This document is a term paper about round-trip software engineering using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to model software architectures from initial design through implementation and back. It discusses three strategies for using UML to model software architectures: using UML "as is", constraining UML with extensions, and augmenting the UML meta-model. It also presents a view integration framework for identifying and resolving mismatches within and across UML models at different levels of abstraction to support round-trip engineering.
The document discusses software architecture and the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It provides definitions of key terms:
1) Software architecture is a structural plan that describes system elements, how they fit together, and how they work together to fulfill requirements. It guides implementation and sets expectations.
2) The RUP is an iterative process focusing on requirements and design. Each iteration captures requirements, performs analysis/design, implements, and tests to evolve the system. Risks are assessed and prioritized to guide iterations.
3) The RUP uses multiple "views" including use cases, components, and interactions to represent a system from different stakeholder perspectives.
The document provides an overview of a software engineering course. The course objectives are to understand traditional and agile development approaches, software engineering tools and techniques, and how to apply these understandings in practice. The course will cover traditional development approaches, agile methods, tools and techniques, and include several mini-projects. It will also discuss common software project failures and how applying engineering principles to software development can help address these issues.
Introduction to the Module
The lecture will outline the module objectives and the topics to be covered, explain the assessment schedule, introduce the software tools recommended for the module and the resources - textbooks and on-line resources - recommended for use in the module.
Overview of Object-oriented Analysis and Design and UML
Software Engineering as a discipline will be introduced and the core concepts of software life-cycle and software process models will be briefly covered.
The role and the benefits from modelling as a way of dealing with software complexity will be explained. A brief review of the history of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) will be covered. The main UML diagrams will be described and their role in analysis and design.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) uses visual modeling techniques like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to analyze and design systems based on interacting objects. UML captures system elements and facilitates specification and visualization. It includes static diagrams for non-changing characteristics and dynamic diagrams for changing behaviors. The goal of OOAD and UML is to integrate analysis and development teams through defined processes and modeling.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the basic concepts of OOAD and how UML uses diagrams to model software systems. UML diagrams can be used in all phases of the software development life cycle, including requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing. The document also gives an overview of the different parts of UML, such as views, diagrams, relationships, and model elements.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the unified process modeling approach. It discusses key OOAD concepts like use cases, class diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagrams, and the three phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also describes the unified process, which is an iterative methodology for developing software using these OOAD techniques and UML notation. The document aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and best practices of taking a problem domain through the object-oriented systems development lifecycle.
The document discusses the Unified Approach (UA) methodology for software development proposed by Ali Bahrami. The UA aims to combine the best practices of other methodologies like Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson while using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The core of the UA is use case-driven development. It establishes a unified framework around these methodologies using UML for modeling and documenting the software development process. The UA allows for iterative development by allowing moving between analysis, design, and modeling phases.
This document discusses modeling software architecture with the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It begins with an introduction to software architecture concepts like components, connectors, and views. It then provides an overview of UML diagrams and how they can be used to model different views of a software architecture. As an example, it analyzes the C2 Generator system and shows how UML can be used to model the logical decomposition, conceptual view, and other aspects of its architecture. The document demonstrates how UML is a useful tool for software architectural modeling and representation.
The document discusses software architecture and the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It provides definitions of key terms:
1) Software architecture is a structural plan that describes system elements, how they fit together, and how they work together to fulfill requirements. It guides implementation and sets expectations.
2) The RUP is an iterative process focusing on requirements and design. Each iteration captures requirements, performs analysis/design, implements, and tests to evolve the system. Risks are assessed and prioritized to guide iterations.
3) The RUP uses multiple "views" including use cases, components, and interactions to represent a system from different stakeholder perspectives.
The document provides an overview of a software engineering course. The course objectives are to understand traditional and agile development approaches, software engineering tools and techniques, and how to apply these understandings in practice. The course will cover traditional development approaches, agile methods, tools and techniques, and include several mini-projects. It will also discuss common software project failures and how applying engineering principles to software development can help address these issues.
Introduction to the Module
The lecture will outline the module objectives and the topics to be covered, explain the assessment schedule, introduce the software tools recommended for the module and the resources - textbooks and on-line resources - recommended for use in the module.
Overview of Object-oriented Analysis and Design and UML
Software Engineering as a discipline will be introduced and the core concepts of software life-cycle and software process models will be briefly covered.
The role and the benefits from modelling as a way of dealing with software complexity will be explained. A brief review of the history of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) will be covered. The main UML diagrams will be described and their role in analysis and design.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) uses visual modeling techniques like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to analyze and design systems based on interacting objects. UML captures system elements and facilitates specification and visualization. It includes static diagrams for non-changing characteristics and dynamic diagrams for changing behaviors. The goal of OOAD and UML is to integrate analysis and development teams through defined processes and modeling.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the basic concepts of OOAD and how UML uses diagrams to model software systems. UML diagrams can be used in all phases of the software development life cycle, including requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing. The document also gives an overview of the different parts of UML, such as views, diagrams, relationships, and model elements.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the unified process modeling approach. It discusses key OOAD concepts like use cases, class diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagrams, and the three phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also describes the unified process, which is an iterative methodology for developing software using these OOAD techniques and UML notation. The document aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and best practices of taking a problem domain through the object-oriented systems development lifecycle.
The document discusses the Unified Approach (UA) methodology for software development proposed by Ali Bahrami. The UA aims to combine the best practices of other methodologies like Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson while using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The core of the UA is use case-driven development. It establishes a unified framework around these methodologies using UML for modeling and documenting the software development process. The UA allows for iterative development by allowing moving between analysis, design, and modeling phases.
This document discusses modeling software architecture with the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It begins with an introduction to software architecture concepts like components, connectors, and views. It then provides an overview of UML diagrams and how they can be used to model different views of a software architecture. As an example, it analyzes the C2 Generator system and shows how UML can be used to model the logical decomposition, conceptual view, and other aspects of its architecture. The document demonstrates how UML is a useful tool for software architectural modeling and representation.
The document discusses the differences between software analysis and design. It provides details on:
- Analysis focuses on clarifying requirements and exploring the problem domain to identify concepts and analysis classes.
- Design starts with exploring the solution domain to formulate the system design using tools like class and object diagrams.
- Key outcomes of analysis include requirement specifications while design outcomes include low-level system design documentation.
