This document describes an RS-232 laser transceiver project. It includes a block diagram showing two PCs communicating via laser transmission between two transceivers connected to each PC's RS-232 port. The transceiver circuit uses a MAX232 IC to generate RS-232 voltage levels from the signal received by a light detector. A 7805 regulator supplies 5V power and a 7405 hex inverter drives the laser diode. The document provides details on the circuit components, RS-232 standards, and operation of the transceivers to transmit serial data between the two PCs via an optical laser link.
This document summarizes key aspects of PIN photodiodes. It describes the physical principles of how PIN photodiodes operate by separating photo-generated carriers across a reverse-biased junction to produce a photocurrent. It also discusses photodiode characteristics like quantum efficiency and responsivity. Additionally, it covers noise sources in photodetector circuits including quantum, dark current, leakage current, and thermal noise. The document also examines photodiode response time and how the junction capacitance and absorption coefficient impact the rise and fall times. Finally, it compares different PIN photodiode structures like front vs rear illuminated and diffused vs mesa etched designs.
Scope of Electronics and Communication Engineering in Nepal Saban Kumar K.C.
Contents:
What is Electronics and Communication Engineering(ECE)?
Scope & Application of ECE
Job opportunities
Major fields of ECE
Subject Distribution in ECE
Initiation by KICEM
Perspective areas of projects for ECE students
Microstrip antennas come in various types based on their feeding mechanism, patch shape, operating frequency, and bandwidth. The main types include microstrip patch antennas, microstrip dipole antennas, printed slot antennas, and microstrip traveling wave antennas. Printed slot antennas comprise a slot in the ground plane of a grounded substrate and can take any shape. They are typically bidirectional radiators but can be made unidirectional using a reflected plate. Microstrip dipole antennas simply consist of two lengths of metal arranged end to end with feed in the middle. Microstrip traveling wave antennas support transverse wave propagation along periodic microstrip lines or long segments.
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) as a type of modulation used to transmit information signals. Modulation involves varying a high frequency carrier signal by an information signal in order to transmit the information signal over long distances. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating or information signal. This creates two new sideband frequencies above and below the carrier frequency equal to the modulation frequency. The carrier and sidebands together make up the modulated signal. Only a portion of the transmitted power is present in the sidebands containing the information, while the rest is wasted in the carrier.
The document summarizes key components and concepts in AM radio receivers. It discusses AM demodulators like envelope detectors and product detectors. It then covers different receiver types like tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers. For superheterodyne receivers, it describes the RF stage, mixer, local oscillator, intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier, detector, and audio frequency (AF) stage. It also defines important receiver parameters like selectivity, sensitivity, bandwidth improvement factor, and dynamic range.
The document discusses limitations of vacuum tubes at microwave frequencies. Key limitations include increased parasitic inductance and capacitance from electrode leads, which reduce efficiency. Transit time effects also limit bandwidth as electrons oscillate between electrodes. Gain-bandwidth product remains constant, requiring alternative designs like reentrant cavities. Overall, vacuum tubes face challenges amplifying signals above 1 GHz due to these inherent timescale limitations. Solid state devices like transistors addressed these issues and enabled widespread microwave applications.
Mobile satellite communication uses satellites to enable communication between mobile users. There are different types of satellite orbits used - geostationary, medium earth orbit, and low earth orbit. Each orbit has advantages and disadvantages for mobile communication. Mobile satellite services include maritime, land, aeronautical, personal, and broadcast. Signal propagation is impaired by effects like reflection, refraction, shadowing, and different types of noise. Thermal noise places a fundamental limit on communication performance.
This document summarizes key aspects of PIN photodiodes. It describes the physical principles of how PIN photodiodes operate by separating photo-generated carriers across a reverse-biased junction to produce a photocurrent. It also discusses photodiode characteristics like quantum efficiency and responsivity. Additionally, it covers noise sources in photodetector circuits including quantum, dark current, leakage current, and thermal noise. The document also examines photodiode response time and how the junction capacitance and absorption coefficient impact the rise and fall times. Finally, it compares different PIN photodiode structures like front vs rear illuminated and diffused vs mesa etched designs.
Scope of Electronics and Communication Engineering in Nepal Saban Kumar K.C.
Contents:
What is Electronics and Communication Engineering(ECE)?
Scope & Application of ECE
Job opportunities
Major fields of ECE
Subject Distribution in ECE
Initiation by KICEM
Perspective areas of projects for ECE students
Microstrip antennas come in various types based on their feeding mechanism, patch shape, operating frequency, and bandwidth. The main types include microstrip patch antennas, microstrip dipole antennas, printed slot antennas, and microstrip traveling wave antennas. Printed slot antennas comprise a slot in the ground plane of a grounded substrate and can take any shape. They are typically bidirectional radiators but can be made unidirectional using a reflected plate. Microstrip dipole antennas simply consist of two lengths of metal arranged end to end with feed in the middle. Microstrip traveling wave antennas support transverse wave propagation along periodic microstrip lines or long segments.
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) as a type of modulation used to transmit information signals. Modulation involves varying a high frequency carrier signal by an information signal in order to transmit the information signal over long distances. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating or information signal. This creates two new sideband frequencies above and below the carrier frequency equal to the modulation frequency. The carrier and sidebands together make up the modulated signal. Only a portion of the transmitted power is present in the sidebands containing the information, while the rest is wasted in the carrier.
The document summarizes key components and concepts in AM radio receivers. It discusses AM demodulators like envelope detectors and product detectors. It then covers different receiver types like tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers. For superheterodyne receivers, it describes the RF stage, mixer, local oscillator, intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier, detector, and audio frequency (AF) stage. It also defines important receiver parameters like selectivity, sensitivity, bandwidth improvement factor, and dynamic range.
The document discusses limitations of vacuum tubes at microwave frequencies. Key limitations include increased parasitic inductance and capacitance from electrode leads, which reduce efficiency. Transit time effects also limit bandwidth as electrons oscillate between electrodes. Gain-bandwidth product remains constant, requiring alternative designs like reentrant cavities. Overall, vacuum tubes face challenges amplifying signals above 1 GHz due to these inherent timescale limitations. Solid state devices like transistors addressed these issues and enabled widespread microwave applications.
