Role of MEMS in probable Singularity
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This presentation is about the imminent disruption and the 'micro' aspects of probable Singularity. This presentation is not meant for commercial distribution.
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3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, involves importing a digital design, slicing it into thin layers, and printing each layer using materials like metal powder, plastic, or liquid. Key 3D printing techniques include selective laser sintering (SLS), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), and laminated object manufacturing (LOM). These techniques are used across industries like defense, aerospace, automotive, and medical to produce prototypes and final parts in a more efficient manner compared to traditional manufacturing.
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Flip chip is an advanced packaging technique where bare semiconductor chips are flipped upside down and bonded directly to a printed circuit board using solder bumps. It was introduced by IBM in 1962 as Solid Logic Technology and later converted to Controlled Collapse Chip Connection. Flip chip packaging provides shorter interconnect lengths, lower inductance and higher density interconnects compared to wire bonding. It allows for area array interconnect layouts and has become the standard for high performance integrated circuits. Reliability can be improved through underfilling, which compensates for thermal expansion differences and protects the solder joints.
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2. In spintronic devices, information is represented by the orientation of electron spin (up or down), analogous to 1s and 0s in binary. Certain materials can retain spin orientation when power is off, enabling non-volatile memory.
3. Spintronic devices like GMR spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions in MRAM can switch between low and high resistance states by altering the relative alignment of magnetic layers, allowing them to represent bits. MRAM promises high density, speed and non
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Magnetic recording leaves patterns of magnetization on magnetic media to store data. Tracks are formed as the read/write head passes over the media. There are three main orientations for magnetization: longitudinal, perpendicular, and lateral. Longitudinal recording uses a ring-shaped electromagnet head with a gap to magnetize the media as it moves under the head. Changes in the current passing through the head leave spatial variations in magnetization along the track. Modern drives use magneto-resistive read heads that directly sense the magnetic flux from the tracks. Error correcting codes and redundant data help ensure reliable storage despite defects and noise sources that can cause errors.
Magnetic media
Magnetic media uses patterns of magnetization on a material to store data non-volatilely. Early forms included wire recording in 1888 and magnetic tape in 1928. There are three main types: hard drives using rotating magnetic disks; floppy disks on flexible magnetic disks; and magnetic tape on plastic film. Hard drives have high capacity and speed but moving parts, while floppies are inexpensive but lower capacity. Tapes can store terabytes but require specialized equipment.
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At a time when the end of Moore's Law is imminent, the quest for a suitable alternative finds a possible destination at Spintronicsl trlying on the spin of an electron instead of its charge. Magnetoresistive RAM uses electron spin and associated magnetic moment for memory purposes.
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Spintronics utilizes the intrinsic spin property of electrons in addition to their charge to create new devices. Devices like giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors and magnetic random access memory (MRAM) make use of electron spin and its interaction with magnetism. GMR sensors detect tiny magnetic fields by measuring resistance changes between parallel and antiparallel electron spin alignments in thin magnetic layers separated by a conductor. MRAM uses magnetic tunnel junctions to store information as the orientation of magnetization, allowing for high density, non-volatile memory. Spintronic devices promise enhanced functionality, higher speeds, and lower power consumption compared to conventional electronics as devices continue shrinking to the nanoscale.
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This document discusses spintronics, which uses the spin of electrons rather than just their charge. It begins by noting limitations of conventional electronics and advantages of spintronics like higher speeds and lower power usage. Giant magnetoresistance is described, including devices like spin valves that use the resistance difference between parallel and antiparallel magnetizations. Later developments included tunnel magnetoresistance and magnetic random access memory using spin transfer torques. Research goals are developing spin transistors and magnetic semiconductors to fully integrate memory, logic, and communication on a chip.
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This document outlines a lesson plan on spintronics. The objectives are for students to understand the differences between classic and quantum mechanics, learn about spintronics and qubits, and compare conventional and spintronic devices. Concepts to be covered include quantum mechanics, spin-based electronics, qubits, and applications such as hard drives and memory. Students will design a computer using future spintronic technologies and present their design. Their understanding will be evaluated based on a written report and presentation.
mems and nems
This document discusses micro and nano electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). It begins by explaining Richard Feynman's vision of building small machines and devices. It then defines MEMS and NEMS as devices that convert electrical and mechanical energy. Examples of MEMS applications include sensors, optical devices, and fluidic systems. NEMS promise even smaller devices for applications like accelerometers, inkjet nozzles, and medicine. The document outlines fabrication techniques for MEMS like deposition, lithography, and etching. It concludes by noting the future potential of these technologies and references for further information.
