Rocks can be categorized into three main types - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. Igneous rocks form from cooled magma or lava. Metamorphic rocks were once sedimentary or igneous rocks but have been changed by pressure or heat. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction of sediments and include sandstone, shale, and limestone. The document provides a basic overview of the three rock types and how they are formed.