
lower abdomen in pregnant sow
• Hormone analysis (blood and urine)
– Progesterone level in blood/ urine
– Serum analysis is carried after 22
day of service by using small stylette
to puncture ear vein
Pregnancy Diagnosis
76. • Vaginal biopsy
– Involves removal of small piece of vaginal mucous
membrane using special instrument
– This instrument is inserted to vagina 15-300 mm
pressed into membrane and end manipulated to
cut0off small piece
• Palpation
– Useful method after 30 days of gestation
– Rectal palpation
• Scanner
– Can determine pregnancy stage
Pregnancy Diagnosis
77. CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF
BOARS
• Selection of Replacement Boars
• Transport of Replacement Boars
• Handling of Replacement Boars
• Assessing of Replacement Boars
• Boar usage
• Feeding of Replacement Stocks
• Housing
• Other considerations
78. Selection of Boars
• Body confirmation
– Body length, depth and
height should be well-
proportioned
• Best to select boar who
tested for fertility
• Should possess good
muscle development
• BFT not exceed 2 cm at
90 kg LW
Sex character
• Masculinity appearance
• Primary sex organs should be
clearly visible and well-developed
• Testicles are large and equal size
• He has sufficient sex drive to
complete ejaculation
• Capable of producing semen of
sufficient quality and quantity
Age and Weight:
• 5-6 months at time of selection
• 8 months at time of breeding
• 130 kg or more (controlled feeding)
Reproductive soundness
• Number, spacing and presentation of live teats (at
least 12)
79. Transport of Replacement boar
• Ensure maximum safety to minimize
stress, injury and diseases.
• Avoid stressful condition or disease that
cause high temperature that can lower
fertility or even lead to temporary infertility
which might last for 6-8 weeks
• Well-ventilated truck; use of safe, well-
built loading and unloading
80. Handling of Replacement Boar
• Acclimatization of new boars at least 1 week
before use and after quarantine period of one
month
• Quarantine
• Blood test
– Brucellosis
– Leptospirosis
• Parasite treatment
• Vaccination
• Introduction to New herd mates
81. Assessing the Boar as Breeding Stock
• Semen Evaluation
– Collect fresh
semen sample
– Check volume,
motility,
concentration and
morphology
Characteristics of an Average Ejaculate
82. • Test mating
– Observes the sexual behavior of boar and
ability to serve guilt
– Train young boar to mount female and
successfully bred her
– Make sure that mating/collecting area is not
slippery
Assessing the Boar as Breeding Stock
84. Feeding Boars
• Depends on body condition which is indirectly
influenced by frequency of service or semen
collection
• Requirements:
– Breeder or Sow feed with DE of 3000 kcal/kg
– minimum crude protein of 14% can be used for boars
from 7 months onwards
• Needed for maintenance, growth and semen
production
85. • Quantity: 2.0 kg/day +- 0.5 kg if thin or fat
– If feed is less than 2.0 kg, give roughage
– Give water ad li bitum
• Giving too much feed to boar might lead to:
– Obesity
– Poor libido
– Too heavy
– Laziness
– Poor service results
– Problems in natural service
86. FEEDING REPLACEMENT STOCKS
• Objective: To reach puberty and start their
productive lives well-developed, with right weight
and right age
Excessive feeding might
lead to:
Insufficient feeding might
lead to:
Thick backfat Shorter production life
Small litter size Decreased resistance to
diseases- more health
problem
High feed cost Starts productive life at a
later stage
Reduce reproductive
performance as a sow
87.
