The document discusses the history of architecture and rulers in India during the Mughal dynasty. It describes how architecture flourished under different Mughal emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan. Major architectural achievements included the Red Fort in Agra, the city of Fatehpur Sikri, the Shalimar Bagh gardens in Kashmir, and Humayun's tomb which was influenced by Persian architecture. The Qutub Minar tower in Delhi was also an important architectural landmark from this period.

1. RULERS AND
BUILDINGS
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BY :
S . Hari Ashwin

2. The Mughal dynasty was established with the crushing
victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526. During his short five-year
reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting
buildings, though few have survived. Babur's son
Humayun was dissolute and wayward in his early years
and the Mughal empire fell to the Suris in 1540. The
tomb of Sher Shah Suri is an architectural masterpiece
that was to have a profound impact on the evolution of
Indo-Islamic funerary architecture. Humayun
reestablished the Mughal empire in 1555. His tomb at
Delhi represents an outstanding landmark in the
development and refinement of the Mughal style. It was
designed in 1564, eight years after his death, as a mark of
devotion by his widow, Haji Begum.

3. Architecture flourished during the reign of Humayun's
son Akbar. One of the first major building projects was
the construction of a huge fort at Agra. The massive
sandstone ramparts of the Red Fort are another
impressive achievement. The most ambitious
architectural exercise of Akbar, and one of the most
glorious examples of Indo-Islamic architecture, was the
creation of an entirely new capital city at Fatehpur Sikri.
After the death of Akbar in 1605, his son, Prince Salim,
ascended the throne and assumed the title of Jahangir,
"Seizer of the World". He was assisted in his artistic
attempts by his able wife, Nur Jahan.

4. The Mausoleum of Akbar at Sikandra,
outside Agra, represents a major
turning point in Mughal history, as
the sandstone compositions of Akbar
were adapted by his successors into
opulent marble masterpieces.
Jahangir is the central figure in the
development of the Mughal garden.
The most famous of his gardens is the
Shalimar Bagh on the banks of Lake
Dal in Kashmir.

5. The remarkable flowering of art and
architecture under the Mughals is due
to several factors. The empire itself
provided a secure framework within
which artistic genius could flourish,
and it commanded wealth and
resources unparalleled in Indian
history. The Mughal rulers themselves
were extraordinary patrons of art,
whose intellectual calibre and cultural
outlook was expressed in the most
refined taste.

6. QUTUB MINAR
Qutb-Minar in red and buff standstone is the highest
tower in India. It has a diameter of 14.32 m at the
base and about 2.75 m on the top with a height of 72.5
m.
Qutbu'd-Din Aibak laid the foundation of Minar in
AD 1199 for the use of the mu'azzin (crier) to give calls
for prayer and raised the first storey, to which were
added three more storeys by his successor and son-in-law,
Shamsu'd-Din Iltutmish (AD 1211-36). All the
storeys are surrounded by a projected balcony
encircling the minar and supported by stone brackets,
which are decorated with honey-comb design, more
conspicuously in the first storey.

7. IMAGE
OF
QUTUB
MINAR

8. TEMPLE CONSTUCTION IN THE EARLY
ELEVENTH CENTURY
The Kandariya Mahadeva temple
dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999
by the king Dhangadeva of the chandela
dynasty. An ornamented gateway led to an
entrance , and the main hall
( mahamandapa ) where dances were
performed . This was the place for ritual
worship where only the king , his
immediate family and priests gathered .

9. CHAHAR BAGH
Gardens placed within rectangular walled
enclosures and divided into four quarters
by artificial channels . These gardens were
called char bagh ,because of their
symmetrical division into quarters , some
of the most beautiful char baghs were
constructed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan
in Kashmir , Agra and Delhi

10. HUMAYUN ` S
TOMB
The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge
formal char bagh and built in the tradition
known as “ eight paradises “ or hasht bihist - a
central hall surrounded by eight rooms .the
building was constructed with red sandstone ,
edged with white marble.

11. PIETRA DURA
Coloured , hard stones placed in
depressions carved into marble or
sandstone creating beautiful ,
ornate patterns.

12. CHURCHES
THAT
TOUCHES THE
SKY
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13. From the time of Nero (64 A.D.) until the conversion of
Emperor Constantine and the Edict of Milan (313
A.D.), whereby Christianity was made legal,
the Christian faith was officially regarded as a religion
prava,an evil or depraved religion. Christianity's
Jewish Roots Christianity began as a movement within
Judaism. Much of the earliest proclamation of the
Gospel took place in the synagogues.The Christians did
not side with the Jews in their revolt against Rome
beginning in 66 A.D., and by the end of the first
century the church had largely separated from the
synagogue.When a "church" wasn't a building
These early believers did not have church buildings to
meet in. They met mostly in homes. The first church
buildings did not start to appear until the early 200s.