- Analysis involves system analysts and end users while design involves system architects and developers.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses traditional software development approaches versus object-oriented approaches. The key aspects of object-oriented development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Software development life cycle stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing are also summarized. The document compares structured and object-oriented approaches and provides examples of object-oriented programming and design methodologies.
OOAD - Systems and Object Orientation ConceptsVicter Paul
The document discusses key concepts in systems analysis and design as well as object orientation. It defines a system as a set of elements arranged to accomplish an objective. Systems have inputs, processes, and outputs. Characteristics of systems include organization, interaction, interdependence, and a central objective. The document contrasts procedural and object-oriented programming, noting that object-oriented programming emphasizes objects/data while hiding data and combining data and methods. Finally, the document outlines fundamental concepts in object orientation like objects, classes, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
This document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It introduces key OOAD concepts like classes, objects, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and associations. It explains that OOAD implements object-oriented analysis to develop an object model of the problem, object-oriented design to develop a model of the solution, and object-oriented programming to develop the model using an OO language. The document also discusses using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for OOAD, with examples of use case diagrams and class diagrams. It provides external readings on OOAD and gives homework questions related to analyzing a class diagram for an elevator system.
UML diagrams can be used in three ways: as a sketch, blueprint, or programming language. As a sketch, UML diagrams are informal and aim to communicate some aspect of a system to better understand it. As a blueprint, UML diagrams are more definitive and can be used by developers to follow detailed design specifications. As a programming language, UML diagrams specify a complete system so that code can be automatically generated from the diagrams.
This document discusses different design methods and views used in software architecture and development processes. It describes procedural, structural and object-oriented design methods. It also discusses the 4+1 view model, which separates an architecture into 5 views - logical, process, development, physical and use case views. Finally, it summarizes the Unified Process (UP), which is an iterative software development process consisting of inception, elaboration, construction and transition phases focused on requirements, analysis, design, implementation and testing workflows.
This document discusses applying the 4+1 view architecture model with UML 2 diagrams. The 4+1 view model uses multiple views to represent an application's architecture from different stakeholder perspectives. The views are the logical view, process view, implementation view, deployment view, and use case view. The document maps various UML 2 diagrams that can be used to model each of these views, such as using class diagrams, package diagrams, and state machine diagrams for the logical view, and sequence diagrams and communication diagrams for the process view. It provides an overview of the benefits of using UML 2 diagrams to model architecture compared to UML 1.x.
The document discusses Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). It summarizes several chapters from a book on OOAD, including complexity in software, the object model, classes and objects, classification, UML notation, development processes, and pragmatics. The author provides their opinion of the book, noting it has some good information but is difficult to read in places. Overall, the discussion emphasizes that design requires balancing trade-offs and making informed choices based on each project's overall criteria.
Function-oriented design views a system as modules with clearly defined behaviors that interact to meet requirements. It discusses various design methodologies including structured design methodology which involves identifying inputs/outputs and transformations, and factoring modules into submodules. Design quality can be evaluated using metrics related to cohesion, coupling, complexity, and information flow.
System Analysis & Design AND Software Engineering TopicsDabhi Tribhovan M.
This document discusses systems analysis and design as well as software engineering. It covers various types of systems including solar, transportation, computer, and information systems. It describes the roles and responsibilities of a systems analyst in requirements gathering, evaluation, problem solving, and specification drawing. The systems development life cycle is also outlined including phases such as feasibility study, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Common design tools like flowcharts, data flow diagrams, and data dictionaries are named. Finally, it briefly introduces quality assurance and quality control concepts.
The 4+1 view model was designed by Philippe Kruchten as a framework for describing the architecture of software systems using multiple views. It defines four primary views - logical, development, process, and physical - as well as a supplementary scenarios or use cases view. Each view represents a different stakeholder perspective and allows separation of architectural concerns through the use of modeling diagrams like UML.
This document discusses object-oriented concepts including identity, classification, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It defines these concepts and provides examples. Identity refers to each object having its own identity even if attribute values are identical. Classification groups objects of the same structure and behavior into classes. Inheritance allows classes to inherit attributes and behaviors from superclasses. Polymorphism allows the same operation to have different implementations for different classes. Abstraction focuses on essential aspects and ignores non-essential details. The document also discusses class, state, and interaction models for describing different views of a system.
Information Systems Analysis and Design Overview of OOAD, UML, and RUPDang Tuan
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It discusses key OO concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also outlines the phases and disciplines of RUP, including inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. Iterative development and UML diagrams like use cases and class models are presented as core parts of the OO analysis and design methodology.
This summary provides an overview of the key concepts discussed in the document:
1. The document discusses various object-oriented analysis and design concepts including use case modeling, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), activity diagrams, associations, aggregation, and composition.
2. It provides descriptions and examples of these concepts, such as defining use cases, actors, and use case diagrams. Activity diagrams are described as showing workflows and processes.
3. The document also discusses UML notation for modeling associations, including binary and ternary associations, and modeling cardinality ratios between associated classes.
This document contains a chapter from a course manual on Object Oriented Analysis and Design. The chapter discusses the inherent complexity of software systems. It identifies four main reasons for this complexity: 1) the complexity of the problem domain and changing requirements, 2) the difficulty of managing large software development teams, 3) the flexibility enabled by software which can lead to more demanding requirements, and 4) the challenges of characterizing the behavior of discrete systems. Software systems can range from simple to highly complex, depending on factors like purpose, lifespan, number of users, and role in research.
Devnology Back to School: Empirical Evidence on Modeling in Software DevelopmentDevnology
Modeling is a common part of modern day software engineering practice. Little scientific evidence is known about how models are made and how they help in producing better software. In this talk Michel Chaudron presents highlights from a decade of research that he has performed in the area of software modeling using UML. Topics that will be addressed: What is the state of UML modeling in practice? What are effective techniques for assessing the quality of UML models? How do engineers look at UML models? Do UML models actually help in creating better software?
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and its role in the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes various SDLC approaches like waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and incremental. The spiral approach includes iterative and linear aspects. OOAD uses object-oriented concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism in the design phase.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts like refinement, extensibility, and design for reusability. It provides details on different types of extensibility like white-box, black-box, and gray-box extensibility. It also discusses object-oriented database management systems and compares relational databases with object-oriented databases.
