A discussion of the future of AI (artificial intelligence) programs in lens design. The weaknesses of deep learning AI programs compared to knowledge based AI programs are illustrated with many examples from lens design and also chess.
1) Optical design techniques include investigating multiple versions of simple designs to find the best one, as different versions can have tradeoffs in higher-order aberrations.
2) Stop shift theory is a useful technique for creating new designs by finding aperture stop positions that correct specific aberrations, such as lateral color, even if the final stop position is constrained.
3) Combining simple optical systems with useful properties, such as common axial color cancellation, is a way to develop new complex corrected designs like the CMO (catadioptric, mirror, objective) type.
The document discusses how early lens design progress was hindered by slow hand calculations and lack of modern materials. It provides examples of simple lens designs that were possible even pre-computer but had limited applications without modern technologies. The document emphasizes that while computers have advanced design capabilities, fundamental design ideas and theories are more important. It provides several examples of innovative lens designs the author developed through conceptual thinking alone. The document cautions against overuse of new technologies like freeform surfaces and metasurfaces without consideration of conventional design alternatives.
Innovation in optical design - a short historyDave Shafer
A short history of innovation in optical design, with literally "thinking outside the box" - seeing new optical ways to use a particular spatial region, like a box.
Highlights of my 48 years in optical designDave Shafer
the art ASML
machines can
print circuit
features on
chips that are
only a few
dozen atoms
wide.
Dave Shafer has had a long career in optical design spanning 48 years. Some highlights include:
1) As a young boy, he was fascinated by optics and did experiments with magnifying glasses and homemade microscopes.
2) He studied optics in college in the 1960s when there were only two undergraduate optics programs worldwide.
3) Over his career, he has designed optics for applications like military reconnaissance, medical imaging, laser fusion experiments, lithography steppers, and space telescopes.
4) He started his own optical design consulting business
The power of negative thinking in optical designDave Shafer
This document discusses optical lens design. It begins with an overview of the talk, which will review previous material and introduce new ideas. The document then discusses challenges with correcting aberrations in highly optimized designs. It provides examples of triplet lens designs and compares their performance based on third-order assumptions versus ray-tracing optimization. The document introduces new compact lens designs that achieve wide angles and fast speeds using no vignetting. It shows examples achieving various specifications like being diffraction limited or having specific fields of view and focal lengths.
A modification of the Double-Gauss design with two diffractive surfaces is described with very enhanced performance. The key is an interaction between the aberrations of the two diffractive surfaces and the aberrations of a curved substrate lens.
The document discusses various design variations of Offner relays, including:
1) The basic Offner relay design with two spherical mirrors and three reflections, which is diffraction-limited at f/3.0 over a 1.1mm annular field.
2) A design using a meniscus shell between the mirrors to correct aberrations and greatly enlarge the field size to a diffraction-limited 12mm annular field at f/3.
3) A design with the meniscus lens between the mirrors rather than in contact, improving aberration correction and enlarging the field size to 10mm at f/2.0.
1) Optical design techniques include investigating multiple versions of simple designs to find the best one, as different versions can have tradeoffs in higher-order aberrations.
2) Stop shift theory is a useful technique for creating new designs by finding aperture stop positions that correct specific aberrations, such as lateral color, even if the final stop position is constrained.
3) Combining simple optical systems with useful properties, such as common axial color cancellation, is a way to develop new complex corrected designs like the CMO (catadioptric, mirror, objective) type.
The document discusses how early lens design progress was hindered by slow hand calculations and lack of modern materials. It provides examples of simple lens designs that were possible even pre-computer but had limited applications without modern technologies. The document emphasizes that while computers have advanced design capabilities, fundamental design ideas and theories are more important. It provides several examples of innovative lens designs the author developed through conceptual thinking alone. The document cautions against overuse of new technologies like freeform surfaces and metasurfaces without consideration of conventional design alternatives.
Innovation in optical design - a short historyDave Shafer
A short history of innovation in optical design, with literally "thinking outside the box" - seeing new optical ways to use a particular spatial region, like a box.
Highlights of my 48 years in optical designDave Shafer
the art ASML
machines can
print circuit
features on
chips that are
only a few
dozen atoms
wide.
Dave Shafer has had a long career in optical design spanning 48 years. Some highlights include:
1) As a young boy, he was fascinated by optics and did experiments with magnifying glasses and homemade microscopes.
2) He studied optics in college in the 1960s when there were only two undergraduate optics programs worldwide.
3) Over his career, he has designed optics for applications like military reconnaissance, medical imaging, laser fusion experiments, lithography steppers, and space telescopes.
