Negative freedom refers to freedom from external restrictions and constraints, allowing individual choice without government interference. Positive freedom involves self-mastery or self-realization through achieving autonomy and developing human potential, which can be limited by social disadvantages preventing individuals from reaching their true abilities. While negative freedom focuses on laws and physical limits, positive freedom emphasizes overcoming social injustices through personal growth.

1. Distinguish between positive and negative freedom 15
Mark Scheme
Negative freedom is the absence of external restrictions or constraints on the individual, allowing
freedom of choice or protecting the private sphere from public intrusions.
Supporters of negative freedom typically believe that the principal threats to freedom stem from
law (and therefore government) and physical constraint.
Positive freedom, by contrast, refers either to self-mastery or self-realisation, in the latter case it is
linked to the achievement of autonomy and the development of human capacities.
From the perspective of positive freedom, freedom is typically constrained by social disadvantages
and injustices that prevent individuals from realising their true potential.
Examiners Report
This was a popular question. A large proportion of responses demonstrated at least a basic
understanding on the nature of negative freedom. However, the extent to which positive freedom
was understood and explained, varied significantly. Only a minority was able to discuss, with any
coherence, self-realisation or self-mastery.
In some weaker cases, one or both of the concepts of freedom was explained simply by reference
to their implications for the state, seemingly implying that this defined the term. The key
discriminator in this question was the extent to which both concepts of freedom were clearly
explained, and not just discussed in terms of the difference between a minimal and an enabling
state.