Social and cultural issues in requirements engineeringImran Hussain Khan
The document discusses social and cultural issues that can arise in requirements engineering. It identifies six areas where social issues may occur: within the client organization, within the requirements team, between the client and requirements team, between the development and requirements teams, within the development team, and between the development team and client. Cultural issues can also emerge from differences in time zones, language, religion, ethics, politics, and business environments when organizations collaborate across borders. Addressing these issues requires understanding differences, avoiding offensive remarks, focusing on customer needs, and using technology to facilitate cross-border collaboration.
Software System Engineering - Chapter 6Fadhil Ismail
This document discusses models and diagrams in software engineering. It defines a model as a representation of something else that includes the right level of detail. Models can represent real or imaginary things. Diagrams use abstract shapes and symbols to represent parts of a model according to visual standards. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) defines standard diagram types for modeling software systems. Models in UML combine diagrams, documentation, and other data to provide complete views of a system from different perspectives.
Software System Engineering - Chapter 5Fadhil Ismail
This document discusses the fundamental concepts of object-orientation including objects, classes, instances, generalization and specialization, message-passing, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Objects have state, behavior, and identity. A class defines a collection of attributes and behaviors that describe objects of that class. Objects are instances of classes that inherit attributes and behaviors. Classes can be generalized into superclasses and specialized into subclasses. Objects communicate through message-passing and encapsulate their internal data and operations. Polymorphism allows objects to respond appropriately to the same message. The object-oriented approach can save effort through code reuse and improve quality with increased modularity.
The document discusses the differences between software analysis and design. It provides details on:
- Analysis focuses on clarifying requirements and exploring the problem domain to identify concepts and analysis classes.
- Design starts with exploring the solution domain to formulate the system design using tools like class and object diagrams.
- Key outcomes of analysis include requirement specifications while design outcomes include low-level system design documentation.
- Analysis involves system analysts and end users while design involves system architects and developers.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses traditional software development approaches versus object-oriented approaches. The key aspects of object-oriented development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Software development life cycle stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing are also summarized. The document compares structured and object-oriented approaches and provides examples of object-oriented programming and design methodologies.
OOAD - Systems and Object Orientation ConceptsVicter Paul
The document discusses key concepts in systems analysis and design as well as object orientation. It defines a system as a set of elements arranged to accomplish an objective. Systems have inputs, processes, and outputs. Characteristics of systems include organization, interaction, interdependence, and a central objective. The document contrasts procedural and object-oriented programming, noting that object-oriented programming emphasizes objects/data while hiding data and combining data and methods. Finally, the document outlines fundamental concepts in object orientation like objects, classes, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
This document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It introduces key OOAD concepts like classes, objects, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and associations. It explains that OOAD implements object-oriented analysis to develop an object model of the problem, object-oriented design to develop a model of the solution, and object-oriented programming to develop the model using an OO language. The document also discusses using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for OOAD, with examples of use case diagrams and class diagrams. It provides external readings on OOAD and gives homework questions related to analyzing a class diagram for an elevator system.
UML diagrams can be used in three ways: as a sketch, blueprint, or programming language. As a sketch, UML diagrams are informal and aim to communicate some aspect of a system to better understand it. As a blueprint, UML diagrams are more definitive and can be used by developers to follow detailed design specifications. As a programming language, UML diagrams specify a complete system so that code can be automatically generated from the diagrams.
This document discusses different design methods and views used in software architecture and development processes. It describes procedural, structural and object-oriented design methods. It also discusses the 4+1 view model, which separates an architecture into 5 views - logical, process, development, physical and use case views. Finally, it summarizes the Unified Process (UP), which is an iterative software development process consisting of inception, elaboration, construction and transition phases focused on requirements, analysis, design, implementation and testing workflows.
This document discusses applying the 4+1 view architecture model with UML 2 diagrams. The 4+1 view model uses multiple views to represent an application's architecture from different stakeholder perspectives. The views are the logical view, process view, implementation view, deployment view, and use case view. The document maps various UML 2 diagrams that can be used to model each of these views, such as using class diagrams, package diagrams, and state machine diagrams for the logical view, and sequence diagrams and communication diagrams for the process view. It provides an overview of the benefits of using UML 2 diagrams to model architecture compared to UML 1.x.
The document discusses Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD). It summarizes several chapters from a book on OOAD, including complexity in software, the object model, classes and objects, classification, UML notation, development processes, and pragmatics. The author provides their opinion of the book, noting it has some good information but is difficult to read in places. Overall, the discussion emphasizes that design requires balancing trade-offs and making informed choices based on each project's overall criteria.
Function-oriented design views a system as modules with clearly defined behaviors that interact to meet requirements. It discusses various design methodologies including structured design methodology which involves identifying inputs/outputs and transformations, and factoring modules into submodules. Design quality can be evaluated using metrics related to cohesion, coupling, complexity, and information flow.
System Analysis & Design AND Software Engineering TopicsDabhi Tribhovan M.
This document discusses systems analysis and design as well as software engineering. It covers various types of systems including solar, transportation, computer, and information systems. It describes the roles and responsibilities of a systems analyst in requirements gathering, evaluation, problem solving, and specification drawing. The systems development life cycle is also outlined including phases such as feasibility study, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Common design tools like flowcharts, data flow diagrams, and data dictionaries are named. Finally, it briefly introduces quality assurance and quality control concepts.
The 4+1 view model was designed by Philippe Kruchten as a framework for describing the architecture of software systems using multiple views. It defines four primary views - logical, development, process, and physical - as well as a supplementary scenarios or use cases view. Each view represents a different stakeholder perspective and allows separation of architectural concerns through the use of modeling diagrams like UML.
This document discusses object-oriented concepts including identity, classification, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It defines these concepts and provides examples. Identity refers to each object having its own identity even if attribute values are identical. Classification groups objects of the same structure and behavior into classes. Inheritance allows classes to inherit attributes and behaviors from superclasses. Polymorphism allows the same operation to have different implementations for different classes. Abstraction focuses on essential aspects and ignores non-essential details. The document also discusses class, state, and interaction models for describing different views of a system.
Information Systems Analysis and Design Overview of OOAD, UML, and RUPDang Tuan
The document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It discusses key OO concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also outlines the phases and disciplines of RUP, including inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. Iterative development and UML diagrams like use cases and class models are presented as core parts of the OO analysis and design methodology.