4) He started his own optical design consulting business
The power of negative thinking in optical designDave Shafer
This document discusses optical lens design. It begins with an overview of the talk, which will review previous material and introduce new ideas. The document then discusses challenges with correcting aberrations in highly optimized designs. It provides examples of triplet lens designs and compares their performance based on third-order assumptions versus ray-tracing optimization. The document introduces new compact lens designs that achieve wide angles and fast speeds using no vignetting. It shows examples achieving various specifications like being diffraction limited or having specific fields of view and focal lengths.
A modification of the Double-Gauss design with two diffractive surfaces is described with very enhanced performance. The key is an interaction between the aberrations of the two diffractive surfaces and the aberrations of a curved substrate lens.
The document discusses various design variations of Offner relays, including:
1) The basic Offner relay design with two spherical mirrors and three reflections, which is diffraction-limited at f/3.0 over a 1.1mm annular field.
2) A design using a meniscus shell between the mirrors to correct aberrations and greatly enlarge the field size to a diffraction-limited 12mm annular field at f/3.
3) A design with the meniscus lens between the mirrors rather than in contact, improving aberration correction and enlarging the field size to 10mm at f/2.0.
The document discusses the history of the invention of the achromatic lens, which corrects chromatic aberration by using two lenses made of different glass types with different dispersions. In the early 1700s, British mathematician Chester Hall figured out the formula to correct color this way but did not know if suitable glasses existed. He later discovered by accident that eyeglasses used two different glass types. Hall contracted with two opticians to secretly make prototype lenses to prove his theory, but both subcontracted the work to George Bass, who assembled the lenses and discovered they eliminated chromatic aberration. John Dolland overheard of this and patented the invention, becoming rich.
A general lens design method, with a photographic lens exampleDave Shafer
This document outlines a general design method for optical lenses using photographic lens examples:
1. Always start with a monochromatic design using a single glass type to achieve the required performance. Use aspherics temporarily but remove them later.
2. Add color correcting surfaces in a way that minimizes changes to the monochromatic design. Use no more than 3 glass types and minimize color inside the design.
3. The example lens design is walked through step-by-step, starting with a monochromatic BK7 design and improving it using aspherics, then removing aspherics by replacing them with doublet lenses while maintaining performance. Color correction is then addressed.
A remarkable new telescope objective designDave Shafer
A new apochromatic telescope objective is described, due to Joe Bietry, which is fast speed and has astigmatism correction to give very high performance while minimizing the cost of the expensive anomalous dispersion glasses used.
Extreme pixels per volume optical designDave Shafer
The surprising benefits are shown of superimposing a diffractive surface on top of an aspheric surface to get very high performance designs with a very narrow spectral bandwidth. The combination on the same surface allows independent control of a ray's direction and phase..
A survey of some unusual telescope designs. One has a 20 meter diameter f/1.0 spherical primary mirror while others are suitable for amateur astronomers to make.
New catadioptric design type fast speed and wide fieldDave Shafer
A very simple catadioptric design is described that is capable of providing fast speed, like f/1.0, over a telecentric 65 degree field diameter with excellent aberration correction and an external pupil
One example is given of a fast speed wide angle telescope design that uses freeform aspherics to give great performance gains compared to conventional aspherics
This document discusses various optical design tricks and techniques for designing optical systems using monocentric, nearly concentric, and concentric lens configurations. Some key points:
- Monocentric designs have no unique optical axis and forward and backward paths are indistinguishable. Nearly concentric lenses act as if located at their centers of curvature and can introduce spherical aberration.
- Monocentric systems have equivalent aberrations regardless of surface order. Concentric lenses in front of or behind the aperture stop are also equivalent.
- The Gabor telescope design has better higher-order performance than the Bouwers monocentric design. Nearly concentric lenses can simulate aspheric surfaces.
- Lens designs
1) The document describes several simple mirror systems that have unusual optical characteristics despite using few elements.
2) Many of the designs use multiple reflections off of spherical or aspheric surfaces to correct aberrations like astigmatism.
3) Unexpected solutions are found, such as designs that correct third-order spherical aberration using a single reflective surface.
Some odd and interesting monocentric designs 2005Dave Shafer
This document summarizes several monocentric optical designs created by David Shafer about 30 years ago. It begins by looking at fully monocentric designs like the Sutton ball lens and a theoretical "perfect do-nothing lens". It then discusses how monocentric designs have the same performance when used backwards or with shuffled surface orders. Several examples of monocentric catadioptric systems are provided, including some with refractive elements added. The document concludes by examining designs that combine monocentric and flat surfaces, such as the Dyson, Wynne-Dyson, and Rosch designs.
Multiple solutions in very simple optical designsDave Shafer
Several optical design examples show how multiple solutions can exist even in very simple systems. Time spent in looking for them is often more useful then simply optimizing the first solution that you find, which may not be the best of the alternates..
