Salinity is one of the environmental factors that influence the growth performance of many fish. Salinity effects have been studied in several species of fish in ponds .
This document discusses the feeding habits and nutritional requirements of fish at different life stages. It begins by explaining that fish require energy, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals to sustain life and promote growth. It then discusses the feeding behaviors and nutritional needs of fish larvae, including their underdeveloped digestive systems and reliance on plankton and zooplankton. The document also categorizes different types of food sources for fish and classifies fish based on their dependence on food types and positions in the water column. Specific examples are provided of the feeding behaviors of fish larvae, juveniles, and adults.
This document summarizes an experiment on the effects of salinity on freshwater fishes. The experiment involved exposing freshwater fish to three different salinity levels (0%, 5%, and 15%) over seven days and observing changes. At 15% salinity, fish exhibited low energy, rigidity, loss of scales, and secretion from the body. Some fish died within a few days at 15% salinity. Physiological changes and deaths increased with higher salinity levels as freshwater fish lack mechanisms to tolerate saltwater. The results indicate that changes in salinity beyond about 9% can negatively impact or kill freshwater fish due to osmotic stress on their bodies.
Plankton are microscopic organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments. They are categorized into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are plant-like organisms that can photosynthesize, while zooplankton are animal plankton that consume other organisms. Plankton play important roles in aquatic ecosystems as indicators of water quality, primary producers that form the base of the food web, producers of oxygen through photosynthesis, and major participants in the global carbon cycle. They are studied and classified by size, nutritional requirements, length of planktonic life, and habitat. Understanding plankton communities provides insights into ecosystem health and functions.
The document summarizes the diversity of fishes, including their defining characteristics and classification. It describes the three main classes of fishes: jawless Agnatha such as hagfish and lampreys, cartilaginous Chondrichthyes including sharks and rays, and bony Osteichthyes such as ray-finned fish. Key traits discussed include types of skeleton, presence of jaws, fins, and scales. Examples are provided of distinguishing features for different groups like sharks, rays, and bony fish.
10. Impacts of climate change on aquaculture and fisheries in the Mekong regionLittle Daisy
This document outlines a proposed project to address climate change adaptation needs in aquaculture and inland fisheries in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The project would have 4 main components: 1) conducting vulnerability assessments and risk mapping, 2) developing and piloting adaptation measures using an ecosystem approach, 3) building adaptive capacity, and 4) monitoring and evaluation. The overall objective is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity of rural communities dependent on aquaculture and fisheries in the face of climate change risks. Key activities would include research, developing management plans, strengthening government and community capacity, and mainstreaming adaptation into policies. The project aims to support sustainable development and food security in vulnerable communities.
This document provides information on cage culture, including its history, benefits, risks, principles, and an example of pangasius cage culture in Vietnam. Cage culture started in the 1950s and has since spread worldwide. It provides benefits like high stocking densities and yields but also risks like disease outbreaks and environmental pollution. Principles of cage culture involve proper site selection, cage design and structure, species selection, and water quality management. Pangasius cage culture is then described in detail covering its site selection, cage design, stocking, feeding, husbandry, disease management, harvesting, and profits.
- Mugil cephalus, commonly known as the striped mullet, is an euryhaline fish that is cultured alone or with other fish species like tilapia.
- Grey mullet has been farmed for centuries in extensive and semi-intensive ponds in places like the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Egypt.
- Major producing countries include Italy, Israel, Egypt, Mexico, Peru, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Mullet is found worldwide in coastal waters except for some regions in the Americas.
This document discusses carbohydrates as a nutrient for fish. It begins by defining nutrients and describing the six major nutrient types, including carbohydrates. It then discusses carbohydrate digestion in fish and the factors that affect carbohydrate digestibility. While carbohydrates provide a cheap source of energy for fish feeds, their utilization depends on the fish species. The document concludes by listing the carbohydrate content of various fish feeds and restating that carbohydrates serve as an energy source for fish growth.