Introduction to Spintronics by Ch.Ravikumar
The presentation introduces to the new technology competing the The Electronics industry.
It also includes various methods to implement Spintronics.
Magnetic tape and recording formats
The document discusses the history and development of various video tape recording formats. It begins with early reel-to-reel analog formats like VERA developed by BBC in 1952 and the influential 2-inch Quadruplex format introduced by Ampex in 1956. Subsequent sections describe the evolution of 1-inch Type A, B, and C professional reel-to-reel formats and early cassette/cartridge systems like U-matic. Later sections cover the introduction of digital videotape formats including D1, D2, D3, and consumer formats like VHS and Betamax.
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This document discusses giant magnetoresistance and its applications. It begins with a history of magnetoresistance discovery in 1857. It then covers ferro magnetic materials, spintronics concepts like spin dependent conduction. It describes giant magnetoresistance using schematics of magnetic multilayers and the first evidence of GMR. Applications discussed include spin valves used in hard drive read heads, MRAM for data storage, and spin transistors. Future areas of research mentioned are magnetic switching transistors, next-gen low power MRAM, and integrating spintronics with semiconductors.
A presentation on MRAM
This document provides an overview of MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory) technology. It discusses how MRAM uses magnetization to store data non-volatility and can offer fast write speeds, low power consumption, and unlimited write endurance compared to other non-volatile memories like flash. The document traces the development of MRAM from early AMR (Anisotropic Magnetoresistance) materials to later GMR (Giant Magnetoresistance) and SDT (Spin Dependent Tunneling) materials which improved signal levels and scaling. It also covers cell designs, reading/writing methods, competing technologies, applications and commercialization opportunities for MRAM.
Spintronics & MRAM
This document discusses spintronics as an emerging technology that utilizes the spin of electrons rather than just their charge. Spintronic devices could offer higher integration density, higher speeds and lower power consumption compared to conventional electronics. Some key advantages of spintronics include non-volatility of magnetic storage and the ability to combine logic and storage functions. The document outlines several spintronic effects and devices such as giant magnetoresistance, spin valves, and magnetic random access memory. It concludes that while spintronics may not replace electronics entirely, it could lead to new devices combining different functionalities and help push computing to quantum levels.
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Role of MEMS in probable Singularity
- 1. Role of MEMs (&NEMs) in probable Singularity -PRASAD N R (1MS12EC087)
- 2. Introduction • Carbon vs Silicon • Evolution by natural selection Evolution by intelligent direction • A method of expectation (if it is not a feasible implementation) • Law of accelerating returns
- 5. Current (general) fabrication methods • Deposition processes 1. Physical vapour deposition 2. Chemical vapour deposition • Lithography (patterning) 1. Electron beam 2. Ion Beam 3. Ion Track 4. X-Ray • Diamond patterning • Etching 1. Wet 2. Isotropic 3. Anisotropic 4. Hydroflouric, Electrochemical (PN resistance), Dry, Vapour, Xenondiflouride, Plasma etc • Micro-machining 1. Bulk (Anodic bonding of glass or additional Silicon) 2. Surface (Electrode ‘combing’) 3. High-aspect ratio (deep-reactive ion etching)
- 6. Latest fabrication methods • Synchronised Image Scanning (equivalent of ‘Mask Dragging’) [LASER micromachining]
- 7. Latest fabrication methods • Bow Tie Scanning [LASER micromachining 200W 10KHz]
- 8. Latest fabrication methods • Bow Tie Scanning [LASER micromachining 200W 10KHz]
- 10. Rudimentary Implementations (contd…) ‘Neural Probes’ (Allows basic patterns and colors only) ‘Millipede’
- 11. Rudimentary Implementations (contd…) Self healing plastics Micro-batteries
- 13. Health care (the current sick-care) [BioMEMS]: PCR in ‘reverse engineering’
- 14. Health care (the current sick-care) [BioMEMS]: Gene-analyser
- 15. ‘Teleportation’ of non-living objects- ‘3D’ printing: (Additive) Process Example
- 16. ‘Teleportation’ of non-living objects- 3D printing: (Additive)
- 17. ‘Teleportation’ of non-living objects- 3D printing: (Laser based)
- 20. Artificial Intelligence (contd…) [computer on a chip]: Intel Synapse Chip
- 21. ‘Infinite computing’ and nanomaterials:
- 22. IoT (Sensors and Networks):
- 23. Nuclear Technology: (Currently restricted to beta-voltaics)
- 25. Space-age (Escaping earth’s orbit) (An era when people are hardly getting into space)
- 26. Questions?