Wide angle fast speed lens with only 4 elementsDave Shafer
The document discusses the design of a wide angle fast speed lens with 4 elements and a 90 degree field of view at f/2.0 aperture. By using extensive aspherics, including a nearly zero power double-aspheric element, amazing lens designs can be achieved with very high image quality correction despite the simple design. While the initial designs are monochromatic, adding additional lens elements can provide color correction.
Thoughts on spend intelligence - Newsletter: April 2014ProcIntel
A regular column on producing spend intelligence and conducting strategic sourcing in companies.
APRIL 2014: Strategic sourcing in the extractive industries
The document contains a list of usernames and passwords for various accounts and services including Speedy Instan, FLEXY, SPIDOL, and a PPP connection. There are over 30 username and password pairs listed in a mix of numbers and letters with no other context provided.
The document discusses the history of the invention of the achromatic lens, which corrects chromatic aberration by using two lenses made of different glass types with different dispersions. In the early 1700s, British mathematician Chester Hall figured out the formula to correct color this way but did not know if suitable glasses existed. He later discovered by accident that eyeglasses used two different glass types. Hall contracted with two opticians to secretly make prototype lenses to prove his theory, but both subcontracted the work to George Bass, who assembled the lenses and discovered they eliminated chromatic aberration. John Dolland overheard of this and patented the invention, becoming rich.
A general lens design method, with a photographic lens exampleDave Shafer
This document outlines a general design method for optical lenses using photographic lens examples:
1. Always start with a monochromatic design using a single glass type to achieve the required performance. Use aspherics temporarily but remove them later.
2. Add color correcting surfaces in a way that minimizes changes to the monochromatic design. Use no more than 3 glass types and minimize color inside the design.
3. The example lens design is walked through step-by-step, starting with a monochromatic BK7 design and improving it using aspherics, then removing aspherics by replacing them with doublet lenses while maintaining performance. Color correction is then addressed.
A remarkable new telescope objective designDave Shafer
A new apochromatic telescope objective is described, due to Joe Bietry, which is fast speed and has astigmatism correction to give very high performance while minimizing the cost of the expensive anomalous dispersion glasses used.
Extreme pixels per volume optical designDave Shafer
The surprising benefits are shown of superimposing a diffractive surface on top of an aspheric surface to get very high performance designs with a very narrow spectral bandwidth. The combination on the same surface allows independent control of a ray's direction and phase..
A survey of some unusual telescope designs. One has a 20 meter diameter f/1.0 spherical primary mirror while others are suitable for amateur astronomers to make.
New catadioptric design type fast speed and wide fieldDave Shafer
A very simple catadioptric design is described that is capable of providing fast speed, like f/1.0, over a telecentric 65 degree field diameter with excellent aberration correction and an external pupil
One example is given of a fast speed wide angle telescope design that uses freeform aspherics to give great performance gains compared to conventional aspherics
This document discusses various optical design tricks and techniques for designing optical systems using monocentric, nearly concentric, and concentric lens configurations. Some key points:
- Monocentric designs have no unique optical axis and forward and backward paths are indistinguishable. Nearly concentric lenses act as if located at their centers of curvature and can introduce spherical aberration.
- Monocentric systems have equivalent aberrations regardless of surface order. Concentric lenses in front of or behind the aperture stop are also equivalent.
- The Gabor telescope design has better higher-order performance than the Bouwers monocentric design. Nearly concentric lenses can simulate aspheric surfaces.
- Lens designs
1) The document describes several simple mirror systems that have unusual optical characteristics despite using few elements.
2) Many of the designs use multiple reflections off of spherical or aspheric surfaces to correct aberrations like astigmatism.
3) Unexpected solutions are found, such as designs that correct third-order spherical aberration using a single reflective surface.
Some odd and interesting monocentric designs 2005Dave Shafer
This document summarizes several monocentric optical designs created by David Shafer about 30 years ago. It begins by looking at fully monocentric designs like the Sutton ball lens and a theoretical "perfect do-nothing lens". It then discusses how monocentric designs have the same performance when used backwards or with shuffled surface orders. Several examples of monocentric catadioptric systems are provided, including some with refractive elements added. The document concludes by examining designs that combine monocentric and flat surfaces, such as the Dyson, Wynne-Dyson, and Rosch designs.
Multiple solutions in very simple optical designsDave Shafer
Several optical design examples show how multiple solutions can exist even in very simple systems. Time spent in looking for them is often more useful then simply optimizing the first solution that you find, which may not be the best of the alternates..
Wide angle fast speed lens with only 4 elementsDave Shafer
The document discusses the design of a wide angle fast speed lens with 4 elements and a 90 degree field of view at f/2.0 aperture. By using extensive aspherics, including a nearly zero power double-aspheric element, amazing lens designs can be achieved with very high image quality correction despite the simple design. While the initial designs are monochromatic, adding additional lens elements can provide color correction.