This document discusses the feeding habits and nutritional requirements of fish at different life stages. It begins by explaining that fish require energy, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals to sustain life and promote growth. It then discusses the feeding behaviors and nutritional needs of fish larvae, including their underdeveloped digestive systems and reliance on plankton and zooplankton. The document also categorizes different types of food sources for fish and classifies fish based on their dependence on food types and positions in the water column. Specific examples are provided of the feeding behaviors of fish larvae, juveniles, and adults.
This document summarizes an experiment on the effects of salinity on freshwater fishes. The experiment involved exposing freshwater fish to three different salinity levels (0%, 5%, and 15%) over seven days and observing changes. At 15% salinity, fish exhibited low energy, rigidity, loss of scales, and secretion from the body. Some fish died within a few days at 15% salinity. Physiological changes and deaths increased with higher salinity levels as freshwater fish lack mechanisms to tolerate saltwater. The results indicate that changes in salinity beyond about 9% can negatively impact or kill freshwater fish due to osmotic stress on their bodies.
Plankton are microscopic organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments. They are categorized into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are plant-like organisms that can photosynthesize, while zooplankton are animal plankton that consume other organisms. Plankton play important roles in aquatic ecosystems as indicators of water quality, primary producers that form the base of the food web, producers of oxygen through photosynthesis, and major participants in the global carbon cycle. They are studied and classified by size, nutritional requirements, length of planktonic life, and habitat. Understanding plankton communities provides insights into ecosystem health and functions.
The document summarizes the diversity of fishes, including their defining characteristics and classification. It describes the three main classes of fishes: jawless Agnatha such as hagfish and lampreys, cartilaginous Chondrichthyes including sharks and rays, and bony Osteichthyes such as ray-finned fish. Key traits discussed include types of skeleton, presence of jaws, fins, and scales. Examples are provided of distinguishing features for different groups like sharks, rays, and bony fish.
10. Impacts of climate change on aquaculture and fisheries in the Mekong regionLittle Daisy
This document outlines a proposed project to address climate change adaptation needs in aquaculture and inland fisheries in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The project would have 4 main components: 1) conducting vulnerability assessments and risk mapping, 2) developing and piloting adaptation measures using an ecosystem approach, 3) building adaptive capacity, and 4) monitoring and evaluation. The overall objective is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity of rural communities dependent on aquaculture and fisheries in the face of climate change risks. Key activities would include research, developing management plans, strengthening government and community capacity, and mainstreaming adaptation into policies. The project aims to support sustainable development and food security in vulnerable communities.
This document provides information on cage culture, including its history, benefits, risks, principles, and an example of pangasius cage culture in Vietnam. Cage culture started in the 1950s and has since spread worldwide. It provides benefits like high stocking densities and yields but also risks like disease outbreaks and environmental pollution. Principles of cage culture involve proper site selection, cage design and structure, species selection, and water quality management. Pangasius cage culture is then described in detail covering its site selection, cage design, stocking, feeding, husbandry, disease management, harvesting, and profits.
- Mugil cephalus, commonly known as the striped mullet, is an euryhaline fish that is cultured alone or with other fish species like tilapia.
- Grey mullet has been farmed for centuries in extensive and semi-intensive ponds in places like the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Egypt.
- Major producing countries include Italy, Israel, Egypt, Mexico, Peru, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Mullet is found worldwide in coastal waters except for some regions in the Americas.
This document discusses carbohydrates as a nutrient for fish. It begins by defining nutrients and describing the six major nutrient types, including carbohydrates. It then discusses carbohydrate digestion in fish and the factors that affect carbohydrate digestibility. While carbohydrates provide a cheap source of energy for fish feeds, their utilization depends on the fish species. The document concludes by listing the carbohydrate content of various fish feeds and restating that carbohydrates serve as an energy source for fish growth.
The document discusses the physical and chemical characteristics of limnetic environments that are important for aquaculture. It describes factors like temperature, depth, light, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, hardness and nutrients. Maintaining suitable levels of these characteristics is key to the suitability of a water body for fish culture and productivity. The document provides details on how these characteristics vary and interact in different types of water bodies.