88. Health care
• Deworm every 6 months
• Mange treatment every 6 months
• Vitamin ADE every 6 months
• Vaccination every 6 months
• Always ask for health record of prospective
boars and closely examined
89. Regular Boar Activities
AGE ACTIVITY
4-6 Months Selection
6-7 Months Acclimatization
6.5-7.5 Months Training
13 months and above Two times a week utilization
with 3-4 days interval
30-36 months Peak production period
Two times a week utilization
with 3-4 days interval
38-44 months Planned culling (2.5-3 years
of service
90. Housing
• Boar house should be designed to provide:
– A suitable environment for animal
– Minimum requirement for routine labor but increase
efficiency in management and operation
• Measurement/ pen
– 0.6 m x 2.1 m
– Height: 1.1 m
– Service area: 5-7 sq m
• Comfortable and individual pen (draft-free and dry)
91. • Install high and strong partitions and gates
– Height of partition should be 1.2 m
– Can be made of concrete or slatted, either with use of
wood
• Door and alleys
– Width: 0.70 meter
– Alley: 1.2-1.5 meters
92. Other Considerations
• If possible, have one extra boar for every 30 sows
• Boar should start service at 8 months of age and for
the first service, introduce the boar to sow which is
standing well on heat
• Boar should be at different ages and sizes
• Check semen quality regularly at least 6 months
especially during summer
• Replace boars every 1.5 to 2 years
93. Most common Reasons for Culling Boar
• Low libido
• Leg defects
• Inability to mount
• Poor semen quality and quantity
• Wrong mounting position
• Too aggressive
• Old boars
• Diseases and injuries
94. Care and Management of Sows and
Gilts
• Management on:
–Breeding time
–Gestation
–Farrowing
–Lactation
95. Breeding Time
• Need to have proper management to achieve
good reproductive performance
• Breeding sow/gilt intended to be:
– Getting bred
– Pregnant
– Nursing a litter
Empty period between
these period is called
Unproductive days
Aimed to :
• Improved conception rate
• Increase litter size at birth
• Shorten non productive days and weaning to
conception interval
96. • Selecting Replacement Gilts
– Keep records of parents, birth date and litter
number for future references
– Plan to replace 40-55% annually, if herd age is ≤5
litters
– Select replacement gilts from large healthy
uniform litters
97. • Pre-service management
– Recommendation at first breeding
• Age: 8 months old
• Weight: 130-135 kg
• Cycled at least twice
• Second heat cycle; second day of heat period
• Exhibiting signs of estrus
• Should have high ovulation rate and higher uterine
space capacity
• Do not bred gilt on 1st estrus
• At 1 year old she will farrow
her 1st litter
• To prevent drop down of
body during lactation
98. • Pre-service management
– Recommended practices
breeding:
for dry sow before
• Good dry sow should come into heat and be ready
for service within 3-7 days after weaning
• Aim: Shorter lactation period at least 6 weeks;
to shorter weaning to conception interval;
• Always keep her in good health and body condition
• Exposed weaned sow to boar; If not come to heat
10-12 days; induce hormone injection
• Old sows of parity of 8 tend to have longer dry
period
99. • Advisable to let newly-weaned sows room around
in paddock after weaning
• Don’t feed sows at the day of weaning to easily
dry-off milk
• Allowable weight loss and back fat thickness is 8-
10% of its body weight
•1st litter sows tend to have longer time to return
heat
100. • Pre-service Management
– Flushing
• Increase daily feed intake
by 3.5-4kgs/day for 10-14
days before service
• Give gestation feed with
14% CP before service
• It is intended for
restricted feeding
program
• Aim to:
– gain weight
– To recondition sow
– Easily dry off milk (dry
sow)
• Higher ovulation rate;
low embryonic
mortality
• Higher litter size
Other practices:
• Physical exercise
• Social contact
• Boar exposure
• Fasting
• Injectable hormones
101. • Breeding Time
– Breeding schedule
– Type of Mating
– Artificial Insemination
– Heat detection
– Management After Breeding
• Do not transfer sow/gilt one month after breeding as
the embryos are floating to prevent embryonic
mortality
• Do not increase feed intake of sow/gilt after
breeding (over fat)
102. Critical Period for Successful Breeding
Weaning to Estrus Fighting, high temperature and humidity
can significantly reduce feed intake which
lead s to longer wean-estrus interval and
reduce ovulation rate (dry sow/ 1st parity
gilts)
Day 0 Time when fertilization takes place. Heat
stress on breeders has negative impact
on fertilization rate
Day 1-12 Embryo are floating and are very
susceptible to environmental stress,
unnecessary movement and noise
Day 11 to 14 Maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Progesterone is secreted to ensure
pregnancy maintenance. Avoid stress
during this period
Day 21 to 30 Complete fetal implantation. Inadequate
attachment results in fetal growth
103. During Gestation
• Management during gestation (114 days)
– Successful management of pregnant sows is the final
step in mating and reproduction
– Proper care and handling to increase number of litter
size and birth weight
– Sow productivity may be determined by:
• Number of pigs wean/sow/year
• Post weaning mortality
– Well-managed sows are expected to farrow as
scheduled and quickly returning to heat for breeding
after weaning.