Thoughts on spend intelligence - Newsletter: April 2014ProcIntel
A regular column on producing spend intelligence and conducting strategic sourcing in companies.
APRIL 2014: Strategic sourcing in the extractive industries
The document contains a list of usernames and passwords for various accounts and services including Speedy Instan, FLEXY, SPIDOL, and a PPP connection. There are over 30 username and password pairs listed in a mix of numbers and letters with no other context provided.
The document contains a list of usernames and passwords for various accounts and services including Speedy Instan, FLEXY, SPIDOL, and a PPP connection. There are over 30 username and password pairs listed in a mix of numbers and letters with no other context provided.
Loyola Institute of Business Administration is announcing the candidates selected for group discussion and interviews for their PGDM (Full Time) program for 2009-2011. Over 300 candidates have been selected based on their scores in the XAT exam. Cutoff scores for general and Catholic minority quotas are provided. The document then lists each selected candidate's XAT ID number and details regarding the date, time, and location of their group discussion and interview.
This document discusses using 3D printing to visualize student activity data from the learning management system Blackboard. Specifically, it describes representing student enrollment, activity levels, and course grades over time in a course as a 3D printed model, with different dimensions representing week, enrollment, activity level, and grade. It also mentions partners involved in the project like the University of Cincinnati's Center for Simulations and Virtual Environments Research.
This document provides instructions on how to summarize and analyze big TSV files using command line tools. It introduces bin4tsv, the author's tool for handling TSV files with millions of lines. It then discusses techniques for speeding up analysis of large TSV files, such as using color to visualize data, drawing Venn diagrams, generating frequency tables, and creating cross tables. The document aims to provide pre-processing tips and lesser known techniques for efficiently working with big TSV data files from the command line.
Confidence Interval ExplanationHere is one sample from the before .docxmargaretr5
Confidence Interval ExplanationHere is one sample from the before data. Hit <F9> to get a new sample.Samples from the after data of size 100 are taken and the mean is found. This is repeated 1000 times to get a sampling distribution. The normal distribution which has mean equal to the mean of the after data and standard deviation equal to the standard deviation of the after data divided by the square root of the number of samples, this is the SE, is shown in the background. The 95% confidence interval is indicated by the red coloring on the normal distribution, this is (mean - 1.96*SE, mean + 1.96*SE). The meaning should be clear, about 95% of the sampling distribution should occur in this interval.Here is one sample from the after data. Hit <F9> to get a new sample.Mean of sampling distribution: 68.67Standard Deviation of Sampling Dist: 2.2653681696Here is another perspective. 100 samples were drawn from the After Data. A 95% CI was created for each. We should expect 95% of these CI's to contain the true population mean. Hit <F9> to regenerate.%CI's that contain the mean:95%Each CI is formed by finding the mean (M) of the sample and then the standard deviation of the sample (SD). SE is computed as SD/sqrt(# of samples). The CI is computed as (M - 1.96*SE, M + 1.96*SE)A good intuition for the CI: The mean is a point estimate. You take a sample of the population, take the sample mean and use this as an estimate for the population mean. Why should this estimate be any good, after all, you just have one random sample. The CI is an interval estimate, a 95% CI is an interval obtained from a sample and you interpret this as: "I am 95% certain that the actual population mean is in the interval." You are not predicting a specific mean for the population, instead you are finding an interval of possible values for the population mean and you are able to quantify how certain you are that the true population mean is inside that interval.
Before 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 > 100 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 9 15 12 15 12 1 7 0
After 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 > 100 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 9 1 14 9 9 8 4 8 8 2 2 4
1000 mean counts for samples of size 100
Normal [58…59) [59…60) [60…61) [61…62) [62…63) [63…64) [64…65) [65…66) [66…67) [67…68) [68…69) [69…70) [70…71) [71…72) [72…73) [73…74) [74…75) [75…76) [76…77) 8.8282100460376246E-4 3.2511886833645805E-3 9.9506075746811154E-3 2.5311569538967453E-2 5.3514487353852808E-2 9.404236616752075E-2 0.13736899363605978 0.16679222763955848 0.16834082053343802 0.14123093325896996 9.8490150107868657E-2 5.7091288445204835E-2 2.7507319198796232E-2 1.1015681848986936E-2 3.66639108202782E-3 1.0141604168724117E-3 2.331245989 1799975E-4 4.4530088049832273E-5 7.067586755726829E-6 Mean Counts [58…59) [59…60) [60…61) [61…62) [62…63) [63…64) [64…65) [65…66) [66…67) [67…68) [68…69) [69…70) [70…71) [71…72) [72…73) [73…74) [74…75) [75…76) [76…77) 2E-3 6.00000000.