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Effect of environmental factors on fish egg and larvae pptAshish sahu
Introduction
Marine oil spills can affect the ecosystem both through their physical influence on the organisms and through the effect of the various chemicals in the oil. On the physical side, organisms can get caught in the viscous oil. Oil can also form a barrier to the surface, which can be damaging for some species of fish when they come to the surface to fill the swim bladder (Sundby et al., 2013). There are also several chemicals in the oil that can increase the mortality for eggs and larvae (Neff et al., 2000; Barron et al., 2004). Oil can stimulate the formation of marine snow (Passow et al., 2012) that may subsequently sinks to the ocean floor where it can impact the benthic fauna. If conditions become anoxic, oil in the sediment would decay more slowly since the biological remineralization of the oil is retarded in anoxic conditions. The use of dispersants to increase the rate of remineralization has also received attention in terms of its potential negative effect on the ecosystem (Kleindienst et al., 2015; Vikebø et al., 2015).
This study focuses on the seas around southern Norway (Figure 1), where the currents are dominated by the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC) that flows along the coast all the way from the Skagerrak to northern Norway. This current would primarily transport oil spills, eggs, and larvae along the coast. In the northern part of the area, the NCC flows side by side with the Norwegian Atlantic Current (NAC), which is a more saline current also directed northwards. Strong winds of variable directions and high waves occur frequently, particularly during winter, and contribute to the upper layer drift. The area has strong mesoscale activity, particularly in the frontal region between the fresher NCC and the eastern branch of the NAC, and thus it is difficult to predict the local currents on short time scales. The tidal amplitudes, and consequently the tidal currents, are small (<1.0 m) in the southern parts of Norway, but become larger in northern Norway.
This document discusses fish diseases and control measures. It describes how fish can be affected by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Some common viral diseases discussed are Spring Viremia of Carp caused by Rhabdovirus, Swim Bladder Inflammation caused by SBI virus, and Viral Renal Disease of Eels. It also discusses Channel Catfish Viral Disease caused by Herpes virus and Pox Disease of Carps caused by Carp Pox virus. The document emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge of fish diseases for fish farmers and highlights how diseases can be controlled through proper pond maintenance and use of antibiotics.
This document summarizes information about Indian major carps and their reproductive biology. It discusses that the three major carps - Catla, Rohu and Mrigal - attain sexual maturity in their second year. Males mature earlier than females. Spawning occurs during the monsoon season in river systems. Carp eggs consist of a yolk surrounded by membranes and a micropyle. Hatching and larval development are also described. Methods for seed collection, induced breeding and hatchery operations are provided.
1. The document discusses methodologies for collecting data on inland fisheries in India. It outlines the types of data collected, including on fish biology, the fishery, and the environment.
2. It describes the timing and locations of data collection, including at markets, landing centers, and fishing villages. Frame surveys and regular surveys are used to monitor changes.
3. The development of data collection methods in India is summarized, from initial pilot investigations in the 1950s to the establishment of standardized methodology by CIFRI in the 1990s. Water bodies are classified into three groups for stratified sampling approaches.
This document discusses the feeding habits of fish. It begins by defining feeding habit as the kind of food an animal habitually consumes during its life or at a particular stage. It then describes different modes of feeding such as herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and limnivores. The document highlights that understanding the feeding habits of fish is important for polyculture systems. It also discusses the major types of feeding like grazing, predation, straining, sucking, and parasitism. Finally, it provides examples of different mouth structures in fish and how they relate to the fish's diet.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
Dams can negatively impact fisheries in several ways:
1) Dams block upstream fish migration, preventing access to spawning habitats and causing declines or extinction of migratory fish species.
2) Downstream migrating fish can be injured or killed passing through dam structures like turbines and spillways.
3) Dams transform river habitats and fragment ecosystems, eliminating lotic habitats and reducing habitat availability.
