1) Medieval Christianity had a strong influence on all aspects of life, including rituals, prayer, fasting, and tithing. The Crusades aimed to retake Jerusalem from Muslim control. 2) Romanesque art from the 11th-12th centuries aimed to spread religion through symbolic sculptures and paintings in churches. Architecture used stone and thick walls with small windows. 3) In the 13th century, urban culture grew as cities commissioned art, universities were founded, and new mendicant orders emerged to serve in cities instead of monasteries.

1. Romanesque and Gothic
Unit 4 - 2º ESO

2. 1- What was medieval Christianity like?
The Church affected in every aspect of life:
● Rites: baptism, marriage, death…
● Pray in the Church every day.
● Fast during Lent.
● Receive communion.
● Pilgrimage to a holy place.
● Church bells to regulate peasants’ working hours.
● Christian calendar.
● Lands owned by the Church received rents.
● Tithe.
● The Crusades.

3. The Crusades

4. The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of wars during the Middle Ages where the Christians of
Europe tried to retake control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Why did they want to control Jerusalem?
Jerusalem was important to a number of religions during the Middle Ages. It was
important to Jewish people as it was the site of the original temple to God built by
King Solomon. It was important to the Muslims because it was where they believe
Muhammad ascended to heaven. It was important to Christians as it is where Christ
was crucified and rose again.
Who fought in the Crusades?
The Crusades were between the armies of the Europe, mostly the Holy Roman
Empire, and the Arabs that had control of Jerusalem.
There were around 30,000 soldiers from Europe in the first Crusade, they were made
up of Knights, peasants, and other commoners. Some saw the army as a way to get
rich and try out their fighting skills, while others saw it as a way into heaven.

5. The Crusades
Interesting Facts about the Crusades
● "Deus vult!", meaning "God wills it" was the battle cry of the Crusaders. It came from
a speech the Pope gave while gathering support for the First Crusade.
● The symbol of the Crusaders was a red cross. Soldiers wore it on their clothing and
armor. It was also used on flags and banners.
● Between the second and the third Crusades, the Teutonic Knights and the Templars
were formed to help defend Christendom. These were famous groups of Holy Knights.

6. Activities
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 39.

7. Romanesque Art
11-12th Centuries

8. 2- What was the Romanesque art like?
● It was a new western art style from the 11th century.
● It aimed to spread religion and bring people closer to God.
● The use of symbols was important (everything had a message).
● In this period, artists were anonymous, not really valued.

9. Romanesque architecture
● The most representative buildings were churches, cathedrals and
monasteries.
● The main material was stone.
● Roofs were made of wood at first, then changed into stone (fires).
● Roman elements were common (barrel vaults, domes, round arches,
columns, pillars).
● Walls were thick.
● Windows were very small (little light).
● Buildings looked very solid and compact.
● The churches were usually cruciform (symbol).

11. Architecture
Floor plan
Latin-cross plan

12. Architecture. Churches.
San Martín de Frómista (Palencia)

13. Churches.
Saint Nectaire, France.

14. Architecture. Cathedrals.
Santa María de Ciudad Rodrigo.

15. Cathedrals.
Old Cathedral. Salamanca.

16. Monasteries.
San Martín de Canigó (France)

17. Monasteries.
Santo Domingo de Silos
(Burgos)

18. Romanesque sculpture
● It had an educational and religious function.
● Size and shape were adapted to fit into the architecture.
● Sculptures were unrealistic.
● They were painted in bright colours.
● Parts of the churches that received more decoration: facades (especially
tympanums), capitals, and cloisters.
● Main materials: stone and wood.
● Main topics: religious.