– Farrowing index: 2.5 maximum
– Farrowing rate- 80%
104. • Recommended management practices:
Pregnancy control
– Day 21 (return to service) from day 18 to day 24
– Day 25 (start pregnancy check)
– Day 42 (second heat control)- heat detection can be done on the
36th day up to 48th day after breeding or mating
Pregnancy diagnosis
Feeding
• Sows need feed for maintenance
• For restoration of body condition
• For nutrition of embryos
• For building body reserves
• Impending signs of farrowing
• Goal:
– minimize intrapartum still born (5% ave.)
– Minimize early-pre weaning mortality
– Litter size born alive (ave 9) and at weaning (ave. 7)
105. Suggested Feeding Scheme
Gestation Days Feeding Activities
D 0- 21 Lower feed intake (maintenance level only)
2nd month • Restricted feeding for sows with (BC 3-5);
• Increase feed for sows ewith (BC 1-2)
• Sows/gilt should be at ideal stage (BC 3)
3rd month Feed allowance should be increased to
support fast-growing of uterus and for body
reserve for lactation period
3 days before expected
date of farrowing
Decrease feed allowance to avoid
constipation and difficulty in farrowing
7-10 days before expected
date of farrowing
Replace regular sow feed with lactating feed
as soon as it transfer to farrowing pen
106. • Other activities during gestation:
– First mange and lice
14 days before
treatment-
farrowing
– Deworming- 10 days before
farrowing (be injection or feed)
and or lice
days before
– Second mange
treatment- 7
farrowing
– Transfer to farrowing pen- 7
days before farrowing
– Current vaccination program:
Hog cholera, E.coli, Atrophic
rhinitis, APP, FMD, Mycoplasma
– During farrowing, if
after 30 minutes-
no piglets
check for
obstruction
Impending signs of
Farrowing:
1.Reduced appetite
2. Restlessness
3. sow standing up and
lying down
4.Milk secretion in the
udder –reliable sign
5.Slight mucous
discharge
107. After Farrowing: Lactation
• Length of lactation has an effect on the productive
performance of a sow.
• A short lactation period would be advantageous in
terms of sow production efficiency
• Suckling period could be from 28 to 42 days
depending on weaning practice in farm.
• Avoid excessive loss of condition during this period
• Smallest litter seen in 1st parity; 2nd parity maximize
• Goal:
– Minimize pre-weaning mortality
– Improvement litter size at weaning
– Improvement of weaning weight (8 kg)
– Improvement in WCI
108. Feeding Lactating Sows
• Correct fed and managed during lactation period will come
into heat in this particular fertile period
• Factors to consider to determine feed allowance:
– Stage of lactation
– Condition of Sow
– Litter size
• Goal:
– Put more feed during lactation period
– Post-lactation: 2-3 BC
– Feed choice:
• Lactating feed
• Gestating feed + Weaner 1 (High energy and highly
digestible)
• Gestating feed + Dextrose powder sugar
109. Day of Farrowing No. of feed with ad libitum
water
1st day 1kg/sow/day
2nd day 2kg/sow/day
3rd day 3 kg/sow/day
4-7 day 4kg/sow (LS of 7 above)
(2kg+0.30kg per piglet if LS is
6+ below)
Remaining days of lactation 2kg+0.30kg per piglet/sow
+/-half kilo depending on
condition of sow
Note: Sow with more than 10
piglets can be fed ad libitum
110. Health care of Lactating sows
• Antibiotic administration
– Injectable: given once or as indicated after
farrowing
– In-feed given: 10-14 days from day of
farrowing
• Vitamin A, D, E injection- given before or
after weaning
• Vaccination: Parvo-lepto, Hog cholera, FMD
111. Management and Care of Piglets
DAY ACTIVITIES
0 Farrowing:
• Place them in brooder area (30-
32˚C), clean, dry and draft free
• Cutting and disinfection of umbilical
cord
• Cutting of needle teeth
• Identification; ear notch
• Tail docking
0-3 Iron injection- 200 mg/piglet
5-14 Castration
28-42 Weaning (piglets should weigh 6-8
kg/piglet
• Preferably 7-8 at 28-35 days
30-60 Vaccination-Hog cholera
One week after Hog cholera Deworming and mange treatment
animals
112. • Other considerations:
– Extra care during first 3-5 days
– Crushing should be minimized
– Assist piglets to suck milk
– Do supplement feeding or fostering if sow does
not have enough milk
– Wean not earlier than 21 days
– Prevent anemia-supplement iron
113. Feeding Piglets
• Highly important to receive colostrum
• Can be given creep feed as early 5-7 days of
age; CP of 23%
• Creep feeding?