Mobile satellite communication uses satellites to enable communication between mobile users. There are different types of satellite orbits used - geostationary, medium earth orbit, and low earth orbit. Each orbit has advantages and disadvantages for mobile communication. Mobile satellite services include maritime, land, aeronautical, personal, and broadcast. Signal propagation is impaired by effects like reflection, refraction, shadowing, and different types of noise. Thermal noise places a fundamental limit on communication performance.
Introduction to Wireless Power Transfer and WitricityMln Phaneendra
Wireless Power Transfer has the ability to deliver major advancements in industries and applications that are dependent on physical, contacting connectors, which can be unreliable and prone to failure.
The seminar presentation discussed wireless power transmission using WiTricity technology. There are three types of wireless power that differ in range and transfer method: short range uses inductive coupling, medium range uses resonant induction, and long range uses electromagnetic waves. WiTricity provides wireless power transfer through resonant magnetic fields that can penetrate obstacles and is safe for living beings. The technology could make devices more convenient by eliminating power cords and batteries, and more environmentally friendly by reducing disposable battery usage.
1) MIT physicists have invented a new technology called "Witricity" that enables the wireless transmission of electricity through resonant magnetic coupling, eliminating the need for wires.
2) Witricity works by using an oscillating magnetic field to induce resonant electric currents in a nearby receiving device, transmitting power efficiently over short distances.
3) This technology could make home and mobile electronics more convenient by powering devices wirelessly and has potential applications in powering phones, headphones, and other devices without needing batteries or charging cables.
this is my summer training report which i prepared in SSPL, DRDO. in this project we have designed a mathematical model of Semconductor Laser Structure of GaAs with 30% band gap doped with 30% Al in valence band and 70% Al in conduction band with 8nm width using MATLAB.
This topic will provide a detailed study about the optical heterodyne detection and its working. A heterodyne is a signal frequency that is created by combining or mixing two other frequencies using a signal processing technique called heterodyning.
Heterodyning is used to shift one frequency range into another, new frequency range, and is also involved in the processes of modulation and demodulation.
The two input frequencies are combined in a nonlinear signal-processing device such as a vacuum tube, transistor, or diode, usually called a mixer.
A Gunn diode is a type of diode that uses the Gunn effect to generate microwave frequencies when a voltage above a threshold is applied. It consists of a single piece of N-type semiconductor like gallium arsenide and has a negative differential resistance region in its current-voltage characteristics that allows it to function as an oscillator. Gunn diodes are used to generate microwave signals from 10 GHz to THz and have applications in radar, sensors, and microwave transmission.
Lecture 1 introduction to communication systemsavocado1111
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information from a source to a destination. An electronic communication system is defined as the whole mechanism of sending, receiving, and processing information electronically from source to destination. The main objectives of a communication system are to produce an accurate replica of the transmitted information and to transfer information between two or more points with minimum error. The basic elements of a communication system are an information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. Modulation is the process of modifying a carrier wave systematically by a modulating signal to make it suitable for transmission through a channel. There are two main types of modulation: analog modulation and digital modulation.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Shiv Kumar Kapil to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides certificates signed by his project in-charge and department head, as well as acknowledgements. The report will cover principles of radar technology, different types of radars, and their applications. It aims to enhance the author's practical and theoretical skills in engineering.
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solids, liquids, and gases. Some key solid dielectrics mentioned are mica, glass, rubber, and ceramics. The main liquid dielectrics described are mineral oils, synthetic oils, and miscellaneous oils. Gaseous dielectrics include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, and inert gases. The document also discusses specific dielectric materials like mica, glass, asbestos, and rubber. It describes the composition and properties of each and their applications, particularly in capacitors and transformers.
1. The document discusses various topics related to antenna parameters and radiation patterns. It describes the radiation mechanism of single wire, two wire, and dipole antennas.
2. Current distribution on thin wire antennas is explained. Parameters like radiation patterns, patterns in principal planes, main lobe and side lobes, beam widths, and polarization are discussed.
3. Key points about radiation patterns, coordinate systems, principal plane patterns, and definitions of main lobe, side lobes, half power beamwidth and first null beamwidth are provided.
This document discusses thermistors, which are temperature sensing elements that measure temperature through changes in resistance. It describes how thermistors are constructed from sintered semiconductor materials and come in various shapes. The document outlines the working principle of thermistors, types including positive and negative temperature coefficient thermistors, advantages like low cost and high sensitivity, disadvantages such as non-linear output, and applications including current limiting devices, digital thermostats, and battery pack monitors.
This document discusses wireless electricity or Witricity. It provides an introduction to Witricity, describing it as the wireless delivery of electrical power over room-scale distances with high efficiency. The document outlines the history of wireless power dating back to Nikola Tesla's proposals in 1891. It explains the basic principles of Witricity which uses resonant magnetic coupling between transmitter and receiver coils oscillating at the same frequency. Applications are discussed along with advantages such as being unaffected by weather and allowing charging of devices anywhere in range.
This document summarizes various physical layer transmission media including guided (wired) and unguided (wireless) media. It describes key characteristics of common guided media like twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses wireless transmission methods such as terrestrial microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared transmission and their applications. Bandwidth, transmission impairments, interference, and number of receivers are identified as important design factors for transmission media.
The document discusses various topics related to digital transmission including line coding schemes, block coding, pulse amplitude modulation, pulse code modulation, sampling, and transmission modes. It provides examples of calculating bit rates for different line coding schemes. It also explains the Nyquist sampling theorem and gives an example of calculating the necessary sampling rate for a signal. Finally, it describes parallel and serial transmission and the differences between asynchronous and synchronous transmission modes.
Difference Between Impatt Diode and Trapatt Diode and Baritt DiodeAL- AMIN
This 3 sentence document discusses different types of diodes. It mentions Impatt diode, Trapatt diode, and Baritt diode but does not provide any details about the differences between them. The document references a photo but does not include the photo or provide any other context.
LED and LASER source in optical communicationbhupender rawat
The document discusses LEDs, lasers, and their use in optical fiber communication. It provides introductions to LEDs and lasers, explaining how they work by converting electrical energy into light. LEDs are suitable for optical fiber due to their small size, high radiance, ability to modulate at high speeds, and long lifetime. Lasers provide more directional, coherent light and are used where higher performance is needed, allowing transmission over greater distances and higher data rates. Both LEDs and lasers can be used to inject light signals into optical fibers for communication.