This document summarizes different reproductive strategies in fishes. It discusses that most fishes are oviparous and lay eggs externally. For marine fishes, the majority have pelagic eggs that float, while demersal eggs that sink are more common in freshwater. Some fishes are ovoviviparous or viviparous with internal fertilization. Different forms of parental care among fishes are also outlined, including by the male, female or both parents. Alternative reproductive strategies discussed include hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, and natural polyploids and hybrids.
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
This document discusses fertilization of fish ponds. It explains that fertilization increases essential nutrients which leads to increased productivity. It causes algal blooms that provide shade and prevent weed growth. Fertilizers are substances that increase natural food for fish. Organic fertilizers are cheaper and provide nutrients slowly while inorganics are more concentrated but must be carefully applied. The primary purpose of fertilization is to boost nutrients and productivity in fish ponds, but over-fertilization can deplete oxygen and harm fish. Proper scheduled application of fertilizers is important.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
This document discusses cold water fisheries in India. It describes the temperature range for cold water fisheries (5-25°C) and notes that states like Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are well-suited for cold water fisheries. It identifies important cold water fish species in India like various types of mahseer and trout. Mahseer can grow up to 1.5 meters long and breed from July to September. Trout generally feed on other fish and aquatic invertebrates. Cold water fisheries provide income, employment, and food for local populations and have significant potential to contribute to India's fisheries sector and economy.
The biofloc is a protein-rich aggregate of organic material and microorganisms that forms in aquaculture systems. Biofloc technology maintains water quality and provides nutrients by balancing carbon and nitrogen through the addition of carbon sources like molasses. It has been successfully used in tilapia and shrimp farming and allows for high stocking densities through natural water treatment. Key factors that must be controlled include carbon to nitrogen ratio, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels.
Researchers determine the age of fish by counting growth rings on structures like scales, otoliths, vertebrae, and the operculum. The most common technique uses the sagittal otolith, as it records an annual cycle of opaque and translucent zones. Scales are also widely used due to their structure recording growth rates, while slices of vertebrae and the operculum examined under a microscope reveal rings that indicate age.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
This document discusses fish nutrition and feed technology. It covers fundamentals of fish nutrition including the importance of proper nutrition for fish farming. Fish require proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals for healthy growth. Energy is also essential and is derived from dietary nutrients. The document outlines various forms of energy partitioning in fish and methods of energy metabolism. It discusses laws of thermodynamics and units of energy measurement. Feed formulation involves balancing protein, energy and amino acid levels. The steps in feed formulation include initial protein and energy balancing, checking indispensable amino acid levels, and consideration of additives.
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
Effect of Temperature and salinity change in metabolic.pptxPranali Marbade
This document discusses the effects of temperature and salinity on fish metabolism and energy conversion. It explains that temperature heavily influences fish physiology as ectothermic animals. Higher temperatures increase metabolic rate while lower temperatures decrease metabolism and immune function. Temperate fish have a wider thermal tolerance range than tropical fish. Salinity also affects osmoregulation energetics, with freshwater fish expending energy to absorb ions and seawater fish secreting ions. The interaction of temperature and salinity can impact fish growth, survival, and physiology through effects on osmoregulation, organic osmolytes, and hormones.
This document discusses water and soil quality management for aquaculture ponds and coastal systems. It provides ideal values for various physico-chemical parameters important for aquaculture, including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and nitrogenous compounds. Maintaining optimal levels of these water quality parameters is essential for fish growth and health. The document also describes methods for monitoring parameters like turbidity, transparency and controlling imbalances in the system.
The document discusses the physical and chemical characteristics of limnetic environments that are important for aquaculture. It describes factors like temperature, depth, light, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, hardness and nutrients. Maintaining suitable levels of these characteristics is key to the suitability of a water body for fish culture and productivity. The document provides details on how these characteristics vary and interact in different types of water bodies.