- 27. Thank you!
- 28. References: • http://videos.singularityu.org/2014/11/applications-of-micro-electro-mechanical-systems-mems/ • http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/whatever-happened-to-the-molecular-computer • http://singularityhub.com/2015/06/18/watch-this-open-source-ai-learn-to-dominate-super-mario-world-in-just-24-hours/ • “Singularity is Near” by Ray Kurzweil (http://www.singularity.com/) • http://singularityhub.com/2013/07/19/robot-fighter-jet-x-47b-autonomously-lands-on-aircraft-carrier/ • http://microchipsbiotech.com/technology.php • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BltRufe5kkI (https://www.ted.com/talks/peter_diamandis_abundance_is_our_future) • “Abundance: The Future is Better Than You Think” by Peter H Diamandis and Steven Kotler (http://www.abundancethebook.com/) • “Bold: How to Go Big, Create Wealth and Impact the World” by Peter H Diamandis and Steven Kotler (http://www.boldbook.com/)
- 29. References (contd…): • https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&ved=0ahUKEwifudPMwMzKAhUOBo4KHVKVBloQFggx MAY&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oerlikon.com%2FecomaXL%2Fget_blob.php%3Fname%3DNew_Techniques_for_Laser_Micromac hining_MEMS_Devices.pdf%26download%3D1&usg=AFQjCNHfstqPSeeolF7QxV9BFASmHwQ1gQ&bvm=bv.112766941,d.c2E&cad= rja • http://www.ece.umd.edu/class/enee719f/papers/Grayson-Implantable%20Review.pdf • http://diyhpl.us/~nmz787/pdf/A_review_on_3D_micro-additive_manufacturing_technologies.pdf • http://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0208138.pdf • https://sem.org/PDF/s01p01.pdf • https://www.engineering.unsw.edu.au/news/quantum-computing-first-two-qubit-logic-gate-in- silicon?utm_campaign=Abundance+Insider+10%2F8&utm_source=abundance+insider&utm_medium=abundance+insider&utm_c ontent=Computing%2FChips&utm_term=Computing%2FChips
- 30. References (contd…): • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-MEMS • http://venturebeat.com/2014/08/26/intel-reveals-worlds-smallest-wireless-modem-for-the-internet-of-things/ • http://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-one-pound-problem-718812/?no-ist • https://www.ted.com/talks/peter_diamandis_on_our_next_giant_leap/transcript?language=en • http://n4bb.com/artificial-brain-educate-created-russian- scientists/?utm_source=Abundance%20Insider&utm_medium=email&utm_term=AI&utm_content=AI&utm_campaign=8 %2F27 • http://www.humanlongevity.com/
- 31. References (contd…): • http://singularityu.org/ • http://www.calicolabs.com/ • https://mfoundation.org/ • http://sens.org/ • http://cui.unige.ch/~dimarzo/papers/JAMT.pdf • http://www.organovo.com/science-technology/bioprinting-process/ • http://www.organovo.com/science-technology/bioprinted-human-tissue/bioprinting-advantages/ • http://abundanceinsider.respond.ontraport.net/
- 32. References (contd…): • http://www.dwavesys.com/tutorials/background-reading-series/introduction-d-wave-quantum-hardware • http://www.livescience.com/10604-tiny-nuclear-batteries-power-micro-devices.html • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betavoltaic_device