This summary provides an overview of the key concepts discussed in the document:
1. The document discusses various object-oriented analysis and design concepts including use case modeling, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), activity diagrams, associations, aggregation, and composition.
2. It provides descriptions and examples of these concepts, such as defining use cases, actors, and use case diagrams. Activity diagrams are described as showing workflows and processes.
3. The document also discusses UML notation for modeling associations, including binary and ternary associations, and modeling cardinality ratios between associated classes.
This document contains a chapter from a course manual on Object Oriented Analysis and Design. The chapter discusses the inherent complexity of software systems. It identifies four main reasons for this complexity: 1) the complexity of the problem domain and changing requirements, 2) the difficulty of managing large software development teams, 3) the flexibility enabled by software which can lead to more demanding requirements, and 4) the challenges of characterizing the behavior of discrete systems. Software systems can range from simple to highly complex, depending on factors like purpose, lifespan, number of users, and role in research.
Devnology Back to School: Empirical Evidence on Modeling in Software DevelopmentDevnology
Modeling is a common part of modern day software engineering practice. Little scientific evidence is known about how models are made and how they help in producing better software. In this talk Michel Chaudron presents highlights from a decade of research that he has performed in the area of software modeling using UML. Topics that will be addressed: What is the state of UML modeling in practice? What are effective techniques for assessing the quality of UML models? How do engineers look at UML models? Do UML models actually help in creating better software?
Object oriented analysis emphasizes investigating the problem domain to identify relevant objects and their relationships. The key goals are to define relevant classes and their attributes, operations, relationships, and behaviors through iterative refinement. Various analysis methods take different approaches, but generally involve use case modeling, class modeling, and behavior modeling.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and its role in the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes various SDLC approaches like waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and incremental. The spiral approach includes iterative and linear aspects. OOAD uses object-oriented concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism in the design phase.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts like refinement, extensibility, and design for reusability. It provides details on different types of extensibility like white-box, black-box, and gray-box extensibility. It also discusses object-oriented database management systems and compares relational databases with object-oriented databases.
Social and cultural issues in requirements engineeringImran Hussain Khan
The document discusses social and cultural issues that can arise in requirements engineering. It identifies six areas where social issues may occur: within the client organization, within the requirements team, between the client and requirements team, between the development and requirements teams, within the development team, and between the development team and client. Cultural issues can also emerge from differences in time zones, language, religion, ethics, politics, and business environments when organizations collaborate across borders. Addressing these issues requires understanding differences, avoiding offensive remarks, focusing on customer needs, and using technology to facilitate cross-border collaboration.
Software System Engineering - Chapter 6Fadhil Ismail
This document discusses models and diagrams in software engineering. It defines a model as a representation of something else that includes the right level of detail. Models can represent real or imaginary things. Diagrams use abstract shapes and symbols to represent parts of a model according to visual standards. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) defines standard diagram types for modeling software systems. Models in UML combine diagrams, documentation, and other data to provide complete views of a system from different perspectives.
Software System Engineering - Chapter 5Fadhil Ismail
This document discusses the fundamental concepts of object-orientation including objects, classes, instances, generalization and specialization, message-passing, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Objects have state, behavior, and identity. A class defines a collection of attributes and behaviors that describe objects of that class. Objects are instances of classes that inherit attributes and behaviors. Classes can be generalized into superclasses and specialized into subclasses. Objects communicate through message-passing and encapsulate their internal data and operations. Polymorphism allows objects to respond appropriately to the same message. The object-oriented approach can save effort through code reuse and improve quality with increased modularity.
The document discusses software architecture and its importance in software design. It describes how architecture allows engineers to analyze a design's effectiveness, consider alternatives, and reduce risks. It also outlines several common architectural styles like data-centered, data flow, call and return, object-oriented, and layered architectures. Specific architectural patterns for concurrency, persistence, and distribution are also mentioned. The document concludes by describing architectural context diagrams, archetypes, components, and how they are used in architectural design.
The document discusses various prescriptive process models including traditional models like waterfall, incremental, prototyping, and spiral as well as specialized models like the unified process. The unified process draws from conventional models and emphasizes software architecture and an iterative, incremental approach. It consists of five phases - inception, elaboration, construction, transition, and production - with work products produced in each phase except production.
Objectives:
1. To understand the different processes in the realm of ‘Requirements Engineering’.
2. To see the challenges in requirements development and the importance of getting requirements right in an IT project.
3. To understand the different techniques used in different phases and processes of requirements development and management.
Software Development Life Cycle Models | What are Software Process Models ?
Here you are going to know What is Software Development Life Cycle Model or What are Software Process Models?
Software Process Models defines a distinct set of activities, actions, tasks, milestones, and work products that are required to engineer high-quality software...
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Software Process Models | Software Development Process Models | SDLC | Traditional Software Process Models | Waterfall Model Incremental Model | Prototyping Model | Evolutionary Process Model
This is an introductory lecture to Software Architecture Design Decisions, part of the Advanced Software Engineering course, at the University of L'Aquila, Italy (www.di.univaq.it/muccini/SE+/2012)
This lecture helps to understand basics software design and especially Architecture Design and its importance. This lecture also describes the goals and importance of architecture design.
Principles of software architecture designLen Bass
The document discusses principles of software architecture design. It states that quality attribute requirements have the strongest influence on architectural design. Quality attributes can be specified through concrete scenarios involving stimuli, sources, environments, artifacts, responses, and measures. Architectural tactics are techniques that improve specific quality attributes by modifying architectures. Tactics relate to quality models or expert experience and are important for designing and evaluating architectures.
The document describes different software development process models including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental development, spiral development, agile methods, and extreme programming. It explains each model and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall model is most appropriate when requirements are stable while agile methods are best for changing requirements but can be difficult to manage.
The document discusses the process of requirement engineering which involves identifying stakeholders, eliciting requirements, building use cases, negotiating requirements, and validating them. It explains the various steps in requirement engineering like understanding needs, analyzing and defining requirements, and establishing groundwork through stakeholder identification and viewpoints. The overall goal of requirement engineering is to help software engineers better understand problems by involving various participants like managers, customers and users.