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Effect of environmental factors on fish egg and larvae pptAshish sahu
Introduction
Marine oil spills can affect the ecosystem both through their physical influence on the organisms and through the effect of the various chemicals in the oil. On the physical side, organisms can get caught in the viscous oil. Oil can also form a barrier to the surface, which can be damaging for some species of fish when they come to the surface to fill the swim bladder (Sundby et al., 2013). There are also several chemicals in the oil that can increase the mortality for eggs and larvae (Neff et al., 2000; Barron et al., 2004). Oil can stimulate the formation of marine snow (Passow et al., 2012) that may subsequently sinks to the ocean floor where it can impact the benthic fauna. If conditions become anoxic, oil in the sediment would decay more slowly since the biological remineralization of the oil is retarded in anoxic conditions. The use of dispersants to increase the rate of remineralization has also received attention in terms of its potential negative effect on the ecosystem (Kleindienst et al., 2015; Vikebø et al., 2015).
This study focuses on the seas around southern Norway (Figure 1), where the currents are dominated by the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC) that flows along the coast all the way from the Skagerrak to northern Norway. This current would primarily transport oil spills, eggs, and larvae along the coast. In the northern part of the area, the NCC flows side by side with the Norwegian Atlantic Current (NAC), which is a more saline current also directed northwards. Strong winds of variable directions and high waves occur frequently, particularly during winter, and contribute to the upper layer drift. The area has strong mesoscale activity, particularly in the frontal region between the fresher NCC and the eastern branch of the NAC, and thus it is difficult to predict the local currents on short time scales. The tidal amplitudes, and consequently the tidal currents, are small (<1.0 m) in the southern parts of Norway, but become larger in northern Norway.
This document discusses fish diseases and control measures. It describes how fish can be affected by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Some common viral diseases discussed are Spring Viremia of Carp caused by Rhabdovirus, Swim Bladder Inflammation caused by SBI virus, and Viral Renal Disease of Eels. It also discusses Channel Catfish Viral Disease caused by Herpes virus and Pox Disease of Carps caused by Carp Pox virus. The document emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge of fish diseases for fish farmers and highlights how diseases can be controlled through proper pond maintenance and use of antibiotics.
This document summarizes information about Indian major carps and their reproductive biology. It discusses that the three major carps - Catla, Rohu and Mrigal - attain sexual maturity in their second year. Males mature earlier than females. Spawning occurs during the monsoon season in river systems. Carp eggs consist of a yolk surrounded by membranes and a micropyle. Hatching and larval development are also described. Methods for seed collection, induced breeding and hatchery operations are provided.
1. The document discusses methodologies for collecting data on inland fisheries in India. It outlines the types of data collected, including on fish biology, the fishery, and the environment.
2. It describes the timing and locations of data collection, including at markets, landing centers, and fishing villages. Frame surveys and regular surveys are used to monitor changes.
3. The development of data collection methods in India is summarized, from initial pilot investigations in the 1950s to the establishment of standardized methodology by CIFRI in the 1990s. Water bodies are classified into three groups for stratified sampling approaches.
This document discusses the feeding habits of fish. It begins by defining feeding habit as the kind of food an animal habitually consumes during its life or at a particular stage. It then describes different modes of feeding such as herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and limnivores. The document highlights that understanding the feeding habits of fish is important for polyculture systems. It also discusses the major types of feeding like grazing, predation, straining, sucking, and parasitism. Finally, it provides examples of different mouth structures in fish and how they relate to the fish's diet.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
Dams can negatively impact fisheries in several ways:
1) Dams block upstream fish migration, preventing access to spawning habitats and causing declines or extinction of migratory fish species.
2) Downstream migrating fish can be injured or killed passing through dam structures like turbines and spillways.
3) Dams transform river habitats and fragment ecosystems, eliminating lotic habitats and reducing habitat availability.