The document discusses real-time image recognition using Apache Spark. It describes how images are analyzed to extract histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) descriptors, which are stored as feature vectors in a MemSQL table. Similar images can then be identified by comparing feature vectors using dot products, enabling searches of millions of images per second. A demo is shown generating HOG descriptors from an image and storing them as a vector for fast similarity matching.
The document appears to be a table showing interest rates ranging from 1% to 12% over periods of 2 to 35 years. It lists the annual interest rate in the left column and the accumulated value over time in the subsequent columns. The table allows users to look up the future value of an investment based on the original amount, interest rate, and number of years.
The document describes the matrix memorization of Pi, which is considered the Everest of memory tests. It involves memorizing blocks of 5 digits from Pi and being able to recall the digits on either side of any block called out within a set time limit. The record for completing this task now stands at 17 minutes and 39 seconds, held by Mats Bergsten in 2008 with zero errors across 50 calls and 500 digit responses.
The document describes the Monte Carlo method for modeling risk and uncertainty in complex systems. It was developed in the 1940s by scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory to simulate neutron diffusion for nuclear weapons design. The method uses random numbers and distributions to generate multiple scenarios and outcomes. It captures variability that traditional single- or multi-point estimates cannot. The document provides an example of using Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the financial risks and returns of a potential business acquisition under different leverage and exit multiple scenarios.
How do you cut the Big Data clutter and tell interesting, insightful and impacting stories? This session talks about the need for Data Visualization & how Visual stories can come to the aid of the Big Data problem associated with meaningful consumption. The point is illustrated by leveraging several industry case studies.
This document provides examples of credit risk modeling techniques using an Excel workbook. It includes examples of calculating expected loss for individual and multiple borrowers, modeling default correlation using copulas, and simulating defaults in a homogeneous loan portfolio. The workbook is intended to demonstrate concepts from the textbook "Managing Credit Risk Under The Basel III Framework" by Dr. Lam Yat-fai.
Find Your SoLoMoJo - Location-Based Mobile Social and The Future of MarketingWe Are Social Singapore
This is the second edition of We Are Social's guide to using SoLoMo to drive brand engagement on the go. It features case studies from around the world, statistics to back up the SoLoMo business case, predictions for the future of SoLoMo, as well as a guide to getting started in SoLoMo today. For more info, please email us at sayhello@wearesocial.sg, or contact us on twitter: http://twitter.com/wearesocialsg
Flight management optimization using Advanced AnalyticsNeural Designer
The following presentation consists in building a model for the point performance of an Airbus A300 600R in cruise guidance mode using flight data.
The aim is to optimize flight variables in order to reduce fuel consumption of an aircraft.
Making Big Data relevant: Importance of Data Visualization and AnalyticsGramener
This document discusses the importance of data visualization and analytics for making big data relevant. It provides examples of how visualizing data through simple charts and graphs can help identify patterns and insights more quickly than just viewing raw numbers. Effective data visualization and analytics helps different levels of an organization consume and understand data in order to make informed decisions.
The document contains a long list of codes and numbers repeated multiple times. It seems to be listing various identifiers but does not provide any context around what they represent or relate to.
Similar to The future of AI programs in lens design (20)
Aberration theory - A spectrum of design techniques for the perplexed - 1986.pdfDave Shafer
This document summarizes the design process for a Double-Gauss lens using aberration theory. It begins with the historical basis of two Gauss doublets back-to-back, then walks through building up a design from first principles using aberration theory. Key steps include: 1) Adding concentric surfaces to cancel astigmatism; 2) Adding an aplanatic/aplanatic shell to introduce Petzval curvature; 3) Adding a concentric/concentric shell to push the system to a telecentric exit pupil. This allows removing the final lens element far from the image. The result is a corrected Double-Gauss design arrived at through theoretical understanding rather than trial-and-error optimization.
1) Snakes played an important religious role in ancient Egypt and were depicted widely in art and iconography. When Moses was in Egypt, snake imagery would have been everywhere.
2) Some scholars propose that the Levite tribe, including Moses and Aaron, may have originated as Egyptian priests who followed Moses out of Egypt and had connections to snake handling and worship. References to snakes in the Bible may relate to this.
3) In the Bible, Moses was instructed by God to make a copper snake idol to cure snakebites, contradicting idol worship bans. This later developed into a snake cult in Jerusalem until being destroyed centuries later. Ancient Near Eastern snake cults and worship were common.
Georgia O'Keeffe was an American artist known for her paintings of flowers, landscapes, and cityscapes. She pioneered abstract painting in the early 20th century, creating non-representational works using only shapes, colors, and forms as early as 1915. Her early abstract paintings were prominently displayed by her husband Arthur Stieglitz at his 291 gallery, exposing the American public to this new style of art. O'Keeffe was influenced by Arthur Wesley Dow's principles of composition and abstraction, and she credited Arthur Dove as having the most significant impact on her development as a young artist moving her style towards abstraction.
