A modification of the Double-Gauss design with two diffractive surfaces is described with very enhanced performance. The key is an interaction between the aberrations of the two diffractive surfaces and the aberrations of a curved substrate lens.
1) Optical design techniques include investigating multiple versions of simple designs to find the best one, as different versions can have tradeoffs in higher-order aberrations.
2) Stop shift theory is a useful technique for creating new designs by finding aperture stop positions that correct specific aberrations, such as lateral color, even if the final stop position is constrained.
3) Combining simple optical systems with useful properties, such as common axial color cancellation, is a way to develop new complex corrected designs like the CMO (catadioptric, mirror, objective) type.
Cooke triplet lens with freeform surfacesDave Shafer
The document discusses optimizing a Cooke Triplet lens design for a strip field using freeform surfaces. It finds that with 10th order conventional aspherics on all surfaces, the design can be diffraction-limited over a 20 degree field at f/2.5. Replacing the aspherics with 10th order freeform surfaces and optimizing for a 20x1.5 degree strip field improves performance tenfold to a wavefront of 0.0040 waves rms. Narrowing the strip field to 20x0.5 degrees further improves performance to 0.0025 waves rms, showing the benefits of freeform surfaces for strip field designs.
By using a diffractive surface to provide most of the focusing power, combined with aspheric lenses, a simple fast speed wide angle design is possible with excellent image quality. But a very large amount of color limits the useful spectral bandwidth to a very small amount.
Some odd and interesting monocentric designs 2005Dave Shafer
This document summarizes several monocentric optical designs created by David Shafer about 30 years ago. It begins by looking at fully monocentric designs like the Sutton ball lens and a theoretical "perfect do-nothing lens". It then discusses how monocentric designs have the same performance when used backwards or with shuffled surface orders. Several examples of monocentric catadioptric systems are provided, including some with refractive elements added. The document concludes by examining designs that combine monocentric and flat surfaces, such as the Dyson, Wynne-Dyson, and Rosch designs.
Wide angle fast speed lens with only 4 elementsDave Shafer
The document discusses the design of a wide angle fast speed lens with 4 elements and a 90 degree field of view at f/2.0 aperture. By using extensive aspherics, including a nearly zero power double-aspheric element, amazing lens designs can be achieved with very high image quality correction despite the simple design. While the initial designs are monochromatic, adding additional lens elements can provide color correction.
Multiple solutions in very simple optical designsDave Shafer
Several optical design examples show how multiple solutions can exist even in very simple systems. Time spent in looking for them is often more useful then simply optimizing the first solution that you find, which may not be the best of the alternates..
1) Optical design techniques include investigating multiple versions of simple designs to find the best one, as different versions can have tradeoffs in higher-order aberrations.
2) Stop shift theory is a useful technique for creating new designs by finding aperture stop positions that correct specific aberrations, such as lateral color, even if the final stop position is constrained.
3) Combining simple optical systems with useful properties, such as common axial color cancellation, is a way to develop new complex corrected designs like the CMO (catadioptric, mirror, objective) type.
Cooke triplet lens with freeform surfacesDave Shafer
The document discusses optimizing a Cooke Triplet lens design for a strip field using freeform surfaces. It finds that with 10th order conventional aspherics on all surfaces, the design can be diffraction-limited over a 20 degree field at f/2.5. Replacing the aspherics with 10th order freeform surfaces and optimizing for a 20x1.5 degree strip field improves performance tenfold to a wavefront of 0.0040 waves rms. Narrowing the strip field to 20x0.5 degrees further improves performance to 0.0025 waves rms, showing the benefits of freeform surfaces for strip field designs.
By using a diffractive surface to provide most of the focusing power, combined with aspheric lenses, a simple fast speed wide angle design is possible with excellent image quality. But a very large amount of color limits the useful spectral bandwidth to a very small amount.
Some odd and interesting monocentric designs 2005Dave Shafer
This document summarizes several monocentric optical designs created by David Shafer about 30 years ago. It begins by looking at fully monocentric designs like the Sutton ball lens and a theoretical "perfect do-nothing lens". It then discusses how monocentric designs have the same performance when used backwards or with shuffled surface orders. Several examples of monocentric catadioptric systems are provided, including some with refractive elements added. The document concludes by examining designs that combine monocentric and flat surfaces, such as the Dyson, Wynne-Dyson, and Rosch designs.
Wide angle fast speed lens with only 4 elementsDave Shafer
The document discusses the design of a wide angle fast speed lens with 4 elements and a 90 degree field of view at f/2.0 aperture. By using extensive aspherics, including a nearly zero power double-aspheric element, amazing lens designs can be achieved with very high image quality correction despite the simple design. While the initial designs are monochromatic, adding additional lens elements can provide color correction.
