Natural stones are divided into three main types based on their formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Some common stones used in construction include granite, limestone, sandstone, marble, and slate. Tests are conducted on stones to determine their properties, such as absorption, density, strength, and durability. Stones are widely used in buildings for roofing, aggregates, flooring, and decorations due to their strength, insulation, and aesthetics. Major quarrying sites in Egypt extract important stones like granite, marble, and igneous rocks using excavation, heating, wedging, and controlled blasting techniques.
Rocks are used in various purpose like building material, in foundation, as railway ballast,in dam etc. That's why careful studies bring out the inherent advantage and disadvantage of a site and such studies go a long way either in reducing or in increasing the cost of the structure.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Stones dressing as a Building material and constructionNaresh Kumar
Stone found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds. After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be used in buildings.
A place where exposed surfaces of good quality natural rocks are abundantly available is known as “quarry,” and the process of taking out stones from the natural bed is known as “quarrying.”
This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines. Blasting using explosives is another method used in quarrying.
The dressing of stones is important so that they are dressed in suitable shapes and polished to give a smooth surface if desired.
Rocks are used in various purpose like building material, in foundation, as railway ballast,in dam etc. That's why careful studies bring out the inherent advantage and disadvantage of a site and such studies go a long way either in reducing or in increasing the cost of the structure.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Stones dressing as a Building material and constructionNaresh Kumar
Stone found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds. After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be used in buildings.
A place where exposed surfaces of good quality natural rocks are abundantly available is known as “quarry,” and the process of taking out stones from the natural bed is known as “quarrying.”
This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines. Blasting using explosives is another method used in quarrying.
The dressing of stones is important so that they are dressed in suitable shapes and polished to give a smooth surface if desired.
"Geotechnical Engineering - Dams" is a PowerPoint for primary and secondary students that focuses on detailing the field of Geotechnical Engineering and the types and construction of dams. It also highlights careers in the field of Geotechnical Engineering. This lesson can be paired with a "Building Dams" activity.
Mineralogy
Definition of mineral, mineralogy, Importance of study of minerals: rock forming and ore forming minerals. Different methods of study of minerals. Study of minerals by physical identification method and their physical properties.Forms and Habits, Colour, Streak, Lustre, Fracture, Cleavage, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Degree of Transparency, Special Properties Determination of Physical properties of following minerals: Feldspar, Quartz, Flint, Jasper, Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Asbestos, Chlorite, Kyanite, Garnet, Talc, Calcite. Study of ore forming minerals such as Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, Amethyst, Galena, Pyrolusite, Graphite, Magnetite, and Bauxite, Coral reefs.
Importance of Mineral, Chemical Composition of Earth Crust, Structure of Silicates
About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
A site investigation simply is the process of the collection of information, the appraisal of data, assessment, and reporting without which the hazards in the ground beneath the site cannot be known
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
HOW THE JOINTS WERE FORMED ,WHAT ARE THE FORMATION OF JOINTS ,CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ,ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE OF JOINTS ,AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANTS OF JOINTS HAS BEEN GIVEN HERE .FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE CONTACT VIA EMAIL .
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
"Geotechnical Engineering - Dams" is a PowerPoint for primary and secondary students that focuses on detailing the field of Geotechnical Engineering and the types and construction of dams. It also highlights careers in the field of Geotechnical Engineering. This lesson can be paired with a "Building Dams" activity.
Mineralogy
Definition of mineral, mineralogy, Importance of study of minerals: rock forming and ore forming minerals. Different methods of study of minerals. Study of minerals by physical identification method and their physical properties.Forms and Habits, Colour, Streak, Lustre, Fracture, Cleavage, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Degree of Transparency, Special Properties Determination of Physical properties of following minerals: Feldspar, Quartz, Flint, Jasper, Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Asbestos, Chlorite, Kyanite, Garnet, Talc, Calcite. Study of ore forming minerals such as Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, Amethyst, Galena, Pyrolusite, Graphite, Magnetite, and Bauxite, Coral reefs.
Importance of Mineral, Chemical Composition of Earth Crust, Structure of Silicates
About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
A site investigation simply is the process of the collection of information, the appraisal of data, assessment, and reporting without which the hazards in the ground beneath the site cannot be known
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
HOW THE JOINTS WERE FORMED ,WHAT ARE THE FORMATION OF JOINTS ,CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ,ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE OF JOINTS ,AND ENGINEERING IMPORTANTS OF JOINTS HAS BEEN GIVEN HERE .FOR ANY CLARIFICATION PLEASE CONTACT VIA EMAIL .
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
Reuse and recyclable waste construction material. In this ppt you will types of rubble stones, uses, properties, test to be done on stone , where it can be reuse, et al.
The process of extracting or taking out stones from natural rocks bed is known as the Quarrying of Stones. The term ‘Quarry’ is used to indicate the exposed surface of the natural rock. The place or site from where stones are taken out is called ‘Quarry Site’.
