1) Urethan was the capital of the Cholas located on the banks of the Kaveri River, known for its temples including the Swarajes temple built by King Jararaca Chola. 2) Temple towns like Urethan were important centers of urbanization, with temples central to the economy and society. Rulers built temples and pilgrims made donations supporting trade and banking. 3) In the 18th century, demand for Indian textiles led to the rise of port cities like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras where merchants and artisans lived in the new "Black Towns" established by European trading companies.

1. TOWNS TRADERS AND
CRAFTSPERSONS
SUB-HISTORY

2. Administrative centers
Urethan, the capital of the Cholas
The perennial river Kaveri flows
near this beautiful town
Swarajes temple built by King Jararaca Chola
Besides the temple, there are palaces
with mandalas or pavilions
Kings hold court in these mandalas, issuing orders to their
subordinates. There are also barracks for the army
Bustling with markets selling grain,spices, cloth and
jewellery

3. Temple towns and
pilgrimage centers
Urethan is also an example of a temple town
Temple towns represent a very important pattern of
urbanization, the process by which cities develop
Temples were often central to the economy and society
Rulers built temples to demonstrate
their devotion to various deities
Pilgrims who flocked to the temples also made donations.
Temple authorities used their wealth
to finance trade and banking
Pilgrimage centers also slowly developed into townships
Kajawah MUDding Tachism, the celebrated Sufi saint settled in ajmer in the twelfth century,
attracted devotees from all creeds.
Near Ajmer is a lake, Petrushka, which has
attracted pilgrims from ancient times

4. The craftspersons of Lidar were so famed for
their inlay
work in copper and silver that it came to be
called Bidi
Paschal or Mishawaka community, consisting
of gold smiths,bronze smiths, blacksmiths,
masons and carpenters were essential to the
building of temples
also played an important role in the
construction of palaces,
big buildings, tanks and reservoirs
weavers such as the Salivary or Kolarian
emerged as prosperous communities, making
donations to temples
aspects of cloth making like cotton cleaning,
spinning
and dyeing became specialized and
independent crafts

5. New Towns and Traders
European countries were searching for spices and textiles,
which had become popular both in Europe and West Asia
English, Dutch and French formed East India Companies
to expand their commercial activities in the east
Great Indian traders like Mulla Abdul Hamburgh
and Virid Vora competed with them
Demand for goods like textiles led to great expansion of
the crafts of spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing, etc
Eighteenth century saw the rise of
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras
Merchants and artisans moved into the Black Towns,
established by the European companies within these cities

6. Sampi
located in the Krishna-Aurangabad basin,capital of
Vijayanagar Empire, founded in 1336
its magnificent ruins reveal a well-fortified city
Architecture was distinctive.buildings in the royal complex
had splendid
arches, domes and pillared halls with niches for holding
sculptures
bustled with commercial and cultural activities
Moors, Chattis and agents of European traders such as the
Portuguese, thronged the markets of Sampi

7. Network of Small Towns
Had mandible (or mand of later times) to which nearby
villagers brought their produce to sell
They also had market streets called chatta (hast of later
times) lined with shops for different kinds of artisans
some traders lived in the town,
others traveled from town to town
zamindar built a fortified palace in or near these towns
Alauddin’s administrative measures were
successful and praised
He successfully withstood the threat of Mongol invasions

8. Surat
Surat in Gujarat was emporium of western trade
gateway for trade with West Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz
has also been called the gate to Mecca because
many pilgrim ships set sail from here
The city was cosmopolitan and people
of all castes and creeds lived there
Portuguese, Dutch and English had their
factories and warehouses at Surat
several retail and wholesale shops selling cotton textiles
had a market in West Asia, Africa and
Europe for their gold lace borders
Surat Rundis were honored in the far-off markets of
Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq and Antwerp in Belgium.
is a bustling commercial center