This document discusses the key concepts of kinship and rules of descent. It covers two major types of descent - bilateral, which reckons kin through both the male and female lines, and unilineal, which traces kin through one line only, either male or female. Unilineal descent can be patrilineal, tracing the male line, or matrilineal, tracing the female line. Descent rules are important as they determine things like inheritance, property rights, and political affiliation. The document also briefly discusses constants of kinship like biological sex, death, and incest taboos.