This document introduces an Online Photo Processing System (OPPS) project presented to a professor. It summarizes the ordinary photo printing shop scenario where customers physically visit the shop and the proposed automated OPPS scenario where customers can upload and order prints online. It includes use case and deployment diagrams, comparisons of costs and time for each scenario, screenshots of the OPPS prototype, and details on the technologies used to develop the system.
The document discusses architectural design in software engineering. It introduces architectural design and explains its importance for establishing the overall structure of a software system. It notes that multiple models are required to fully document a software architecture and describes different types of architectural models that can be used, such as control models and modular decomposition. The document also discusses how domain-specific reference models can be used as a basis for product lines and compares software architectures.
This document outlines and compares five software development models: waterfall, iterative, V-shaped, spiral, and extreme programming. Each model is described in terms of its phases or activities, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model involves sequential non-overlapping phases from requirements to maintenance. Iterative development divides a project into smaller parts with feedback between phases. The V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each stage. The spiral model performs risk analysis and prototypes in iterative loops. Extreme programming focuses on small incremental releases and pair programming. In conclusion, the author states that different models suit different projects and each tries to improve on previous limitations.
An introduction to software engineering, based on the first chapter of "A (Partial) Introduction to Software Engineering
Practices and Methods" By Laurie Williams
Architectural Design in Software Engineering SE10koolkampus
The document introduces architectural design and discusses its importance in establishing the overall structure of a software system. It explains that multiple models are required to document a software architecture and describes common types of architectural models, including static, dynamic, interface, relationships, and domain-specific models. The document also discusses advantages of explicit architecture, the architectural design process, subsystems and modules, architectural styles, and attributes like performance, security, safety, availability, and maintainability.
The document introduces software process models including the waterfall model, evolutionary development, and component-based software engineering. It describes the Rational Unified Process model and discusses key process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. Computer-aided software engineering tools are introduced as a way to support various activities in the software development process.
This document discusses user interface design. It covers interface design models, principles, characteristics, user guidance, usability testing and examples. Some key points covered include the iterative UI design process of user analysis, prototyping and evaluation. Design principles like consistency and providing feedback are discussed. Interface styles like menus, commands and direct manipulation are presented along with guidelines for elements like color use and error messages. The goals of usability testing like obtaining feedback to improve the interface are outlined.
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The emergence of Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a standard for modeling systems has encouraged the use of automated software tools that facilitate the development process from analysis through coding. Reverse Engineering has become a viable method to measure an existing system and reconstruct the necessary model from its original. The Reverse Engineering of behavioral models consists in extracting high-level models that help understand the behavior of existing software systems. In this paper we present an ongoing work on extracting UML diagrams from object-oriented programming languages. we propose an approach for the reverse engineering of UML behavior from the analysis of execution traces produced dynamically by an object-oriented application using formal and semi-formal techniques for modeling the dynamic behavior of a system. Our methods show that this approach can produce UML behavioral diagrams in reasonable time and suggest that these diagrams are helpful in understanding the behavior of the underlying application.
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This document provides course notes on software architecture. It begins with an overview of the course and its modules. Module 1 covers UML architecture diagrams, including Kruchten's 4+1 View Model (logical, process, development, physical views and scenarios). It describes component diagrams, package diagrams, deployment diagrams, and activity diagrams. Module 2 will cover architectural styles like layered systems and pipes and filters. Module 3 discusses quality attributes, architecture analysis, trade-off analysis, and product lines.
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Software design plays an important role in developing software: during software design, software engineers produce various models that form a kind of blueprint of the solution to be implemented
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we propose an approach for modelling and analysis of performance in architecture level. To do this,we follow a general process which needs two formal notations for specifying architecture and performance models of system. In this paper we show how Stochastic Process Algebra (SPA) in the form of PEPA language can be used for performance modelling and analysis of software archi
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architecture has been analysed through PEPA toolkit for some properties like throughput, sensitivity analysis, response time and utilisation rate. The analysis results have been explained with regard to a realistic case study.
This document provides an overview and comparison of five software engineering models: waterfall, iteration, V-shaped, spiral, and extreme programming. It first defines what a software process model is and discusses some general models. It then focuses on describing the key aspects of each of the five models in more detail, including the waterfall model which consists of sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The document highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
This document compares five models of software engineering: waterfall, iterative, V-shaped, spiral, and extreme programming. It provides descriptions and comparisons of each model. The waterfall model is described as one of the oldest and most widely used models, with distinct phases from requirements to maintenance. However, it lacks flexibility. The iterative model allows for overlapping phases and faster results. The V-shaped model emphasizes testing and has deliverables at each phase but lacks flexibility. The spiral model focuses on risk analysis through iterations called spirals. It is useful for large projects but costly. Extreme programming emphasizes teamwork, customer involvement, and frequent small releases but may not work for all projects. In summary, the document examines the features, advantages, and
The document discusses object-oriented databases (OODBs). It states that choosing the right OODB architecture is crucial for performance and scalability, more so than with relational databases. With OODBs, the application architecture has a greater impact on performance compared to relational databases, as OODBs provide more direct access to persistent data. Consequently, the application architecture affects performance and scalability more than the choice of OODB.
Architecture Centric Development PPT PresentationERPCell
The π-Method is a formal method for architecture-centric software engineering that uses π-calculus, μ-calculus, and rewriting logic. It supports the formal modeling, analysis, refinement, and development of software systems from abstract architectural models to code generation. The π-Method aims to fully support the formal development of software architectures and enable rigorous analysis to guarantee system properties and quality.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes OOAD as modeling a system as interacting objects characterized by their class, state, and behavior. Various UML diagrams can show the static structure, dynamic behavior, and runtime deployment of these collaborating objects. It then discusses object-oriented analysis, design, and the Unified Process framework for software development before briefly introducing UML diagrams.
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Testing and verification of software model through formal semantics a systema...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on automated testing and verification of software models through formal semantics. It discusses various approaches for transforming UML diagrams into other representations to enable verification. The most widely used technique is model-based testing using use case, class, and state diagrams. Formalizing UML diagrams with other formal languages allows verification of properties. Automating test case generation from UML models can improve efficiency and effectiveness of software testing.
General Methodology for developing UML models from UIijwscjournal
In recent past every discipline and every industry have their own methods of developing products. It may
be software development, mechanics, construction, psychology and so on. These demarcations work fine
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Performance is an important quality aspect of Web Services because of their distributed nature.