Frederic Mistral wrote a long love poem called "Mireille" about his native region of Provence, describing its traditions, culture, and dialects. Charles Gounod later adapted this poem into his 1864 opera of the same name. While Gounod's opera "Faust" has been performed thousands of times, his "Mireille" set in Provence is now rarely performed. The opera showcases aspects of Provençal culture described in Mistral's poem, such as the folk dance called the Farandole, and beliefs in witches and sylphs.
Cooke triplet lens with freeform surfacesDave Shafer
The document discusses optimizing a Cooke Triplet lens design for a strip field using freeform surfaces. It finds that with 10th order conventional aspherics on all surfaces, the design can be diffraction-limited over a 20 degree field at f/2.5. Replacing the aspherics with 10th order freeform surfaces and optimizing for a 20x1.5 degree strip field improves performance tenfold to a wavefront of 0.0040 waves rms. Narrowing the strip field to 20x0.5 degrees further improves performance to 0.0025 waves rms, showing the benefits of freeform surfaces for strip field designs.
Modified freeform offner, august 11, 2021Dave Shafer
An Offner 1.0X relay system can be given a greatly increased field size with good aberration correction by adding to the design two 45 degree flat fold mirrors that are given some freeform aspheric deformation.
A freeform aspheric version of the classic Dyson design gives much improved aberration correction and makes for designs that are fast speed and have a large field size, especially large rectangular strip fields
A wide angle fast speed unobscured freeform aspheric mirror design for the IR is shown to be enormous in size compared to an all refractive 3 element lens of germanium with conventional aspherics and better performance.
Schiefspiegler telescope with corrector lensesDave Shafer
This document contains contact information for David Shafer of David Shafer Optical Design and describes an unobscured 6 inch aperture f/10 telescope design from 1990. The design uses BK7 lenses and spherical mirrors to produce a diffraction limited image over a 1 degree flat field with no tilt at f/10 and has a length approximately equal to the focal length. It also references a simplified version of the design from a slideshare presentation that has a shorter length of half the focal length using tilted lenses and spherical mirrors with an optional fold flat.
A survey of some interesting Gregorian telescope designs includes some with all spherical surfaces as well as some with a 20 meter spherical f/1.0 primary mirror and sub-aperture corrector mirrors.
New optical system corrected for all third order aberrations for all conjugat...Dave Shafer
An afocal unit magnification optical system is described which is corrected for 3rd order spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, Petzval and distortion for all conjugate distances
The document discusses how social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted normal routines and activities. While there is uncertainty about the future, this time provides an opportunity to spend more time on hobbies, help neighbors, and cooperate with each other. With cooperation and support of one another, people can work to reduce stress and have a more positive outlook despite challenges posed by the current situation.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...
The future of AI programs in lens design
1. The future of AI in Optical Design
Dave Shafer
David Shafer Optical Design
Fairfield, CT 06824
203-259-1431
shaferlens@sbcglobal.net
2. “Deep learning” neural network AI programs are being used in facial
recognition and other pattern recognition activities and have had very much
better success as a chess playing program than old style knowledge based AI
programs. Because of this I think it is very likely that in the future automated lens
design will be handled by neural network AI programs and knowledge based
programs AI may become obsolete and abandoned.
But oddly this will make human lens designers more valuable, at least in the
near term, and I have many design examples that will show this. If the only input
to a neural network program are the rules of chess, or Snell's law and ray tracing
codes for lens design as well as the specs on a desired design, then that same
input becomes very important in a way that it is not in the old knowledge based
programs. Some examples here will show this – how an incomplete rule set as
well as a needlessly restrictive set can cause deep learning AI programs to give
odd and/or disappointing results. They may always need human guidance.
3. Before looking at AI in lens design let us first
consider AI in chess. In a different universe
Homer Simpson might be a math wizard. But
in our universe he is an idiot. How would he
do playing chess against a computer program,
specifically a deep learning AI one?
4. Imagine a robot connected to a powerful deep learning AI chess playing
program that we have just created.
5. How our chess playing robot does against Homer
Simpson will depend strongly on the set of rules of the
game given to it and the possibilities for play that
follow from that. This is also true in lens design.
The key to the outcome is how complete the rule set
is. For example, Homer would be used to a very
important rule, from having played other games, that
the computer program has to be explicitly told.
That rule is that the chess
players can only move their
own pieces, not also those
of their opponent. So very
obvious that it might not
be in the rule book given to
the program.
6. Here is a classic and brilliant chess
puzzle from 1974. The problem is for
White to checkmate in just one move.