Witricity is the wireless transfer of electric power without wires. The document discusses the history of witricity beginning with Nikola Tesla's proposals in 1891. It describes different methods of wireless power transfer including inductive coupling, resonant inductive coupling, and microwave transmission. Applications of witricity technology include wireless charging of devices, transportation like electric cars, and industrial uses. Advantages are efficient power transfer and creating a shock-free environment, while disadvantages include needing the right frequency for short-range transfer and high installation costs for long-range.
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. Modern WDM systems can handle up to 160 signals and expand a basic 10 Gbit/s fiber system to a theoretical total capacity of over 1.6 Tbit/s. There are two main types: coarse WDM (CWDM) uses channel spacings of 20 nm while dense WDM (DWDM) uses narrower spacings of 0.4 nm, allowing DWDM to carry more channels. WDM reduces fiber plant requirements by allowing multiple connections over one fiber.
Application Note 83 Fundamentals of RS 232 Serial Communications.pdfRhonda Cetnar
This document provides an overview of the RS-232 serial communication standard. It discusses that RS-232 is a popular serial standard used extensively in electronics due to its relative simplicity compared to parallel interfaces. The document outlines the key aspects of the RS-232 standard, including its electrical characteristics which define voltage levels and timing, its functional characteristics which define the various control and data signals, and its mechanical characteristics which specify a 25-pin connector. It also discusses how RS-232 is implemented in practical systems using level translation chips to convert between standard logic levels and the non-standard RS-232 voltage levels.
RS-232 is a standard for serial communication interfaces. It defines the electrical characteristics for signals and connectors to allow transmission of data between devices. Key features include single-ended signaling with large voltage swings between +/-3V to +/-15V to represent binary signals. It supports asynchronous transmission of 7-8 bit packets at rates up to 20kbps and defines 25-pin connectors between data terminal equipment and modems.
Introduction to Wireless Power Transfer and WitricityMln Phaneendra
Wireless Power Transfer has the ability to deliver major advancements in industries and applications that are dependent on physical, contacting connectors, which can be unreliable and prone to failure.
The seminar presentation discussed wireless power transmission using WiTricity technology. There are three types of wireless power that differ in range and transfer method: short range uses inductive coupling, medium range uses resonant induction, and long range uses electromagnetic waves. WiTricity provides wireless power transfer through resonant magnetic fields that can penetrate obstacles and is safe for living beings. The technology could make devices more convenient by eliminating power cords and batteries, and more environmentally friendly by reducing disposable battery usage.
1) MIT physicists have invented a new technology called "Witricity" that enables the wireless transmission of electricity through resonant magnetic coupling, eliminating the need for wires.
2) Witricity works by using an oscillating magnetic field to induce resonant electric currents in a nearby receiving device, transmitting power efficiently over short distances.
3) This technology could make home and mobile electronics more convenient by powering devices wirelessly and has potential applications in powering phones, headphones, and other devices without needing batteries or charging cables.
this is my summer training report which i prepared in SSPL, DRDO. in this project we have designed a mathematical model of Semconductor Laser Structure of GaAs with 30% band gap doped with 30% Al in valence band and 70% Al in conduction band with 8nm width using MATLAB.
This topic will provide a detailed study about the optical heterodyne detection and its working. A heterodyne is a signal frequency that is created by combining or mixing two other frequencies using a signal processing technique called heterodyning.
Heterodyning is used to shift one frequency range into another, new frequency range, and is also involved in the processes of modulation and demodulation.
The two input frequencies are combined in a nonlinear signal-processing device such as a vacuum tube, transistor, or diode, usually called a mixer.
A Gunn diode is a type of diode that uses the Gunn effect to generate microwave frequencies when a voltage above a threshold is applied. It consists of a single piece of N-type semiconductor like gallium arsenide and has a negative differential resistance region in its current-voltage characteristics that allows it to function as an oscillator. Gunn diodes are used to generate microwave signals from 10 GHz to THz and have applications in radar, sensors, and microwave transmission.
Lecture 1 introduction to communication systemsavocado1111
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information from a source to a destination. An electronic communication system is defined as the whole mechanism of sending, receiving, and processing information electronically from source to destination. The main objectives of a communication system are to produce an accurate replica of the transmitted information and to transfer information between two or more points with minimum error. The basic elements of a communication system are an information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. Modulation is the process of modifying a carrier wave systematically by a modulating signal to make it suitable for transmission through a channel. There are two main types of modulation: analog modulation and digital modulation.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Shiv Kumar Kapil to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides certificates signed by his project in-charge and department head, as well as acknowledgements. The report will cover principles of radar technology, different types of radars, and their applications. It aims to enhance the author's practical and theoretical skills in engineering.
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solids, liquids, and gases. Some key solid dielectrics mentioned are mica, glass, rubber, and ceramics. The main liquid dielectrics described are mineral oils, synthetic oils, and miscellaneous oils. Gaseous dielectrics include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, and inert gases. The document also discusses specific dielectric materials like mica, glass, asbestos, and rubber. It describes the composition and properties of each and their applications, particularly in capacitors and transformers.
1. The document discusses various topics related to antenna parameters and radiation patterns. It describes the radiation mechanism of single wire, two wire, and dipole antennas.
2. Current distribution on thin wire antennas is explained. Parameters like radiation patterns, patterns in principal planes, main lobe and side lobes, beam widths, and polarization are discussed.
3. Key points about radiation patterns, coordinate systems, principal plane patterns, and definitions of main lobe, side lobes, half power beamwidth and first null beamwidth are provided.
This document discusses thermistors, which are temperature sensing elements that measure temperature through changes in resistance. It describes how thermistors are constructed from sintered semiconductor materials and come in various shapes. The document outlines the working principle of thermistors, types including positive and negative temperature coefficient thermistors, advantages like low cost and high sensitivity, disadvantages such as non-linear output, and applications including current limiting devices, digital thermostats, and battery pack monitors.
This document discusses wireless electricity or Witricity. It provides an introduction to Witricity, describing it as the wireless delivery of electrical power over room-scale distances with high efficiency. The document outlines the history of wireless power dating back to Nikola Tesla's proposals in 1891. It explains the basic principles of Witricity which uses resonant magnetic coupling between transmitter and receiver coils oscillating at the same frequency. Applications are discussed along with advantages such as being unaffected by weather and allowing charging of devices anywhere in range.