Building stones quarrying – properties – structural requirements
- The aim of this work is to understand the reasons for the total collapse of the Plasco Tower through subjecting a reasonably comprehensive 3D finite element model of the building to the type of fire loading it experienced during the incident that caused its collapse.
In this report, I shall shade the light on methods of population studies, apply on an example and compare between results to find which one is most accurate
Hydrographic surveying or bathymetric surveying is the survey of physical features present underwater. It is the science of measuring all factors beneath water that affect all the marine activities like dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling etc.
In this report, I shall discuss the importance and applications of hydrographic surveying, the devices used for the hydrographic survivor, how he uses them, and how do they work.
In this report , I shall shade the light on the two types :
1- Reciprocating positive displacement pumps .
2- Centrifugal dynamic pumps.
The comparison will include the following points for each type :
1- Working principle.
2- Usage.
3- Efficiency
4- Connection Methods (in series and in parallel )
Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing applications in EngineeringAmira Abdallah
Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing became one of the most important types of
science for Engineers in many ways and methods to apply in various fields,
especially in civil engineering applications.
In this report, I shall pay attention to these applications and discuss one of them in
details (Suez Canal area development Project)
Paintings (Exterior & Interior) and wall papersAmira Abdallah
A research about Exterior and interior Paintings and wallpapers
Made by a group of Civil Engineering students in Ismailia - Egypt (Ahmed Atef Mohamed
Amira Abdullah Yousef
Esraa Hamed
Alaa Ahmed
Aya Mohamed Ahmed
Samar Mohamed
Merna Ahmed Hassan
Hagar Ibrahim Abdullah)
a brief research about permeability & durability of concrete with helpful images for civil engineering students
fully made by Amira Abdullah (civil engineering student in Ismailia - Egypt)
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Runway Orientation Based on the Wind Rose Diagram.pptx
Natural rocks in Civil engineering
1. Natural Stones
ـةيـعـيـبـطال ـارجــــحاأل
By : Group A
Amira Abdullah Youssef
Hagar Ibrahim Dahshan
Aya Mohamed Ahmed
Merna Ahmed El-Shafie
Group B
Nada Ahmed Hassan
Youmna Ehab
Aya Mostafa
Maiar Mohammad
Asmaa Ali
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Supervision : Prof. Dr. Kamal Gad Sharobim
2. Introduction
• Natural Stones Definition :-
In Engineering View : Rocks are the oldest material
used in building and construction .
In Geologic View : Mixture of minerals in one solid body
formed inside or outside Earth’s Crust to get three
types of rocks :
1. Igneous Rocks .
2. Metamorphic Rocks .
3. Sedimentary Rocks .
4. Types of Natural Rocks and stones
• Sedimentary Rocks
Lime
Stone
Sand
Stone
Gravel
5. Types of Natural Rocks and stones
• Metamorphic Rocks
Marble
Gneiss
Slate
6. Applications of natural rocks
• Roofing
Ex: Sand stone and Slate (Slate absorbs moisture
and stands up well in contact with freezing
water/ high cost).
7. Application of natural rocks
• Aggregates of concrete
Ex: Granite, Sandstone and Basalt.
• Building stone
Ex: Granite (very expensive
and rare),
Sandstone (sphinx),
Basalt and Sandstone.
8. Application of natural rocks
• Granite as building stone
Rough-cut blocks are the least expensive and
provide a rugged appearance. Finishing the
blocks is expensive but yields a more refined
appearance.
9. • Curbing
Ex: Granite, Sandstone,
Clay stone and Slate.
• Asphalt pavement aggregates and treatment
Ex: crushed Sandstone, crushed limestone (hot
mix and warm mix) and Basalt.
Basalt geonets are designed for reinforcing road
and highway overlays to prolong the pavement life
and reduce the thickness of asphalt concrete
pavement up to 20%.
•
10. Facing/ wall covering
Ex: Granite, Sandstone, Limestone,
Basalt, Marble and Clay stone.
Foundation
Ex: Granite and Sandstone.
• Carvings; pillars, arches and fountains
Ex: Sandstone is ideal
11. Insulation
Insulation: One notable characteristic of basalt is the
insulating property. The thermal protection of basalt
exceeds other organic substances thermal property.
The heat insulation value of basalt is three times
more than the asbestos and without the toxic
hazards. Its friction characteristics are a perfect
replacement for asbestos.
• Raw material for cement
Ex: Limestone , Clay .
12. Prosperities and standard
specifications
Standard SpecificationsProperities
Absorption mustn’t exceed 3% to
4.3% or 7.5% for other types
Water Absorption
2.56 to 2.45 and 2.16% for densitySpecific weight
55 , 47 , 28 respectively for types A, B,
C
Breaking resistance
6.9 , 5.2 , 3.4 respectively for types A ,
B ,C
Shear force
Corrosion resistance mustn’t exceed
1%
Corrosion resistance
Stone hardness
Color
13. Advantages
• Dithering and there is
no affect of natural
factors.
• Thermal
insulation,rigidity,and
durability.
• Limited need of
maintenance.
• Convenient to all
different climatic
conditions.
