4 Songhai Empire to the 21st century Su2014Robert Ehrlich
The rise and fall of the Songhai Empire. While the fall is an immediate consequence of the Moroccan invasion subsequent events are dominated by conflicts with the Tuaregs of the Sahara and episodes of 'jihadist' regimes. Colonial powers enter the fray. Timbuktu becomes both a legend and a source of intellectual industry.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Rome built great stuff
• Rome built great roads to travel on and
aqueducts to bring water into the city.
• Rome also built great stadiums and
amphitheaters for the entertainment of the
people.
• Romans also developed the use of the arch.
3.
4. Rome was a Republic
• A republic is a form of government where
people elect representatives.
• The United States has a representative
government. We learned about this form of
government from the Romans.
5. The Senate
• The Senate led the
Roman Empire.
• They made the laws
for the republic.
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6. Rome’s women got shafted
• Rome might have had representative
government, but not all people were
represented.
• Roman women were not allowed to vote.
7. Roman Citizenship
• Romans had a strong sense of citizenship.
• Roman citizens were protected by Rome,
but had a duty to participate in society and
to make it better.
• The philosophy that preached good
citizenship was called Stoicism.
• Stoicism stressed the importance of being a
good citizen.
8. Roman Law and Rights
• Roman laws stressed fairness and common
sense.
• There was equal treatment under the law in
Rome and people were considered innocent
until proved guilty when accused of a
crime.
• We took much of our system of government
from the Romans.
9. Roman Art
• Mosaics were popular in Rome. A mosaic is
a picture made out of small, colored tiles or
pieces of glass.
• The Romans also made great statues that
looked like the real thing, even though they
were made from stone.
10.
11. Rome’s first emperor
• Octavian is Rome’s
first emperor.
• He took the name
Augustus Caesar.
• Under his rule, Rome
expanded and enjoyed
a period of peace.
12. Pax Romana
• Rome lived in peace for 200 years.
• It was called the Pax Romana, the Peace of
Rome. Unfortunately for Rome, the peace
would not last.
13. Rome grew weak
• Rome grew weak because it had grown too large.
• Another reason Rome grew weak is that they had
tax problems and couldn’t raise enough money to
keep the roads from crumbling.
• Slavery was also a problem in the empire. With so
many slaves, the people did not need to work.
• Internal problems that helped Rome’s downfall
were corrupt generals, civil wars, and economic
problems.
14. Barbarians at the gates
• Romans called the people who destroyed Rome
Barbarians.
• Romans called anyone who didn’t speak Greek,
even though the word barbarian actually means
uncivilized, lacking in culture and violent.
• The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
• The eastern part of the empire would survive.
15. Byzantium
• The eastern part of the Roman Empire became
known as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium.
16. Constantinople
• Constantinople was named for
emperor Constantine.
• Constantine was important
because he legalized
Christianity in the empire.
• Under Constantine’s rule,
Christianity spread greatly.
• He moved the capital of the
empire from Rome to
Constantinople.
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19. Justinian
• Justinian was the
greatest of the
Byzantine emperors.
• Justinian made many
changes in the laws.
• His laws were called
The Code of Justinian.
• Justinian also built
many churches
throughout the empire.
20. Disagreements between east
and west
• Most of the people in the Byzantine Empire were
Christian, but the people in the west and the
people in the east disagreed about how to worship
God.
• This led to a split in the Catholic Church. It was
called a schism.
• A schism is a split. The Roman Catholic Church
had a schism, splitting in half.
21. Two churches
• The church in the east was called Eastern
Orthodox.
• The church in the west was called Roman
Catholic.
22. Patriarch
• The leader of the
church in
Constantinople was
called the Patriarch.
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24. Constantinople is captured
• The split in the church weakened the
Byzantine Empire.
• In 1453, the Ottoman Turks captured
Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire
came to an end.
25. The Byzantine Empire
preserves great stuff
• The Byzantine Empire preserved the art and
literature of the Greeks and Romans.
• Without the Byzantine, the world may have
lost great treasures of the past.