This document summarizes various physical layer transmission media including guided (wired) and unguided (wireless) media. It describes key characteristics of common guided media like twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses wireless transmission methods such as terrestrial microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared transmission and their applications. Bandwidth, transmission impairments, interference, and number of receivers are identified as important design factors for transmission media.
The document discusses various topics related to digital transmission including line coding schemes, block coding, pulse amplitude modulation, pulse code modulation, sampling, and transmission modes. It provides examples of calculating bit rates for different line coding schemes. It also explains the Nyquist sampling theorem and gives an example of calculating the necessary sampling rate for a signal. Finally, it describes parallel and serial transmission and the differences between asynchronous and synchronous transmission modes.
Difference Between Impatt Diode and Trapatt Diode and Baritt DiodeAL- AMIN
This 3 sentence document discusses different types of diodes. It mentions Impatt diode, Trapatt diode, and Baritt diode but does not provide any details about the differences between them. The document references a photo but does not include the photo or provide any other context.
LED and LASER source in optical communicationbhupender rawat
The document discusses LEDs, lasers, and their use in optical fiber communication. It provides introductions to LEDs and lasers, explaining how they work by converting electrical energy into light. LEDs are suitable for optical fiber due to their small size, high radiance, ability to modulate at high speeds, and long lifetime. Lasers provide more directional, coherent light and are used where higher performance is needed, allowing transmission over greater distances and higher data rates. Both LEDs and lasers can be used to inject light signals into optical fibers for communication.
Witricity is the wireless transfer of electric power without wires. The document discusses the history of witricity beginning with Nikola Tesla's proposals in 1891. It describes different methods of wireless power transfer including inductive coupling, resonant inductive coupling, and microwave transmission. Applications of witricity technology include wireless charging of devices, transportation like electric cars, and industrial uses. Advantages are efficient power transfer and creating a shock-free environment, while disadvantages include needing the right frequency for short-range transfer and high installation costs for long-range.
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology that multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. Modern WDM systems can handle up to 160 signals and expand a basic 10 Gbit/s fiber system to a theoretical total capacity of over 1.6 Tbit/s. There are two main types: coarse WDM (CWDM) uses channel spacings of 20 nm while dense WDM (DWDM) uses narrower spacings of 0.4 nm, allowing DWDM to carry more channels. WDM reduces fiber plant requirements by allowing multiple connections over one fiber.
Application Note 83 Fundamentals of RS 232 Serial Communications.pdfRhonda Cetnar
This document provides an overview of the RS-232 serial communication standard. It discusses that RS-232 is a popular serial standard used extensively in electronics due to its relative simplicity compared to parallel interfaces. The document outlines the key aspects of the RS-232 standard, including its electrical characteristics which define voltage levels and timing, its functional characteristics which define the various control and data signals, and its mechanical characteristics which specify a 25-pin connector. It also discusses how RS-232 is implemented in practical systems using level translation chips to convert between standard logic levels and the non-standard RS-232 voltage levels.
RS-232 is a standard for serial communication interfaces. It defines the electrical characteristics for signals and connectors to allow transmission of data between devices. Key features include single-ended signaling with large voltage swings between +/-3V to +/-15V to represent binary signals. It supports asynchronous transmission of 7-8 bit packets at rates up to 20kbps and defines 25-pin connectors between data terminal equipment and modems.
RS232, RS422, and RS485 are common standard protocols for serial communication. RS232 is an older standard used for short-distance communication between computers and peripherals. It uses single-ended voltage signals and supports one transmitter and receiver. RS422 and RS485 are newer standards that use balanced differential signaling, allowing for longer distances and multiple devices on the same bus. RS422 supports one transmitter and up to 10 receivers, while RS485 can connect up to 32 transmitters and receivers on the same bus.
This document provides information about a circuit using a MAX-232 chip for serial communication between two PCs over a short distance using infrared diodes or longer distances using laser diodes. It includes diagrams of the internal functionality of the MAX-232 chip and the circuit configuration. It also provides theory on the components used, including phototransistors, infrared LEDs, resistors, capacitors, and the 8051 microcontroller. Programming for communication using C language on the 8051 is discussed.
The iot academy_embeddedsystems_training_circuitdesignpart3The IOT Academy
The document discusses circuit design abstraction levels and the circuit design process. It provides details on various circuit design concepts, including design abstraction levels, impedance matching, noise margins, propagation delay, reliability considerations, and fan-in and fan-out. The document also presents an example of designing a bias adjustment circuit for an LCD module and walks through specifying the problem, exploring design ideas, performing analysis, making assumptions, and developing a detailed circuit design.
Shenzhen Hifibercom Technology Co.,ltd is a leading communication systems integrator and optical solutions provider.Hifibercom is dedicated to manufacture active optical transceivers and optical fiber cables, offers comprehensive transceivers and optical fiber cable solution including:
Data center: 400G CFP8 / 200G QSFP-DD ,100G QSFP28,56G QSFP+ ,40G QSFP+, 10G SFP+
Transport(OTN,PTN) /FTTX:100G CFP/CFP2/CFP4, 10G SFP+/XFP BIDI/CWDM/DWDM/Tuanable SFP, 1.25G EPON, 10G EPON
Wireless(5G fronthaul,middlehaul and backhaul):25G SFP28, 50G QSFP28 PAM4, 200G CFP2 PAM4
Optical Cable: 10G/25G/40G/100G AOC, 10G/25G/40G/56G/100G/200G DAC, Mini SAS Copper Cable DAC/ Mini SAS Active Optical Cable AOC.
Practical Radio Telemetry Systems for IndustryLiving Online
This manual covers topics such as antennas and fixed systems. Other essentials of data communications (and Ethernet) are also reviewed as they apply to radio telemetry systems. A selection of case studies is used to illustrate the key concepts with examples of real-world radio telemetry systems in the water, electrical and processing industries.
MORE INFORMATION:
http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-radio-telemetry-systems-industry-35?id=119
Radio frequency (RF) operates between 30 kHz and 300 GHz. RF can flow through circuits containing capacitors and inductors, and its current can ionize air. An antenna is used to receive RF signals. RF reflects back in cables and causes standing waves. Transmitters generate RF signals using oscillators and modulators to encode information onto carrier waves, which antennas broadcast. Receivers use tuned circuits to select the desired frequency and decode the signal. The document describes an RF remote control system using an HT12E encoder and HT12D decoder to convert button presses to serial outputs and light LEDs accordingly. Breadboard circuits were constructed to transmit and receive RF signals between the encoder/transmitter and decoder/receiver.