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Cycle (SDLC). However, Performance models are generated from UML models. Methodologies for
predicting the performance from UML models is available. Hence, In this paper, a methodology for
developing Use Case model and Activity model from User Interface is presented. The methodology is
illustrated with a case study on Amazon.com.
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Round - Trip Software Engineering using UML: From Architecture to Design and Back
1. Round - Trip Software Engineering using UML: From Architecture to Design and Back
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Aman Mishra K1204B41
TERM PAPER
Round - Trip Software Engineering using UML:
From Architecture to Design and Back
Course Title: OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Course Code: CSE 315
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED TO: Pooja Devi Ma’am
Section: K1204
SUBMITTED BY: Aman Mishra
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 11210617
Date of Allotment: 31-01-2015
Date of Submission: 13-04-2015
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Acknowledgement
Prima facie, I am grateful to the God for the good health and
wellbeing that were necessary to complete this book.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Pooja Ma’am for
providing me with all the necessary facilities for the Term
Paper. I place on record, my sincere thanks to her, for the
continuous encouragement. I am extremely thankful and
indebted to her for sharing expertise, sincere, valuable guidance
and encouragement extended to me.
I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of my friend’s
for their help and support. I also thank my parents for the
unceasing encouragement, support and attention. I am also
grateful to my roommates who supported me through this
venture.
I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who
directly or indirectly, have let their hand in this venture.
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Contents
Abstract
What is RTE?
Characteristics of RTE
Introduction
Using UML to Model Software
Architectures
Reconciling Architectural View
Mismatches
Observations
Current Status and Future Work
References
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Abstract
A key promise of software architecture research is that better software systems can
result from modeling their important aspects throughout development. Choosing
which system aspects to model and how to evaluate them are two decisions that
frame software architecture research. Part of the software architecture community,
primarily from academia, has focused on analytic evaluation of architectural
descriptions. Another part of the community, primarily from industry, has chosen
to model a wide range of issues that arise in software development, with a family
of models that span and relate the issues. One problem that neither community has
adequately addressed to date is round-trip software engineering: consistently
refining a high-level model of a software system into a lower-level model (forward
engineering) and abstracting a low-level model into a higher-level one (reverse
engineering). This paper investigates the possibility of using the Unified Modeling
Language (UML), an object-oriented design language, to that end.
The paper assesses UML’s suitability for modeling architectural concepts and
provides a framework for identifying and resolving mismatches within and across
different UML views, both at the same level of abstraction and across levels of
abstraction. Finally, the paper briefly discusses our current tool support for round-
trip software engineering.
What is RTE?
Round-trip engineering (RTE) is a functionality of software development
tools that synchronizes two or more related software artifacts, such as, source code,
models, configuration files, and other documents. The need for round-trip
engineering arises when the same information is present in multiple artifacts and
therefore an inconsistency may occur if not all artifacts are consistently updated to
reflect a given change. For example, some piece of information was added
to/changed in only one artifact and, as a result, it became missing in/inconsistent
with the other artifacts.
Round-trip engineering is closely related to traditional software engineering
disciplines: forward engineering (creating software from specifications), reverse
engineering (creating specifications from existing software), and reengineering
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(understanding existing software and modifying it). Round-trip engineering is
often wrongly defined as simply supporting both forward and reverse engineering.
Characteristics of RTE
The key characteristic of round-trip engineering that distinguishes it from forward
and reverse engineering is the ability to synchronize existing artifacts that
evolved concurrently by incrementally updating each artifact to reflect changes
made to the other artifacts. Furthermore, forward engineering can be seen as a
special instance of RTE in which only the specification is present and reverse
engineering can be seen as a special instance of RTE in which only the software is
present. Many reengineering activities can also be understood as RTE when the
software is updated to reflect changes made to the previously reverse engineered
specification.
Another characteristic of round-trip engineering is automatic update of the artifacts
in response to automatically detected inconsistencies. In that sense, it is different
from forward- and reverse engineering which can be both manual (traditionally)
and automatic (via automatic generation or analysis of the artifacts). The automatic
update can be either instantaneous or on-demand. In instantaneous RTE, all related
artifacts are immediately updated after each change made to one of them. In on-
demand RTE, authors of the artifacts may concurrently evolve the artifacts (even in
a distributed setting) and at some point choose to execute matching to identify
inconsistencies and choose to propagate some of them and reconcile potential
conflicts.
Round trip engineering supports an iterative development process. After you have
synchronized your model with revised code, you are still free to choose the best
way to work – make further modifications to the code or make changes to your
model. You can synchronize in either direction at any time and you can repeat the
cycle as many times as necessary.
Round-trip engineering is critical for maintaining consistency among multiple
models and between the models and the code in Object Management Group's
(OMG) Model-driven architecture. OMG proposed
the QVT (query/view/transformation) standard to handle model transformations
required for MDA. To date, a few implementations of the standard have been
created. (Need to present practical experiences with MDA in relation to RTE).
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Introduction
The basic promise of software architecture research is that better software systems
can result from modeling their important aspects during, and especially early in the
development. Choosing which aspects to model and how to evaluate them are two
decisions that frame software architecture research. Part of the software
architecture research community has focused on analytic evaluation of
architectural descriptions. A large number of Architecture Description Languages
(ADLs) has been proposed. Each ADL embodies a particular approach to the
specification and evolution of an architecture, with specialized modeling and
analysis techniques that address specific system aspects in depth. Another part of
the community has focused on modeling a wide range of issues that arise in
software development, with a family of models that span and relate the issues of
concern. However, by emphasizing breadth over depth, many problems and errors
can potentially go undetected. One key cause is the lack of clear understanding of
the relationship among the different models; two related problems are refining
high-level models into lower-level models (forward engineering) and abstracting
low-level models into higher-level ones (reverse engineering), depicted in Figure1.
Table1 summarizes the two predominant approaches to addressing software
architectures. Although the positions of the two communities are more complex
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than represented in the table, we believe that the table provides a useful, if
simplified, overview of their relationship.