– Offer small amounts of feed in solid floor for
first two to 4 days
– Increase amount of feed gradually until ad
libitum is attained
– Observed some looseness in feces
114. Weaners:
• Management practices:
– Don’t wean piglets less than 5 kg; Ideal weight 8 kg
– Weaning age: as early as 21 days until 42 days
– Weaning should be done gradually.
– Let piglets remain in farrowing pen for at least 3 days
– Gradually feed piglets ad libitum till 20 kgs of body
weight
– Regroup weaners according to size.
– Goal:
• Increase growth rate
• Decrease post weaning mortality
• Improve feed efficiency
115. Days Feeding Activities
Day 1 at Weaning Wean pigs early in a day by
removing sows from pen
Day 2 Add little more feed if no visible signs
of looseness of feces
Day 3 Fed adli bitum / feed 2-3 times a day
2nd week- 10th week Feed 100 grams/piglet/day and add
50 grams
9th week Starter feeds
116. Fattening: Growing-Finishing
• Target: to have faster growing pigs with
good FCR
• Select good weaners for fattening
• Dewormed piglets before fattening
• Assure clean water supply
• Gradually change feeds
• Consumer prefer more lean, less back fat
117. Feeding Fatteners
• Starts from transfer of pigs to fattening until they
reach slaughter weight of 85 kgs.
• 3 stages based on weight:
a.Starter- starts when piglets leaves the
rearing pen or nursery.
• Weight 15-20 kg
b.Grower stage- starts from 30 or 35 kg LW
and reaches 60 kg
c.Finisher stage- starts from 60 kg until
reaches 80-90 kg LW
118. • Most pigs are feed ad libitum at growing phase
• In Philippine setting, at 6 months old, should be
103 kg
• For 129 days, pig can weigh 90 kg
• Faster growth can be seen 10-11 weeks
• Target weight: 90 kg
– ADG 550 g/day
– Feed: 0.8-2.5 kg/day
System of Feeding
1. Dry feeding vs. Wet feeding
2. Floor Feeding vs Trough Feeding
3. Restricted vs Full feeding
4. Group vs Individual Feeding
121. Housing
• Pen for gilts
– Same with fattener’s
pen
– 4-5 gilts only per pen
– Trough length: 0.35
m – 0.45m
– Lying area- 0.6-0.7
m2/ 0.7-0.9 m2
– Dunging area- 0.3-
0.4 m2/ 0.4-0.6 m2
• Pen for weaners
– Based on transfer weight
– One litter per pen
Transfer
weight
Space
Requirements
Trough
length
15 kg 0.20-0.25 sq.
meter
0.12 m
20 kg 0.30-0.35 sq.
meter
0.15 m
124. Productive and Reproductive
Performance/Efficiency Indicator
• Average litter size at birth- Total no of pigs/number of
sows farrowed
• Weaning percentage- Total no of pigs weaned/ Total
number of litters
• Interval between weaning to service- number of days
between weaning and next service
• Farrowing interval- no. of days from one farrowing to
next farrowing
• Sow index- average frequency a sow farrow in a year
125. • Number of piglets born alive/ litter- Total no. of piglets
born alive/ Total number of litters
• Percent mortality- Total number of dead piglets/ Total
piglets born alive x 100
• Farm herd efficiency- Total amount of mixed feeds fed to
all animals in proportion to the weight of animals sold for
same period of time.
• Average daily gain- total weight gained/ number of
fattening days
• FCR- amount of kg of feed is needed to produce a one
kilogram of weight