This document provides an overview of serial communication buses. It defines serial buses as using a single wire or fiber to transmit data one bit at a time. Common serial buses include RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, and USB. RS-232 defines standards for serial binary communication but has limitations like short maximum cable length. RS-422 and RS-485 use differential signaling to allow longer distances and higher speeds. RS-485 also enables multipoint connections. USB serves as a serial bus to connect devices and transfer data and power using a host controller.
This product is a transceiver module designed for 2km optical communication applications. The design is compliant to 1000GBASE CWDM4 MSA standard. The module converts 4 inputs channels (ch) of 25Gb/s electrical data to 4 CWDM optical signals, and multiplexes them into a single channel for 100Gb/s optical transmission. Reversely, on the receiver side, the module optically de-multiplexes a 100Gb/s input into 4 CWDM channels signals, and converts them to 4 channel output electrical data.
The central wavelengths of the 4 CWDM channels are 1271, 1291, 1311 and 1331 nm as members of the CWDM wavelength grid defined in ITU-T G.694.2. It contains a duplex LC connector for the optical interface and a 38-pin connector for the electrical interface. To minimize the optical dispersion in the long-haul system, single-mode fiber (SMF) has to be applied in this module. Host FEC is required to support up to 2km fiber transmission.
The product is designed with form factor, optical/electrical connection and digital diagnostic interface according to the QSFP28 Multi-Source Agreement (MSA). It has been designed to meet the harshest external operating conditions including temperature, humidity and EMI interference.
Here are the key points about star topology:
- In a star topology, each node connects to a central hub or switch.
- The central hub acts as a repeater and facilitates communication between the nodes.
- If a node fails or the connection is broken, it does not disrupt communication between other nodes. Only that node is isolated.
- Star topology is easy to install and manage. Adding or removing a node is simple as it only requires connecting/disconnecting to the central hub.
- It provides high reliability since failure of one node does not bring down the entire network.
- The central hub acts as a single point of failure. If the hub fails, the entire network fails.
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
This document provides an overview and comparison of RS232 and RS485 communication standards. RS232 is a point-to-point serial communication standard that can transmit up to 20kbps over short cable runs, while RS485 allows multidrop communication up to 100kbps over longer cable runs through differential signaling. Key differences are that RS232 uses single-ended signaling over dedicated transmitter and receiver lines, whereas RS485 uses balanced differential signaling to reject noise over a shared transmit/receive line topology.
RS-232 is a popular communications interface for connecting modems and data acquisition devices (i.e. GPS receivers, electronic balances, data loggers, ...) to computers.
“Microcontroller Based Substation Monitoring system with gsm modem”.Priya Rachakonda
• The system is used for transmitting the message to predefined number about the
status of electrical parameters such as voltage, current, temperature etc., to improve
the quality of power.
• Studied about the protection, monitoring and control of a power system.
This document describes a circuit to automatically open and close a glass window using light sensors. The circuit includes a power supply unit with a step-down transformer, rectifier, and voltage regulators to provide stable DC power from 230V AC. A PIC microcontroller measures light levels with an analog-to-digital converter connected to light dependent resistors. When light levels cross a threshold, the PIC activates a relay to control a DC motor that opens or closes the window. The circuit provides a simple automatic window control system based on ambient light levels.
One of the greatest challenges engineers face is the safe operation of the existing civil infrastructure. Tunnels progressively deteriorate due to ageing ,environmental factors ,increased loading ,damages caused by the human/natural factors ,inadequate poor maintenance
An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually) small electronic device used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In an embedded system it is often desirable to communicate with another device wirelessly. This wireless communication may be accomplished through optical communication or through radio frequency (RF) communication. For many applications the medium of choice is RF since it does not require line of sight. RF communications incorporate a transmitter and/or receiver.
RF modules are widely used in electronic design owing to the difficulty of designing radio circuitry. Good electronic radio design is notoriously complex because of the sensitivity of radio circuits and the accuracy of components and layouts required to achieve operation on a specific frequency. In addition, reliable RF communication circuit requires careful monitoring of the manufacturing process to ensure that the RF performance is not adversely affected. Finally, radio circuits are usually subject to limits on radiated emissions, and require Conformance testing and certification by a standardization organization such as ETSI or the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). For these reasons, design engineers will often design a circuit for an application which requires radio communication and then "drop in" a pre-made radio module rather than attempt a discrete design, saving time and money on development.
RF modules are most often used in medium and low volume products for consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, and wireless home automation systems. They are sometimes used to replace older infra red communication designs as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation.
Several carrier frequencies are commonly used in commercially-available RF modules, including those in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands such as 433.92 MHz, 315 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2400 MHz. These frequencies are used because of national and international regulations governing the used of radio for communication.
This document describes a 2.5G 1530nm 40km SFP transceiver made by Guilin GLsun Science and Tech Group Co., LTD. It provides specifications for the transceiver including its data rate of 2.5Gb/s, transmission distance of 40km, wavelength of 1530nm, power consumption under 0.8W, operating temperature range, and compliance with relevant standards. The transceiver uses a CWDM DFB laser transmitter, PIN photodiode receiver, and MCU control unit to transmit data over single mode fiber at a rate of 2.5Gbps up to a distance of 40km.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
1. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 1
RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Submitted to
Department of Computer Engineering
V.P.M.’s Polytechnic, Thane
2009-2010
Type of project: Interfacing
Submitted by
Noopur Mahesh Koli
Roll No. 33
Under The Supervision Of:
Prof. Mrs. Anita S. Diwakar
2. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 2
Contents
Laser …
01
Why use a laser …
02
Block diagram and description
… 03
Circuit diagram
… 04
Working of circuit …
05
Regulated power supply …
06
Interfacing Diagram of
MAX232 IC and Serial Port …
07
RS232 Serial Port Connector …
08
3. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 3
RS232 Standards …
12
Components Used …
13
Construction …
Software ...
Testing …
Future and Applications …
Bibliography …
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
(LASER or laser) is a mechanism for emitting electromagnetic
radiation, typically light or visible light, via the process of
stimulated emission.
4. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 4
The emitted laser light is usually a spatially coherent, narrow low-
divergence beam, which can be manipulated with lenses. In laser
technology, "coherent light" denotes a light source that emits light
of in-step waves of identical frequency and phase. The laser’s
beam of coherent light differentiates it from light sources that emit
incoherent light beams, of random phase varying with time and
position; whereas the laser light is a narrow-wavelength
electromagnetic spectrum monochromatic light; yet, there are
lasers that emit a broad spectrum light, or simultaneously, at
different wavelengths.
Why Use A Laser?
A laser as a communications medium has some unique
properties compared to other forms of media.
A line-of-sight laser beam is useful where wires cannot be
physically connected to a remote location.
5. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 5
A laser beam, unlike wires, also does not require special
shielding over longer distances.
Lasers offer at least an order of magnitude longer distances
compared to infrared LEDs.
Although RF transmitters may offer longer distances than
line-of-sight lasers, they are subject to interference from
other transmitters.
Since the laser medium is line-of-sight and the beam being
only several millimeters in diameter it is very difficult for the
data stream to be tapped. This offers secure communication
since any attempts to intercept the laser beam would be
detected at the receiver as a loss in data.
A laser medium also allows for the sender and receiver to be
galvanically isolated from each other.
Precaution: Never look directly into the laser beam as eye damage
may occur.
6. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 6
Description
The block diagram above shows the communication of two PC’s
using laser as the transmission media, and the RS232 port as the
medium of interface.
PC1 sends the data through RS232 port to the laser transceiver,
which in turn, sends the data to the second transceiver, and through
the RS232 port to PC2.
In a transceiver, the action of sending, as well as receiving the data
can be done, though not simultaneously.
Block Diagram
PC1 PC2
8. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 8
Working of Circuit
The transceiver is based on the MAX232A IC for
generating and receiving RS-232 compatible voltage
signals.
The receiving sensor is an LDR. It minimizes ambient
light interference.
The signal from the LDR is buffered via a pair of Schmitt
trigger buffers to clean up and square the signal.
The output of the second buffer is then directly converted
to a RS-232 standard signal via the MAX232 IC.
The MAX232 IC generates +10V and -10V voltage
swings using a dual charge-pump voltage converter from a
single +5VDC rail.
The laser diode driver consists of a 7405 open-collector
hex inverter IC. All the outputs of the inverters are
coupled together to provide enough drive current for the
laser diode which draws around 35mA @ 3V.
A 7805 voltage regulator is used to provide the IC and
laser diode with a stable 5V voltage source.
The two 1N4001 diodes, in series with the laser diode,
step down the voltage from +5VDC to around 3.6VDC
which is close to the nominal voltage for the laser diode.
The transceiver is designed in such a way that when no
signal is present the laser is on. This helps you see where
the laser is pointing during the laser-detector alignment.
The transceiver is powered by the same regulated power
supply and draws approximately 80mA (laser on) and
40mA (laser off).
9. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 9
Regulated Power Supply
The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805
voltage regulator IC.
This IC contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input
voltage from 8 to 18 volts and produce a steady +5 volt
output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt).
It also contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal
overload protection, so that the IC won't be damaged in case
of excessive load current; it will reduce its output voltage
instead.
The 1000µf capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains
a reasonable input voltage to the 7805 throughout the entire
cycle of the ac line voltage.
The two rectifier diodes keep recharging the reservoir
capacitor on alternate half-cycles of the line voltage, and the
capacitor is quite capable of sustaining any reasonable load in
between charging pulses.
The 100µf capacitor serves to help keep the power supply
output voltage constant when load conditions change.
12. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 12
MAX 232A IC
Since RS232 standard was set long before the advent of TTL
logic family, its input & output voltages are not TTL
compatible.
In RS232, 1 is represented by -3 to -25volts while a 0 bit is
+3 to +25 volts, making -3 to +3 undefined.
For this reason to connect any RS232 port to a device, we
must use voltage converters such as MAX232.
This IC receives the signal from the LDR and sends it to the
port and receives signal from port and send it to laser
transmitter.
13. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 13
Pin No. Pin Name Pin Description
1 C1+ + Connector for capacitor C1
2 VS+ Output of voltage pump
3 C1- - Connector for capacitor C1
4 C2+ + Connector for capacitor C2
5 C2- - Connector for capacitor C2
6 VS- Output of voltage pump/inverter
7 T2out Driver 2 output
8 R2in Receiver 2 input
9 R2out Receiver 2 output
10 T2in Driver 2 input
11 T1in Driver 1 input
12 R1out Receiver 1 output
13 R1in Receiver 1 input
14 T1out Driver 1 output
15 GND Ground
16 VCC Power Supply
15. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 15
Pin
No.
Abbreviation Pin Name Pin Description
1 DCD Data Carrier
Detect
Tells DTE that DCE is
connected to telephone
line (optional).
2 RxD Receive Data Carries data from DCE to
DTE.
3 TxD Transmit Data Carries data from DTE to
DCE.
4 DTR Data Terminal
Ready
Tells DCE that DTE is
ready to be connected
(optional).
5 GND Ground Common Ground
6 DSR Data Set Ready Tells DTE that DCE is
ready to receive
commands or data.
7 RTS Request To
Send
Tells DCE to prepare to
accept data from DTE.
8 CTS Clear To Send Acknowledges RTS and
allows DTE to transmit.
9 RI Ring Indicator Tells DTE that DCE has
detected a ring signal on
the telephone line.
16. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 16
RS-232 Standards
RS-232 is a standard for transferring data in serial format.
Information is sent in small packets of data called data
frames.
A data frame consists of the following sequence: a start bit,
the actual data word, an optional parity bit and ends with one
or two stop bits.
The data word can be 7 or 8 bits long. RS-232 offers
asynchronous communication with the combination of start
and stop bits of being used to synchronize each data frame.
The parity bit is used by the receiver to determine if an odd
number of bits were corrupted during transmission.
There are two types of parity, odd and even.
For example, if even parity is used the transmitter makes the
parity bit a 1 anytime there is an odd number of 1’s in the
data word.
This makes a total even number of bits in the data frame.
If an odd number of bits arrive at the receiver then the data
frame was corrupted.
The standard not only specifies the order of bits but also
specifies the voltage levels used to send the data.
Bipolar signaling is used in the RS-232 protocol to support
long cabling with minimum noise.