This issue paper investigates the possibility of using the Unified Modeling
Language (UML), an object-oriented design language, to span the two
communities. UML is well suited for this because it provides a large, useful, and
extensible set of predefined constructs, it is semi-formally defined, it has the
potential for substantial tool support, and it is based on experience with
mainstream development methods. The paper is based on a set of issues we have
explored to date. The key aspects of our work have been:
an assessment of UML’s suitability for modeling architectural concepts
provided by ADLs;
a framework for identifying and resolving mismatches within and across
different UML models, both at the same level of abstraction and across
levels of abstraction; and
tool support for integrating the above concepts into a round-trip engineering
environment.
In this paper, we briefly present three possible approaches to using UML
to model software architectures. We then discuss a view integration
framework used to support automated validation of a modeled software
system’s integrity. Finally, we make some general observations on using
UML to model software architectures, as well as ensuring consistent and
complete refinement of architectures into designs and reverse-
engineering of architectures from designs.
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Using UML to Model Software Architectures
The four-layer metamodeling architecture of UML suggests three possible
strategies for modeling software architectures in UML:
use UML “as is,”
constrain the UML meta model using UML’s built-in extension
mechanisms, and
Augment the UML Meta model to directly support the needed architectural
concepts.
We use a diagram that conceptually depicts UML’s four-layer metamodeling
architecture, shown in Figure2, to illustrate the three approaches. Each approach
has certain potential advantages and disadvantages for forward and reverse
engineering, discussed below.
Strategy 1: Using UML “As Is”
The simplest strategy is to use the existing UML model to represent software
architectures (Figure2a). A major advantage of the approach is that it results
in architectural models that are immediately understandable by any UML
user and manipulable by UML-compliant tools. However, the approach
would provide no means for explicitly representing the relationship between
existing UML constructs and architectural concepts for which there is no
direct UML counterpart (e.g., software connectors or architectural style
rules). Rather, this relationship would have to be maintained implicitly by the
software architect. This approach would thus also present a considerable
challenge in trying to reverse engineer a system’s architecture from its UML
model. None of the UML artifacts would contain any architectural
information or explicitly represent architect’s intentions. Instead, the
architecture would have to be inferred from the design elements and their
interactions. The repeatability of such a process is questionable: it is likely
that different people would deem different elements of the UML model
architecturally relevant, resulting in different (reverse engineered)
architectures.
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Strategy 2: Constraining UML
The space of software design situations and concerns for which UML is intended
exceeds that of software architectures. Therefore, one possible approach to
modeling architectures in UML is to constrain UML via stereotypes to address new
concerns in software development.
Conceptually, this approach can be represented using UML’s metamodeling
architecture from Figure 2b: only the relevant portion of the UML model is made
available to the software architect. To date, we have applied this strategy to three
ADLs: C2, Wright, and Rapide.
The major advantage of this approach is that it explicitly represents and enforces
architectural constraints. Furthermore, an architecture specified in this manner
would still be manipulable by standard UML tools and would be understandable by
UML users (with some added effort in studying the stereotypes, partly expressed in
OCL). Finally, the task of reverse engineering the architecture from a UML model
with explicitly specified stereotypes would be greatly simplified.
A disadvantage of the approach is that it may be difficult to fully and correctly
specify the boundaries of the modeling space in Figure2b. Additionally, as a
practical concern, no tools that enforce OCL constraints in UML specifications
currently exist. Finally, our extensive study of relating UML and ADLs using this
strategy has shown that certain ADL features for modeling architectural semantics
10. Round - Trip Software Engineering using UML: From Architecture to Design and Back
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cannot be easily (or at all) represented in UML. An example is Rapide’s event
causality.
Another issue related to this strategy is the manner in which ADL-specific
stereotypes are actually used within UML (see Figure3). There are two
possibilities:
UML is used as the primary development notation, from which excursions
are made to various ADLs (with the help of ADL-specific stereotypes) in
order to exploit the existing ADL tool support;
UML is used as the only development notation and ADL-specific
stereotypes are accompanied by ADL-specific tools that have been modified
to operate on UML specifications.
There are difficulties associated with both options. Using UML as the primary
notation requires transformations both from a UML model to its ADL counterpart
and from a possibly modified ADL model back to UML. This is a difficult task. To
date, we have only shown how a UML model (extended via stereotypes) can be
mapped to an ADL, but not vice versa. Using UML as the sole notation, on the
other hand, requires modification, and perhaps reimplementation, of tool support
that already exists for specific ADLs.
Strategy 3: Augmenting UML
One obvious, and therefore tempting, approach to using UML to support the
needs of software architectures is to extend UML’s meta model to directly
support architectural concepts, as shown in Figure2c. Extending the Meta
model helps to formally incorporate new modeling capabilities into UML.
The potential benefit of such an extension is that it could fully capture every
desired feature of every ADL. Furthermore, if features from the extended
version are used in modeling a system’s design, the task of reverse
engineering the system’s architecture from the design is greatly simplified.
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However, such an extension to UML would not come without a price. The
challenge of standardization is finding a language that is general enough to capture
needed concepts without adding too much complexity, while such a modification
would result in a notation that is overly complex. Moreover, unless the extensions
were made part of the UML standard, they would be nonconforming, incompatible
with UML-compliant tools, and potentially incomprehensible to architects.
Reconciling Architectural View Mismatches
A major emphasis in architecture-based software development is placed on
identifying and reconciling mismatches within and among different views of a
system (as enabled, e.g., by UML diagrams at different levels of abstraction). One
face of our work has been to investigate the ways of describing and identifying the
causes of architectural mismatches in UML views. To this end, we have devised
and applied a view integration framework, accompanied with a set of activities and
techniques for identifying mismatches in an automatable fashion, described below.
This approach exploits redundancy between views: for instance, if view A contains
information about view B, this information can be seen as a constraint on B. The
view integration framework is used to enforce such constraints and, thereby, the
consistency across the views. In addition to constraints and consistency rules, our
view integration framework also defines what information can be exchanged
across different views and how it can be exchanged. This is critical for automating
the process of identifying and resolving inconsistencies. The view integration
framework is depicted in Figure4. The System Model represents the (UML) model
of the designed software system. In the course of forward software engineering,
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new information is added to the system model and existing views are updated; in
the case of reverse engineering, information from existing views is abstracted to
create new, higher level views (View Synthesis). Whenever new information is
added or a new view created, it must be validated against the system model to
ensure its conceptual integrity (View Analysis). View Analysis involves the
following major activities:
Mapping identifies related pieces of information and there by describes what
information is overlapping. Mapping is often done manually via naming
dictionaries or traceability matrices. A major part of our work has focused
on automating this task by using patterns, shared interfaces, and inter-view
dependency traces.