This document summarizes different reproductive strategies in fishes. It discusses that most fishes are oviparous and lay eggs externally. For marine fishes, the majority have pelagic eggs that float, while demersal eggs that sink are more common in freshwater. Some fishes are ovoviviparous or viviparous with internal fertilization. Different forms of parental care among fishes are also outlined, including by the male, female or both parents. Alternative reproductive strategies discussed include hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, and natural polyploids and hybrids.
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
This document discusses fertilization of fish ponds. It explains that fertilization increases essential nutrients which leads to increased productivity. It causes algal blooms that provide shade and prevent weed growth. Fertilizers are substances that increase natural food for fish. Organic fertilizers are cheaper and provide nutrients slowly while inorganics are more concentrated but must be carefully applied. The primary purpose of fertilization is to boost nutrients and productivity in fish ponds, but over-fertilization can deplete oxygen and harm fish. Proper scheduled application of fertilizers is important.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
This document discusses cold water fisheries in India. It describes the temperature range for cold water fisheries (5-25°C) and notes that states like Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand are well-suited for cold water fisheries. It identifies important cold water fish species in India like various types of mahseer and trout. Mahseer can grow up to 1.5 meters long and breed from July to September. Trout generally feed on other fish and aquatic invertebrates. Cold water fisheries provide income, employment, and food for local populations and have significant potential to contribute to India's fisheries sector and economy.
The biofloc is a protein-rich aggregate of organic material and microorganisms that forms in aquaculture systems. Biofloc technology maintains water quality and provides nutrients by balancing carbon and nitrogen through the addition of carbon sources like molasses. It has been successfully used in tilapia and shrimp farming and allows for high stocking densities through natural water treatment. Key factors that must be controlled include carbon to nitrogen ratio, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels.
Researchers determine the age of fish by counting growth rings on structures like scales, otoliths, vertebrae, and the operculum. The most common technique uses the sagittal otolith, as it records an annual cycle of opaque and translucent zones. Scales are also widely used due to their structure recording growth rates, while slices of vertebrae and the operculum examined under a microscope reveal rings that indicate age.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
This document discusses fish nutrition and feed technology. It covers fundamentals of fish nutrition including the importance of proper nutrition for fish farming. Fish require proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals for healthy growth. Energy is also essential and is derived from dietary nutrients. The document outlines various forms of energy partitioning in fish and methods of energy metabolism. It discusses laws of thermodynamics and units of energy measurement. Feed formulation involves balancing protein, energy and amino acid levels. The steps in feed formulation include initial protein and energy balancing, checking indispensable amino acid levels, and consideration of additives.
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
Effect of Temperature and salinity change in metabolic.pptxPranali Marbade
This document discusses the effects of temperature and salinity on fish metabolism and energy conversion. It explains that temperature heavily influences fish physiology as ectothermic animals. Higher temperatures increase metabolic rate while lower temperatures decrease metabolism and immune function. Temperate fish have a wider thermal tolerance range than tropical fish. Salinity also affects osmoregulation energetics, with freshwater fish expending energy to absorb ions and seawater fish secreting ions. The interaction of temperature and salinity can impact fish growth, survival, and physiology through effects on osmoregulation, organic osmolytes, and hormones.
This document discusses water and soil quality management for aquaculture ponds and coastal systems. It provides ideal values for various physico-chemical parameters important for aquaculture, including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and nitrogenous compounds. Maintaining optimal levels of these water quality parameters is essential for fish growth and health. The document also describes methods for monitoring parameters like turbidity, transparency and controlling imbalances in the system.
Climate change is affecting natural food levels in oceans and seas in several ways:
1) Rising water temperatures and ocean acidification are damaging coral reefs and reducing habitats for fish and other marine life.
2) Changes in rainfall patterns and melting ice are altering freshwater flows into oceans, affecting food sources and habitats.
3) Increased frequency of extreme weather events like hurricanes are causing disruption to marine ecosystems.