19. SCULPTURE
Free-standing.
Cristo de Batlló. Virgin and Child

20. Sculpture. Free-standing
Christ on the cross. San Isidoro, León.

21. Sculpture. Reliefs.
Saint Pierre of Moissac. France. Façade.

22. Sculpture. Reliefs.
San Isidoro, León. Façade.

23. Sculpture. Reliefs.
Capitals, Arles and Silos.

24. Romanesque Painting
● The most important paintings were inside churches.
● Figures were unrealistic, rigid and schematic. Some were painted much
bigger to show their importance (symbolic).
● They were painted in bright colours.
● Figures were outlined in black.
● There were no background.
● There were different types of painting:
-Mural painting (walls)
-Panel painting (altars, altarpieces)
-Miniatures (manuscripts)

25. PAINTING. Mural Painting.
San Clemente de Tahull.

26. PAINTING. Mural Painting.
San Isidoro de León. Panteón Real.

27. PAINTING. Panel Painting.
Frontal de Aviá.

28. PAINTING. Panel Painting.
Frontal de la Seu d'Urgell.

29. PAINTING. Miniatures.

30. Activities
Exercise 1 on page 40, and 1 on page 41.

31. 3- How did Europe evolve after the 11th century?
URBAN CULTURE
● Renaissance in cities and urban life.
● Boom in architecture.
● Nobles and the Church commissioned works of art.
● Religious orders now decided to create their monasteries or convents
in the cities.
THE CREATION OF UNIVERSITIES
● The kings wanted educated people for their courts.
● Schools in the cities were either controlled by the church or by the town
council.
● Universities started with the desire of independence, not to depend on
the Church.

32. Mendicant orders
What is called the mendicant
movement in Church history
took place primarily in the 13th
century in Western Europe.
Up until that time the monks of
Europe worked at their trade in
their monastery. While
renouncing personal property,
they owned all things in common
as a community.
There emerged the new
mendicant orders founded by
Francis of Assisi (c.1181-1226)
and Dominic Guzman (c.1170-
1221).

33. Homework
Exercise 1 on page 42.

34. Gothic Art
13-15th Centuries

35. Origin
At the end of the 12th
Century the Gothic style of
art emerged in France.
After France, it quickly
spread to Europe.
As Romanesque art, it had
an educational and
religious purpose mainly.
But in this period civil art
developed also.

36. 4- What were Gothic sculpture and painting
like?
SCULPTURE
● Religious and educational function.
● Figures were not adapted to fit architecture. They became independent.
● Figures were more realistic and natural.
● Curved lines were popular. They tried to show movement.
● They tried to express feelings.
● Stone was the most commonly used material. Wood was also popular.
The main creations were:
● Altarpieces
● Choir stalls
● Capitals
● Tombs
● Gargoyles
● Facades

37. Sculpture
León Cathedral facade

38. Notre Dame, Paris. Facade.

39. Gothic
sculpture

41. Painting
In the Gothic style mural painting was less common. It was replaced by stained
glass windows, except in Italy.
Miniature continued being popular to illustrate manuscripts.
Painting on wood became popular later, and altarpieces were painted on
wood in one or more panels for the churches.
Religious scenes continued to be the most used, but a new theme appeared, the
portrait.
Main features:
● Bright colours
● Use of gold
● Background landscapes
● Greater realism and movement

42. Painting. Miniatures.

43. Panel painting. Altarpiece.

44. Painting

45. Panel Painting.

46. Stained glass windows
rose window

47. 5- What was Gothic architecture like?
The Cathedral was the most representative building. It was the centre of the
city. Religious services were held there. But they had other civil functions
before town halls were built. Guilds and municipal councils met there.
New architectural techniques:
● Pointed arch
● Rib vault
● Pillars
● Flying buttresses
● Thin walls and very high
● Big windows (stained glass and rose
windows in bright colours)
● Latin cross plan, polygonal apse
● Central nave higher and bigger

50. Architecture.
Cathedrals. León.

51. León.

52. Burgos

53. Toledo

54. Chartres Cathedral

56. Civil architecture. Town halls.
Bruselas Lovaina

57. Universities. Cambridge.

58. Markets (Lonjas)
Valencia
Palma de Mallorca

59. Activities
Exercise 1 on page 44, and 1-2 on page 45.
Exercise 3 on page 46.
Exercise 5 on page 47.