Transformation of model elements in order to simplify, i.e., generalize, a
detailed view (abstraction) or exchange information between different types
of views (translation).
Differentiation traverses the model to identify potential mismatches within
its elements. Potential mismatches can be automatically identified through
the use of rules and constraints. Mismatch identification rules can frequently
be complemented by mismatch resolution rules. Automated differentiation is
strongly dependent on transformation and mapping.
To date, we have applied our view integration framework on several UML views:
class and object diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state chart diagrams. We have
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also expanded the use of the framework beyond UML, to architectural styles (e.g.,
C2, pipe-and-filter, layered, etc.) And design patterns.
A strong benefit of this framework is that it can be applied to both forward and
reverse engineering. In forward engineering, the architect may start off by
describing the architecture, followed by the design (and, subsequently, the
implementation). Our view integration framework may then be applied to ensure
that the design is consistent internally as well as with higher-level abstractions
(including the architecture). Thus, the first step includes the creation of views at
various levels, whereas the second step validates the conceptual integrity of those
views.
In reverse engineering, the architect follows essentially the same procedure.
Obviously, a distinction is in step one where the architecture is now created from
the design; however, the validation process (step two) remains the same. When
ensuring the integrity of two models, it does not matter which one is created first:
interview consistency and completeness can be validated either way.
As outlined in our integration framework, consistency between views at various
levels of abstraction is enabled by transforming lower-level views into higher-level
ones. Thus, our framework has the potential to further support reverse engineering
by semi-automatically generating higher-level abstractions from lower-level
models. This is achieved by using the transformation techniques summarized
above. At that point, step two of our reverse engineering process is applied to
ensure that subsequent changes to the derived abstraction (e.g., the architecture)
remain consistent with the initial model (e.g., the design).
Observations
Our effort to date has furthered our understanding of UML’s suitability for
supporting architecture based, roundtrip software engineering. We have gained
valuable insights on which we intend to base our future work. These insights are
discussed below.
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Software Modeling Philosophies Neither UML nor ADLs constrain the
choice of implementation language or require that any two components be
implemented in the same language or thread of control. ADLs or styles may
assume particular communication protocols and UML typically supports
such restrictions. The behavior of architectural constructs (components,
connectors, communication ports, and so forth) can usually be modeled with
UML’s sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. Existing
ADLs are usually able to support only a subset of these kinds of semantic
models.
Assumptions Like any notation, UML embodies certain assumptions about
its intended usage. Software “architecting,” in the sense it is often used in
the architecture community (by employing conceptual components,
connectors, and their configurations, exploiting rules of specific architectural
styles, and modeling local and global architectural behavior and constraints),
was not an intended use of UML. A software architect may thus find that the
support for the desired architectural constructs found in UML only partially
satisfies his/her needs.
Problem Domain Modeling UML provides extensive support for modeling
a problem domain. Architectural models described in ADLs, however, often
hide much of the information present in a domain model. Modeling all the
relevant information early in the development lifecycle is crucial to the
success of a software project. Therefore, a domain model should be
considered a separate and useful architectural perspective.
Architectural Abstractions Some concepts of software architectures are
very different from those of UML. For example, connectors are first class
entities in many ADLs. We have demonstrated that the functionality of a
connector can typically be abstracted by a class or component. However,
connectors may have properties that are not directly supported by a UML
class. The under lying problem is even deeper. Although UML may provide
modeling power equivalent to or surpassing that of an ADL, the abstractions
it provides may not match an architect’s mental model of the system as
faithfully as the architect’s ADL of choice. If the primary purpose of a
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language is to provide a vehicle of expression that matches the intuitions and
practices of users, then that language should aspire to reflect those intentions
and practices. We believe this to be a key issue: a given language (e.g.,
UML) offers a set of abstractions that an architect uses as design tools; if
certain abstractions (e.g., components and connectors) are buried in others
(e.g., classes), the architect’s job is made more (and unnecessarily) difficult;
separating components from connectors, raising them both to visibility as
top level abstractions, and endowing them with certain features and
limitations also raises them in the consciousness of the designer.
Architectural Styles Architecture is the appropriate level of abstraction at
which rules of a compositional style (i.e., an architectural style) can be
exploited and should be elaborated. Doing so results in a set of heuristics
that, if followed, will guarantee a resulting system certain desirable
properties. Standard UML provides no support for architectural styles; the
rules of different styles somehow have to be built into UML. We have done
so by using stereotypes. One potential problem with this approach, as
already discussed, is ensuring that style rules are correctly and completely
captured in UML.
Architectural Views ADLs typically support modeling of a limited number
of architectural views, but ensure their full consistency and inter-
changeability. UML, on the other hand, allows designers to model a system
from many perspectives, but does not provide mechanisms for ensuring their
consistency. The presence of multiple, possibly inconsistent views in a UML
model is very likely to make the task of reverse engineering more
challenging. Both UML and ADLs can therefore benefit from techniques for
view mismatch identification and reconciliation.
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Current Status and Future Work
We intend to expand this work in several directions, including providing tool
support for using UML in architecture modeling, maintaining traceability and
consistency between architectural and design decisions, and combining the
existing implementation generation and reverse engineering capabilities for
ADLs and UML. We also intend to draw upon our experience to date to
suggest specific extensions needed in the UML Meta model to better support
software architectures.
We have already begun to address several of these issues. We have developed
an initial integration of DRADEL, an environment for C2 style architecture
based development, with Rational Rose, an environment for software design
and implementation with UML. The integration enables automated mapping
from an architecture described in C2’s ADL into UML using both Strategies
1 and 2. Currently, this mapping is Uni-directional and the UML model is
consistent with respect to the architecture only initially; any subsequent
refinements of the UML model may violate architectural decisions. Also, as
additional views are introduced into the design (e.g., activity and deployment
diagrams), their consistency with the existing views (e.g. state and class
diagrams) must be ensured. To this end, we are beginning to develop a set of
techniques and associated tool support to ensure full integration of views in
UML.
The resulting tool, UML/Analyzer, provides automated support for forward
and reverse engineering using UML class diagrams. In the future, this support
will be extended to other kinds of UML diagrams and to architectures
modeled in DRADEL.
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