Endocrine control of osmoregulation in fish zeinab klaabZeinab Klaab
Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher solvent potential to lower. Fish use osmoregulation to maintain water balance as they live in environments with varying salt concentrations like estuaries. They have mechanisms to rapidly or slowly respond to salinity changes through transport proteins and hormones. Fish can be hypo-osmotic, hyperosmotic, or isosmotic depending on their environment, and various organs help regulate water and ion levels including the gills, kidneys, and hormones from endocrine glands.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on fisheries through various physical and biological changes. Physically, climate change can cause increased ocean acidification, warming of ocean layers, sea level rise, and increased water salinity. Biologically, it can alter fish stock distributions and migrations, change timing of spawning and peak abundance, and allow for more invasive species and diseases. All of these changes threaten fisheries through reduced productivity of target species and loss of coastal fish habitats. The document focuses on these climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa, where key fisheries rely on lakes, reservoirs, and river and coastal systems.
Climate Change: Implications for Fisheries and AquacultureECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our
changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base that will be used around the world to formulate climate policies in the coming years.
This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings
of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief
that the fisheries and aquaculture sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and
highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely,
relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
Grateful thanks are extended to all reviewers from both the science and
business communities for their time, effort and invaluable feedback on
this document. The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found
in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific
background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
Implementing and learning from nutrition-sensitive fish agri-food systems, e....WorldFish
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Ocean acidification is caused by the uptake of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the oceans, which decreases ocean pH and carbonate ion concentration. Since the industrial revolution, ocean surface pH has decreased by 0.11 pH units. This seemingly small change threatens marine organisms that build shells and skeletons from calcium carbonate, as waters are becoming under-saturated. Lower pH also impairs behaviors like predator detection in fish and habitat selection in clownfish. If carbon dioxide emissions continue unchecked, ocean pH could decrease by 150% by 2100, threatening food security and economies that rely on ocean resources. Strengthening monitoring is critical to understand impacts and guide decisions on addressing ocean acidification.
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Salinity Of Water Essay
Water: it is the driving force behind our planet. It is what makes life possible on earth. Water is what runs so many other environmental and biological systems on our planet. But to know how water drives our planet, we first need to know what is the driving force behind water. Water has the ability to absorb and release vast amounts of heat. This helps to keep the earth s surface thermostatic. This also helps regulate weather patterns. Heat currents travel from the equator to the poles and then back. This powers earth s storms, wind and ocean currents. The latent heat of fusion in water is the highest of all common liquids and most solids. The latent heat of vaporization is the heat energy in water vapor. Water is a polar...show more content...The average salinity of ocean water varies from 3.3% to 3.7% by mass. Salinity can be changed in a number of ways: one way would be the introduction of excess freshwater, whether it be from excess rainfall, freshwater bodies, or the melting of glaciers and icebergs. Another way to change salinity would be by the introduction of excess sediments. This primarily comes from erosion on a large scale. Wherever precipitation exceeds evaporation, salinity will be low; wherever evaporation exceeds precipitation , salinity will be high. These differences produce a halocline, a zone of rapid salinity increase with depth. Water has the ability to dissolve more substances in greater quantities than any other liquid. Many dissolved solids in ocean water are solids. Major solids in ocean water usually come in two forms: chloride and halogen ions. Common chloride ions dissolved in ocean water include sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and magnesium chloride. Common halogen ions dissolved in seawater include sodium fluoride and potassium iodide. The measure of the total mass of halogen ions in seawater is called chlorinity. The average chlorinity in seawater is about 19.2% which is equal to 34.7% seawater salinity. There are also substances that are not accounted for when measuring the salinity of ocean water. Trace elements are elements present in ocean water that are less
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Role of Salinity in fish
1.
Assignment of AAHM-223
Brijesh bairwa
Roll on. 17021017
(cof, dholi)
Role of salinity in fish
May 23, 2019
Introduction
Salinity refers to the dissolved salt content of a body of water. Marine
salinity levels are influenced by a number of factors including rainfall,
evaporation, inflow of river water, wind, and melting of glaciers.
Salinity can have a great impact on the type of organisms that live in a
body of water, additionally, salinity plays a critical role in the water cycle
and ocean circulation.