A quick study will show that this is
impossible. A long study will show the
same thing. An AI deep learning
computer program will almost certainly
be stumped by this. The solution
depends on a very minor chess rule that
you would probably never think of
applying to this situation.
The board and pieces as shown here
are a completely legitimate arrangement
but it is shown in a very deceptive way,
which is the key to the answer.
7. In setting up the initial board it is
required that the bottom right hand
square space be white.
right wrong
Board is
rotated 90
degrees from
correct position
8. Here is the board shown
earlier. The lower right hand
square is black, not white, so
this view is very misleading, but
still legitimate.
Here is the “correct” (i.e., not
misleading) view, with a 90 degree
rotation. Now the bottom right
hand square is white.
9. With this view everything is different. The pawn can be advanced by one square
and promoted to a knight, which gives an immediate checkmate in just one move.
The puzzle
depends on
showing the
board mid-
game, when
you would
probably not
notice the 90
degree board
orientation.
10. But a human, even a cartoon human,
working on this puzzle might decide that
there is something fishy going on here,
where it is easy to show that there is no
solution possible and yet we are told to
find a solution. A computer would not
think that way or be suspicious unless it
had been explicitly told to check the rule
book when all else fails.
Most test situations are not a contest
between you and the test material (here
a chess puzzle). They are instead a
contest between you and the person
who created the test – here a very
sneaky person.
Most (or maybe all) AI programs are
unaware of this particular human
element. A sneaky diabolical puzzle
creator is a higher level concept outside
of the AI program’s rigid rule book
orientation.
11. Here is a simple Turing test, based on human psychology, to
distinguish between a computer and a person. It is based on an
awareness of how people think. The next slide shows a whole
bunch of computer generated 5 digit random numbers. But
suppose instead these random numbers were all generated by
a person. How can you easily and quickly tell which it is?
Answer – you quickly scan down through the columns of
numbers looking for some that are mostly zeros, like 90003 or
00006, or repeated numbers, like 77773. These stand out
visually from the background and are easy to spot. If you see
none or very very few of these then you know the list was
generated by a person. Few people will include a number like
90003 or 10001 in a list they generate because they don’t think
these numbers “look random”. So here is a Turing test that no
AI program would ever “think” of generating, because it is
based on human psychology. It is a knowledge based test idea.
Turing
14. Homer has tunnel vision and cannot think
of anything outside of his present situation
and that limits what he can achieve.
Computers have a very hard time “thinking”
outside the box if they are too constrained
by a set of rules or alternately are working
with an incomplete set of rules. Let us
move now over to lens design and see this.
There are many situations in modern lens design programs where how the merit
function is defined and how the initial configuration data is specified will
needlessly restrict what designs can be found by the optimization program. This
is where a human lens designer or a very good knowledge based AI program can
find some designs that a deep learning program can never find. Let’s look at how
a deep learning AI program will fail when it lacks at least some basic knowledge.
15. A monochromatic design with a 90 degree field, f/1.0, 5.0 mm f.l. Many
aspherics. Diffraction-limited over the field at .55u Well corrected for distortion
and no vignetting. The key to this kind of design is many aspherics, very long
length compared to focal length and – most important of all – an intermediate
image.
There is no equivalent high performance design without an intermediate
image that can cover a 90 degree field at f/1.0 - that is a key part of this amazing
design type.
16. Suppose you gave an AI program the task of finding a good design with the same
specs, of 90 degree field and f/1.0 with no vignetting, and some focal length value. You
might choose 10 mm focal length. No matter how long the AI program searches it can
never find a design of this type. Why? Because with an intermediate image the focal
length sign changes and you should have asked for a -10 mm focal length. Few
designers would think of that and a deep learning AI program certainly would not. The
best plan is to correct for the square of the focal length or the absolute value, to cover
all + or – possibilities. Then AI could find an intermediate image design.
17. Spherical aberration between the
doublets redistributes the energy
Collimates the
aberrated rays
Intermediate focus gives a design with much
better energy capture and intensity uniformity
Gaussian beam
to flat top design
18. Spherical aberration between the
doublets redistributes the energy
Collimates the
aberrated rays
In controlling the output ray distribution during optimization, the signs of the ray heights
are flipped in the bottom design compared to the top design, because of the intermediate
image. An AI program will never find the very good bottom design if given the ray distribution
targets of the top design. All the target value signs would need to be switched.
19. Here is a good
design from 1934 by
Schmidt, where the
usual Schmidt
aspheric plate is
replaced by an
afocal triplet
without an aspheric
Reference design, f/1.0, 10 degree full field, for comparisons
BK7 lenses
Spherical
mirror
20. It turns out that there is a
variety of three lens
solutions, all the same
glass, and all spherical
surfaces. This one has
much better performance
than our reference design.