Multiple solutions in very simple optical designsDave Shafer
Several optical design examples show how multiple solutions can exist even in very simple systems. Time spent in looking for them is often more useful then simply optimizing the first solution that you find, which may not be the best of the alternates..
A method is described of designing cell phone lenses that automatically results in much smoother surfaces without the usual very "wiggly" aspheric shapes.
A wide angle fast speed unobscured freeform aspheric mirror design for the IR is shown to be enormous in size compared to an all refractive 3 element lens of germanium with conventional aspherics and better performance.
1) The document describes several simple mirror systems that have unusual optical characteristics despite using few elements.
2) Many of the designs use multiple reflections off of spherical or aspheric surfaces to correct aberrations like astigmatism.
3) Unexpected solutions are found, such as designs that correct third-order spherical aberration using a single reflective surface.
Extreme pixels per volume optical designDave Shafer
The surprising benefits are shown of superimposing a diffractive surface on top of an aspheric surface to get very high performance designs with a very narrow spectral bandwidth. The combination on the same surface allows independent control of a ray's direction and phase..
A general lens design method, with a photographic lens exampleDave Shafer
This document outlines a general design method for optical lenses using photographic lens examples:
1. Always start with a monochromatic design using a single glass type to achieve the required performance. Use aspherics temporarily but remove them later.
2. Add color correcting surfaces in a way that minimizes changes to the monochromatic design. Use no more than 3 glass types and minimize color inside the design.
3. The example lens design is walked through step-by-step, starting with a monochromatic BK7 design and improving it using aspherics, then removing aspherics by replacing them with doublet lenses while maintaining performance. Color correction is then addressed.
This document discusses various optical design tricks and techniques for designing optical systems using monocentric, nearly concentric, and concentric lens configurations. Some key points:
- Monocentric designs have no unique optical axis and forward and backward paths are indistinguishable. Nearly concentric lenses act as if located at their centers of curvature and can introduce spherical aberration.
- Monocentric systems have equivalent aberrations regardless of surface order. Concentric lenses in front of or behind the aperture stop are also equivalent.
- The Gabor telescope design has better higher-order performance than the Bouwers monocentric design. Nearly concentric lenses can simulate aspheric surfaces.
- Lens designs
More of a new family of freeform mirror telescopesDave Shafer
The document discusses new families of telescope designs with two or three mirrors and multiple reflections between the mirrors. These designs can achieve good correction for spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism with just two or three mirrors. Some key points:
- Four families of two-mirror designs exist with three reflections between the mirrors. Tilting and shaping the mirrors as aspheres allows for unobscured designs.
- Three-mirror designs with four reflections between the mirrors can also produce flat, anastigmatic images with compact packaging. Different sequences of reflections off the three mirrors are possible.
- While these multiple reflection designs open up new possibilities, conventional three-mirror freeform designs may still
The power of negative thinking in optical designDave Shafer
This document discusses optical lens design. It begins with an overview of the talk, which will review previous material and introduce new ideas. The document then discusses challenges with correcting aberrations in highly optimized designs. It provides examples of triplet lens designs and compares their performance based on third-order assumptions versus ray-tracing optimization. The document introduces new compact lens designs that achieve wide angles and fast speeds using no vignetting. It shows examples achieving various specifications like being diffraction limited or having specific fields of view and focal lengths.
The document discusses how early lens design progress was hindered by slow hand calculations and lack of modern materials. It provides examples of simple lens designs that were possible even pre-computer but had limited applications without modern technologies. The document emphasizes that while computers have advanced design capabilities, fundamental design ideas and theories are more important. It provides several examples of innovative lens designs the author developed through conceptual thinking alone. The document cautions against overuse of new technologies like freeform surfaces and metasurfaces without consideration of conventional design alternatives.
The document discusses various design variations of Offner relays, including:
1) The basic Offner relay design with two spherical mirrors and three reflections, which is diffraction-limited at f/3.0 over a 1.1mm annular field.
2) A design using a meniscus shell between the mirrors to correct aberrations and greatly enlarge the field size to a diffraction-limited 12mm annular field at f/3.
3) A design with the meniscus lens between the mirrors rather than in contact, improving aberration correction and enlarging the field size to 10mm at f/2.0.
Broad band catadioptric design with long working distanceDave Shafer
A broad spectral band high NA catadioptric design is developed that has a long working distance. The design is developed from first principles and the evolution of the design shows what the process of lens design is like.
The document discusses the history of the invention of the achromatic lens, which corrects chromatic aberration by using two lenses made of different glass types with different dispersions. In the early 1700s, British mathematician Chester Hall figured out the formula to correct color this way but did not know if suitable glasses existed. He later discovered by accident that eyeglasses used two different glass types. Hall contracted with two opticians to secretly make prototype lenses to prove his theory, but both subcontracted the work to George Bass, who assembled the lenses and discovered they eliminated chromatic aberration. John Dolland overheard of this and patented the invention, becoming rich.