Salinity
Conceptually the salinity is the quantity
of dissolved salt content of the water.
Salts are compounds like sodium
chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium
nitrate, and sodium bicarbonate which
dissolve into ions.
Seawater typically has a mass salinity of around 35 g/kg, although lower
values are typical near coasts where rivers enter the ocean.
2. 2
Rivers and lakes can have a wide range of salinities, from less than 0.01
g/kg to a few g/kg, although there are many places where higher salinities
are found.
Salinity is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing
the types of organisms that live in a body of water.
Organisms (mostly bacteria) that can live in very salty conditions are
classified as extremophiles, or halophiles specifically. An organism that
can withstand a wide range of salinities is euryhaline. And short range of
salinity is stenohaline.
Objective
Why Is Salinity Important? Salinity can affect the density of ocean
water—water that has higher salinity is denser and heavier and will sink
underneath less saline, warmer water.
This can affect the movement of ocean currents. It can also affect marine
life, which may need to regulate its intake of saltwater.
Organisms (mostly bacteria) that can live in very salty conditions are
classified as extremophiles, or halophiles specifically.
An organism that can withstand a wide range of salinities is euryhaline and
narrowed range of salinities is stenohaline.
3. 3
Development and growth (continuous in fish) are controlled by ‘internal
factors’ including CNS, endocrinological and neuroendocrinological
systems.
Among vertebrates, they also are highly dependent on environmental
conditions. Among other factors, many studies have reported an influence
of water salinity on fish development and growth.
In most species, egg fertilization and incubation, yolk sac resorption, early
embryogenesis, swimbladder inflation, larval growth are dependent on
salinity. In larger fish, salinity is also a key factor in controlling growth.
Do the changes in growth rate, that depend on salinity, result from an
action on : -
● standard metabolic rate
● food intake
● food conversion; and/or
● hormonal stimulation.
Better growth at intermediate salinities (8–20 psu) is very often, but not
systematically, correlated to a lower standard metabolic rate.
Numerous studies have shown that 20 to >50% of the total fish energy
budget are dedicated to osmoregulation. However, recent ones indicate
that the osmotic cost is not as high (roughly 10%) as this.
4. 4
Data are also available in terms of food intake and stimulation of food
conversion, which are both dependent on the environmental salinity.
Temperature and salinity have complex interactions. Many hormones are
known to be active in both osmoregulation and growth regulation, e.g. in
the control of food intake.
All of these factors are reviewed. As often, multiple causality is likely to be
at work and the interactive effects of salinity on physiology and behaviour
must also be taken into account.
How can marine organisms survive in varying salinity? In one
of the vitally important salt fingers (double diffusion convection in sea),
they support marine life but Most marine organisms have physiological
adaptations for dealing with fluctuations in salinity.
Some fish have salt glands that help regulate
osmotic balance, crustaceans have specialized
cells in their gills and antennal glands for
osmoregulation, and some some animals such
as echinoderms just conform to small changes
(3-5 ppt), but can otherwise be affected by
large changes in salinity.
5. 5
It takes energy to osmoregulate so metabolic demand increases during
periods of increased regulation.
That can impose stress to an animal. Some crabs, for example blue crabs,
osmoregulate at low (0-24 ppt ) and very high salinities (>40), and
osmoconformer at moderate salinities (24-37 ppt ).
Impact
Salinity has a huge effect on what species can exist in aquatic
environments. Salinity can be natural, such as sea water and estuaries
where incoming sea tides mix with outgoing freshwater's of river systems.
There are some species that can adapt their bodies accommodate these
salinity fluctuations.
Salmonids such as salmon and sea trout are good examples of this and
migration from sea to freshwater is an essential part of their life
cycle.Salinity changes in aquatic systems can also be attributed to
non-natural influences.
6. 6
Climate change and water flows alter the speed of desiccation which then
changes the water composition.
Reduced water, especially in rivers with dams or in areas of changing
climates can increase the concentration of the salts.