Suppose you give an AI
program the task of looking
for other designs with
three front lenses and a
spherical mirror, looking for
the best solution.
21. The best design of all,
with three lenses, is this
one here – where 2 of the
3 lenses are seen in double
pass. It is related to our
original reference design,
pioneered by Schmidt.
Despite the similarity to our reference design (positive, negative,
positive lenses, no meniscus lenses, no lens thickness sensitivity), no
“automatic design” program is ever going to find this new solution – of
using the double-pass idea - from the reference design starting point.
22. From the computer’s
point of view, and also
that of the AI program,
this is a design with 5
lenses, not 3 – because
that is what the light
rays see. But physically
it is just 3 lenses. An AI
program will never find
this high performance
solution if it only
understands 3 lenses to
mean what the light rays
see.
23. A beamspliiter used in converging light has aberrations – spherical aberration, coma, and
astigmatism – which degrade the transmitted image quality. Shenker and Rayces both
independently came up with this very clever insight – if you just choose the coordinate system
differently you will see that the aberrated rays are just a small off-center piece of a very fast
speed on-axis ray cone, which only has spherical aberration – in that coordinate system.
Very fast speed
axial ray cone
Piece of the
axial cone
Design with
coordinate shift
24. That same spherical
aberration can be
corrected by adding a very
weak power spherical
mirror either before or
after the beamsplitter. No
AI program would find this
clever solution. Instead it
probably would do what
human designers have
done in published designs
– added expensive cylinder,
wedge and asphericity to
the beamsplitter element
itself to fix the aberrations.
Spherical
mirror
Spherical
mirror
25. The Fulcher design is a
simple extremely high
performance focusing lens
with just 4 weak power
spherical lenses. Here it is
as a 100 mm focal length
design at f/0.7 and a
wavefront error of .006
waves r.m.s. at .55u
It turns out that there are several other good solutions with 4 lenses, including
an alternate all positive lens design and several where one of the 4 lenses is
negative. The Fulcher design is the best one by far and is not easy to find.
4 spherical lenses
with n = 1.6
26. To know about Fulcher’s OSA article from
the 1950s you would need to have a very
good memory (like this guy here) or have
read the very few articles since then that
refer to it.
A knowledge based AI program might
have a huge amount of design literature
and patents loaded into it, but deep
learning AI based on neural networks
seems to be the wave of the future – not
knowledge based AI. There is no guarantee
that a deep learning AI program would find
the superior Fulcher solution among the
other alternate design solutions.
27. A catadioptric immersion
design for lithography, with
two intermediate images.
An alternate catadioptric
immersion design for
lithography, with two
intermediate images
Both designs are state-of-
the-art in performance
28. It is highly unlikely that an AI design
program could find either of these
designs because of the unusual
configuration of lenses and mirrors and
the extremely high performance levels.
But if AI could find the bottom design,
with equivalent performance to the top
design, it would not “realize” that it is a
worthless design – and neither would
some designers. The reason? – The top
design has two reflections and the
bottom design has three, so the right/left
image orientation is reversed in the two
designs. Only the top design is
compatible with the already existing very
expensive lithographic circuit masks.
29. A conventional design configuration like this for a complex lithography lens
is ideal for a deep learning AI program, or a knowledge based program.
Lenses can be automatically added until a good solution is found. But designs
that combine lenses and mirrors, like the previous slide, are much more
complex and have to deal with ray/mirror clearances and interferences, fold
angles, odd geometries, etc. that would be much harder for an AI program to
“think” of and deal with.
30. Fresnel lenses that deviate light by large
angles, as in the outer parts of a lighthouse
lens, use either tiny mirrors or catadioptric
prism elements. They result in large ray
deviation angles with no color effects.
Sometimes the
simplest ideas would be
the hardest for AI to
discover. Here it is the
transitioning change
between the center and
outer parts to avoid
excessive color, as well
as what is shown next.
31. Dispersion effects in Fresnel elements
Lots of color some color little or no color effects
In principle you could make low or zero
dispersion sheets of plastic Fresnel prisms
No reflection One reflection
Two reflections
32. Cognitive scientist Roger
Shepard’s 1990 table top
illusion. The table tops
are exactly the same size
and shape! Yes they are!
It is an illusion to think that an
AI program that only uses deep
learning with no knowledge
based input can match human
designers.
33. So it looks like the future of AI
in lens design is one where
human knowledge and insights
will greatly expand the useful
terrain that AI programs explore
– by people directing AI away
from known dead ends and
towards regions not covered by
the “rule book” – such as
allowing a double pass of light
through a lens.Homer will probably not, however, be
one of the people best suited for this
human collaboration with AI programs.
34. One thing is certain - in the future AI will substantially reduce the
employment options in many fields. Even today young people are
becoming very concerned about that, as my next slide shows.