Disadvantages
• Altakuej: feature of the
exposure to decomposition and
crumble.
• Cracks: Where rocks
sometimes contain some
carbonate which make
deformation to rock’s shape.
• Colouring: Feature of
combination of several items in the
composition of rock , EX:cretaceous
material.
• Negotiable peeling.
*Advantages and Disadvantages of natural rocks:
14. Construction and installation Methods
• Using natural rocks in past was limited due to difficulty of
Formation and Transportation . With modern technology rocks
are used widely in building and decoration .
• Rocks’ Classification due to shape are
1) Ashlers : which have smooth surfaces
and determinate Geometrical Shape .
2) Rubbled : which has a random shape .
15.
16.
17.
18. Tests on Stones
• Different types of tests :
Acid test
Attrition test
Brad’s test
Crushing strength test
Crystallization test
Freezing and thawing test
Hardness test
Impact test
Microscopic test
Smith’s test
Specific gravity test
Durability test
19. Acid test:
For this test about 50 to 100 grams of sample stone is immersed in a solution of
1% HCL or H2SO4 for about a weak. The sample being agitated (pressed,
disturbed) at intervals. If the edges of the stones are retained and there is no
deposition of any loose particles on the surface, it indicates that the stone is
good otherwise weak and bad.
Smith’s test:
This test is carried out to find out whether the specimen possess crystalline
structure where small stone chips are kept for about half an hour in a glass of
water filled to one third. The glass containing the specimens and water is
moved quickly by giving it a circular motion with the hand. If the specimen
gives out earthy matter and water gives milky appearance, it shows that the
stone particles are not properly cemented together.
20. Microscopic test:
This is a geological test in which a thin slice of the sample is examined under a
microscope to determine the following
Physical properties of the stone
The texture of the stone
The nature of the building material of the stone
The size, shape and nature of the individual grains or crystals
The kind and nature of the mineral present
The presence of pores or not
21. Hardness test:
This test is conducted to find out the resistance of stone to abrasion. The
sample piece of stone is cleaned and rubbed by a piece of rubbing
material/paper. The rubbed face of the stone is examined through a
microscope. If marks of rubbing are visible, it shows that the stone is soft and
cannot be used for roads, pavements, etc.
Fire test:
For very important buildings, fire resistance of stone is also examined. For
this test a small hut or a wall panel of stone is built. One side of it is
subjected to 950°C and the behavior of the stone under fire is studied and if
the cracks developed are deep then it should not be used for important
buildings.
22. • Crystallization or weathering test:
• For this test 04 cubic cm of different samples of
stones are first weighed and the immersed in a
14% solution of sodium sulphate ( Na2So4 ) at
room temperature for two hours and dried at
100°C, they are again weighed. This process of
weighing, immersing in salt solution, drying and
reweighing is repeated for 10 to 15 times and
the stones which are less effected by the salt
solution are supposed to have very good
weathering properties.
23. • Crushing test:
• For this test 04 cubic cm finally dressed samples of
different stones are used and made flat, horizontal
and covered with plastic of Paris. Then they are
tested in a compression testing machine where the
load applied must be axially and the change in the
blocks at the corresponding loads is recorded. The
blocks or samples which bear more loads are
selected.
24. Porosity and Absorption test:
To ascertain the relative qualities of different stones, they are immersed in
water for 24 hours and the amount of water absorbed by each specimen is
noted. Greater absorption of water by the stone means that it is porous
and cannot resist weathering forces well. The test specimen which absorbs
the smallest amount of water is the best.
Attrition test:
This is the test that checks the wear and tear of the stone. To conduct this
test different angular pieces of stones are weighed and charged into a
cylindrical drum along with the iron blocks provided. The drum is then
rotated at the rate of 30 to 33 Rpm. About 100 to 150 revolutions are
made and the % age of wear is noted. The machine used may be Devals
attrition machine and the stone which wears less is considered to be the
best.
27. Quarrying:
an art of extracting stones from the rock beds of different varieties
used for general building work and broken stones for roads and
concrete work
Quarry:
The place from stone is obtained by digging or blasting.
Quarrying methods
Digging or excavating method. Stones occurring as detached nodules
may be dug using manual methods like crowbars
Heating method. Rock surface is heated for several hours resulting
into unequal expansion and crushing of rocks into small pieces
Wedging method. Layered rock is split at cleavage or seam using steel
wedges and pins Blasting method. Hard and compact rock is blasted
out using explosive techniques comprising boring, charging, tamping
and firing
Mining and extraction
Mining and extraction methods
28. :Blasting procedure
Boring. Drilling of holes in rock using jumper, manual drilling or
machine drilling using pneumatic or mechanical power
Charging. Placing of required quantity of explosive charge in the hole at
desired location. Quantity depends upon explosive strength, blasting
method, number of holes, type and mass of rock
Tamping. Placing of priming charge, detonation cable, and sealing off
the escape of gases Firing. Detonation mechanism (electrical or
non_electrical detonators ) or fuse ignition