A logic 0 is represented by a positive voltage between
+3VDC and +15VDC and a logic 1 is represented by a
negative voltage between -3VDC and -15VDC.
The IBM PC serial port contains a number of handshaking
lines that are used to indicate the willingness of the receiver
to receive data and the sender to send data.
17. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 17
Schmitt trigger(IC 74LS14)
Schmitt trigger converts any type of waveforms such as sine,
triangular to square wave. So it is a square wave converter.
Once a threshold at the input is exceeded it turns on or goes high.
Below the threshold it turns off, or goes low.
Hex Inverter Open Collector(IC 74LS05)
The laser diode driver consists of a 7405 open-collector hex
inverter IC. All the outputs of the inverters are coupled together to
provide enough drive current for the laser diode which draws
around 35mA @ 3V.
18. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 18
Phototransistor
Like diodes, all transistors are light-sensitive. Phototransistors are
designed specifically to take advantage of this fact. The most-
common variant is an NPN bipolar transistor with an exposed base
region. Here, light striking the base replaces what would ordinarily
be voltage applied to the base -- so, a phototransistor amplifies
variations in the light striking it. Note that phototransistors may or
may not have a base lead (if they do, the base lead allows you to
bias the phototransistor's light response.
For phototransistor selection and comparison information, see the
phototransistor section of the BEAM Reference Library's BEAM
Pieces collection.
Note that photodiodes also can provide a similar function, although
with much lower gain (i.e., photodiodes allow much less current to
flow than do phototransistors). You can use this diagram to help
you see the difference (both circuits are equivalent):
19. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 19
Microsoft Visual Basic
VISUAL BASIC is a high level programming language which was
evolved from the earlier DOS version called BASIC. BASIC
means Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is a
very easy programming language to learn. The codes look a lot like
English Language. Different software companies produced
different version of BASIC, such as Microsoft QBASIC,
QUICKBASIC, GWBASIC, and IBM BASICA and so on.
However, it seems people only use Microsoft Visual Basic today,
as it is a well developed programming language and supporting
resources are available everywhere. Now, there are many versions
of VB exist in the market, the most popular one and still widely
used by many VB programmers is none other than Visual Basic 6.
We also have VB.net, VB2005 and the latest VB2008 and VB2010
which is a fully object oriented programming (OOP) language. It is
more powerful than VB6 but looks more complicated to master.
Advantages provided by the Microsoft Visual Basic:
It is user friendly
It provides us with graphical user interface
It is easy to interface hardware using this software
It also provides inbuilt components which makes the
working easy
20. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 20
Dimp, s, u1, u2, p1, p2, q1, q2, a1, a2, s1, s2 As String
Private SubCommand1_Click()
If List1.ListIndex =-1 ThenMsgBox ("Please SelectUserName")
Else
If List1.ListIndex =0 Then
Open"C:Aadmin.txt"ForInputAs#1
Line Input#1, s
Line Input#1, p
Close #1
If Text1.Text= p Then
21. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 21
Form2.Show
Else
MsgBox ("Incorrectpassword")
End If
End If
If List1.ListIndex =1 Then
Open"C:Auser1.txt"ForInputAs#1
Line Input#1, s
Line Input#1, p
Close #1
If Text1.Text= p Then
Form2.Show
Else
MsgBox ("Incorrectpassword")
End If
End If
If List1.ListIndex =2 Then
Open"C:Auser2.txt"ForInputAs#1
Line Input#1, s
Line Input#1, p
Close #1
If Text1.Text= p Then
Form2.Show
22. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 22
Else
MsgBox ("Incorrectpassword")
End If
End If
End If
End Sub
Private SubCommand2_Click()
End
End Sub
23. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 23
Dim user As String
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Form10.MSComm1.Settings = "9600,N,8,1"
Form10.MSComm1.CommPort = 1
Form10.MSComm1.InputLen = 1
Form10.MSComm1.PortOpen = True
Form10.MSComm1.RThreshold = 1
Form10.Show
Unload Me ‘ unload currently active form
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 0 Then
Form3.Show
End If
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 1 Then
Form4.Show
End If
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 2 Then
Form4.Show
End If
Unload Me
End Sub
24. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 24
Private Sub Command3_Click()
End
End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()
Form1.Text1.Text = ""
Form1.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
25. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 25
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Form1.Text1.Text = ""
Form1.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Form2.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Option1_Click(Index As Integer)
Form5.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Option2_Click()
Form6.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Option3_Click()
Form7.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
26. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 26
Private Sub Option4_Click()
Form8.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Form1.Text1.Text = ""
Form1.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
27. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 27
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Form2.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Option1_Click(Index As Integer)
Form5.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Option2_Click()
Form6.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
28. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 28
Dim u, p, q, a, t, s As String
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Form1.Text1.Text = ""
Form1.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 0 Then
Open "C:Aadmin.txt" For Input As #1
29. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 29
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
Line Input #1, q
Line Input #1, a
Close #1
If Text1.Text = p And Text2.Text = Text3.Text Then
t = Text2.Text
Open "C:Aadmin.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u
Print #1, t
Print #1, q
Print #1, a
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your password has been changed successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
Else
MsgBox ("wrong message")
End If
End If
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 1 Then
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
Line Input #1, q
30. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 30
Line Input #1, a
Line Input #1, s
Close #1
If Text1.Text = p And Text2.Text = Text3.Text Then
t = Text2.Text
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u
Print #1, t
Print #1, q
Print #1, a
Print #1, s
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your password has been changed successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
Else
MsgBox ("wrong message")
End If
End If
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 2 Then
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
Line Input #1, q
Line Input #1, a
31. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 31
Line Input #1, s
Close #1
If Text1.Text = p And Text2.Text = Text3.Text Then
t = Text2.Text
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u
Print #1, t
Print #1, q
Print #1, a
Print #1, s
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your password has been changed successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
Else
MsgBox ("wrong message")
End If
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Form2.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
32. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 32
Dim u, p, q, a, q1, a1, s As String
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Form1.Text1.Text = ""
Form1.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 0 Then
Open "C:Aadmin.txt" For Input As #1
33. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 33
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
Line Input #1, q
Line Input #1, a
Close #1
If Text1.Text = p Then
q1 = Text2.Text
a1 = Text3.Text
Open "C:Aadmin.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u
Print #1, p
Print #1, q1
Print #1, a1
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your security question has been changed successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
Else
MsgBox ("wrong message")
End If
End If
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 1 Then
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
34. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 34
Line Input #1, q
Line Input #1, a
Line Input #1, s
Close #1
If Text1.Text = p Then
q1 = Text2.Text
a1 = Text3.Text
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u
Print #1, p
Print #1, q1
Print #1, a1
Print #1, s
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your security question has been changed successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
Else
MsgBox ("wrong message")
End If
End If
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 2 Then
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
35. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 35
Line Input #1, q
Line Input #1, a
Line Input #1, s
Close #1
If Text1.Text = p Then
q1 = Text2.Text
a1 = Text3.Text
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u
Print #1, p
Print #1, q1
Print #1, a1
Print #1, s
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your security question has been changed successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
Else
MsgBox ("wrong message")
End If
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Form2.Show
36. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 36
Unload Me
End Sub
Dim u, p, q, a, b, c, d, e, s, s1, s2, b2, c2, d2, e2 As String
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Form1.Text1.Text = ""
Form1.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
If s1 = "0" Then
s = "1"
37. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 37
If Text1.Text = " " Then
MsgBox ("Enter username")
End If
If Text4.Text = " " And Text5.Text = " " Then
MsgBox ("You must enter security question and it's answer")
End If
If Text2.Text = Text3.Text Then
u = Text1.Text
p = Text2.Text
q = Text4.Text
a = Text5.Text
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u
Print #1, p
Print #1, q
Print #1, a
Print #1, s
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your account has been created successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
Else
MsgBox ("The two passwords do not match.")
38. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 38
End If
ElseIf s1 = "1" And s2 = 0 Then
s = "1"
If Text1.Text = " " Then
MsgBox ("Enter username")
End If
If Text4.Text = " " And Text5.Text = " " Then
MsgBox ("You must enter security question and it's answer")
End If
If Text2.Text = Text3.Text Then
u = Text1.Text
p = Text2.Text
q = Text4.Text
a = Text5.Text
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u
Print #1, p
Print #1, q
Print #1, a
Print #1, s
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your account has been created successfully")
39. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 39
Form2.Show
Unload Me
Else
MsgBox ("The two passwords do not match.")
End If
ElseIf s1 = "0" And s2 = "0" Then
MsgBox ("you have already created 2 users")
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Form2.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, b
Line Input #1, c
Line Input #1, d
Line Input #1, e
Line Input #1, s1
Close #1
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Input As #1
40. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 40
Line Input #1, b2
Line Input #1, c2
Line Input #1, d2
Line Input #1, e2
Line Input #1, s2
Close #1
End Sub
Dim u, u1, u2, s, s1, s2, p1, p2, p3, q1, q2, a1, a2 As String
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Unload Form1
Unload Me
41. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 41
Load Form1
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
If Text1.Text = p3 Then
If List1.ListIndex = -1 Then
MsgBox ("Please Select User Name")
ElseIf List1.Text = u1 Then
s = "0"
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u1
Print #1, p1
Print #1, q1
Print #1, a1
Print #1, s
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your account has been deleted successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
ElseIf List1.Text = u2 Then
s = "0"
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Output As #1
Print #1, u2
Print #1, p2
42. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 42
Print #1, q2
Print #1, a2
Print #1, s
Close #1
MsgBox ("Your account has been deleted successfully")
Form2.Show
Unload Me
End If
Else
MsgBox ("Enter correct Password")
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Form2.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
Open "C:Aadmin.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p3
Close #1
43. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 43
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u1
Line Input #1, p1
Line Input #1, q1
Line Input #1, a1
Line Input #1, s1
Close #1
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u2
Line Input #1, p2
Line Input #1, q2
Line Input #1, a2
Line Input #1, s2
Close #1
With List1
If s1 = "1" Then
.AddItem u1
End If
If s2 = "1" Then
.AddItem u2
End If
44. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 44
If s1 = "0" And s2 = "0" Then
MsgBox ("You haven't createt users yet. Press OK to create new account.")
Form3.Show
Unload Me
End If
End With
End Sub
45. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 45
Dim u, p, q, a As String
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Form1.Text1.Text = ""
Form1.Show
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
If Text1.Text = a Then
Form2.Show
Unload Me
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
End
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
If Form1.List1.ListIndex = 0 Then
Open "C:Aadmin.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
Line Input #1, q
Line Input #1, a
46. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 46
Close #1
Label2.Caption = q
Text2.Text = u
ElseIf Form1.List1.ListIndex = 1 Then
Open "C:Auser1.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
Line Input #1, q
Line Input #1, a
Close #1
Label2.Caption = q
Text2.Text = u
Else
Open "C:Auser2.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, u
Line Input #1, p
Line Input #1, q
Line Input #1, a
Close #1
Label2.Caption = q
Text2.Text = u
End If
End Sub
47. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 47
Dim s, v As String
Private Sub Command1_Click()
If MSComm1.CommPort = 1 Then
If MSComm1.PortOpen = False Then
MSComm1.PortOpen = True
MsgBox "port open"
End If
Else
MsgBox ("port error")
End If
48. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 48
s = Text1.Text
MSComm1.Output = s
MSComm1.OutBufferCount = 0
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
End
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Unload Form1
Unload Me
Load Form1
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub MSComm1_OnComm()
Text2.Text = MSComm1.Input
MSComm1.InBufferCount = 0
End Sub
50. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 50
Advantages
Low cost
Resistance to interference
Privacy of communication
In many countries freedom from legislative control
Disadvantages
A line of sight path is required
Transceivers need stable mounting and careful alignment
Adverse weather can disrupt communication
Birds may interrupt the laser beam, so error correcting
protocols are necessary unless occasional errors are tolerable.
51. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 51
Further Advancements
Faster modulation speeds can be achieved when using a laser
module which is designed to be modulated.
There are some semiconductor laser modules which have
modulation option built into the laser module (separate wire
for modulation signal).
Those laser modules are much more expensive than those
cheap laser pointer laser modules.
52. RS-232 Laser Transceiver
Page | 52
References
Books:
Jan Axelson. (2000). Serial Port Complete. Madison, USA:
Lakeview Research Publication.
Steven Holzner. (2009). Visual Basic 6 Programming Black Book.
Delhi: Brijbasi art press.
Web Sites:
www.google.co.in
www.electronics-lab.com/projects/pc/002/
www.howstuffworks.com