Highlights of my 51 years in optical designDave Shafer
Dave Shafer has been fascinated by optics since childhood. He taught himself lens design and worked on classified military optics projects during the Cold War era, including designs to detect submarine periscopes and correct distortions in spy satellite photos. He has designed optics for medical imaging, missile detection satellites, and lithography equipment. Through determination and creative thinking, he has had an illustrious 51-year career in optical design.
Lens designs with extreme image quality featuresDave Shafer
A variety of lens designs is described which have some image quality feature which is extreme - like an extremely wide spectral bandwidth or extremely high resolution.
Aberration theory - A spectrum of design techniques for the perplexed - 1986.pdfDave Shafer
This document summarizes the design process for a Double-Gauss lens using aberration theory. It begins with the historical basis of two Gauss doublets back-to-back, then walks through building up a design from first principles using aberration theory. Key steps include: 1) Adding concentric surfaces to cancel astigmatism; 2) Adding an aplanatic/aplanatic shell to introduce Petzval curvature; 3) Adding a concentric/concentric shell to push the system to a telecentric exit pupil. This allows removing the final lens element far from the image. The result is a corrected Double-Gauss design arrived at through theoretical understanding rather than trial-and-error optimization.
Dennis gabor's catadioptric design and some new variationsDave Shafer
A variety of optical designs are developed and discussed, inspired by Gabor's very simple and largely unknown design. Some are extremely high NA (0.999!!!) with a wide field of view and diffraction-limited correction.
Some color correction studies with diffractive or metasurfacesDave Shafer
Some designs are shown with a single glass type plus diffractive or metasurfaces which bring 4 or even 5 wavelengths to the same focus. Induced color is the explanation.
A survey of some interesting Gregorian telescope designs includes some with all spherical surfaces as well as some with a 20 meter spherical f/1.0 primary mirror and sub-aperture corrector mirrors.
A method is described of designing cell phone lenses that automatically results in much smoother surfaces without the usual very "wiggly" aspheric shapes.
A wide angle fast speed unobscured freeform aspheric mirror design for the IR is shown to be enormous in size compared to an all refractive 3 element lens of germanium with conventional aspherics and better performance.
1) The document describes several simple mirror systems that have unusual optical characteristics despite using few elements.
2) Many of the designs use multiple reflections off of spherical or aspheric surfaces to correct aberrations like astigmatism.
3) Unexpected solutions are found, such as designs that correct third-order spherical aberration using a single reflective surface.
Extreme pixels per volume optical designDave Shafer
The surprising benefits are shown of superimposing a diffractive surface on top of an aspheric surface to get very high performance designs with a very narrow spectral bandwidth. The combination on the same surface allows independent control of a ray's direction and phase..
A general lens design method, with a photographic lens exampleDave Shafer
This document outlines a general design method for optical lenses using photographic lens examples:
1. Always start with a monochromatic design using a single glass type to achieve the required performance. Use aspherics temporarily but remove them later.
2. Add color correcting surfaces in a way that minimizes changes to the monochromatic design. Use no more than 3 glass types and minimize color inside the design.
3. The example lens design is walked through step-by-step, starting with a monochromatic BK7 design and improving it using aspherics, then removing aspherics by replacing them with doublet lenses while maintaining performance. Color correction is then addressed.
This document discusses various optical design tricks and techniques for designing optical systems using monocentric, nearly concentric, and concentric lens configurations. Some key points:
- Monocentric designs have no unique optical axis and forward and backward paths are indistinguishable. Nearly concentric lenses act as if located at their centers of curvature and can introduce spherical aberration.
- Monocentric systems have equivalent aberrations regardless of surface order. Concentric lenses in front of or behind the aperture stop are also equivalent.
- The Gabor telescope design has better higher-order performance than the Bouwers monocentric design. Nearly concentric lenses can simulate aspheric surfaces.
- Lens designs
More of a new family of freeform mirror telescopesDave Shafer
The document discusses new families of telescope designs with two or three mirrors and multiple reflections between the mirrors. These designs can achieve good correction for spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism with just two or three mirrors. Some key points:
- Four families of two-mirror designs exist with three reflections between the mirrors. Tilting and shaping the mirrors as aspheres allows for unobscured designs.
- Three-mirror designs with four reflections between the mirrors can also produce flat, anastigmatic images with compact packaging. Different sequences of reflections off the three mirrors are possible.
- While these multiple reflection designs open up new possibilities, conventional three-mirror freeform designs may still
The power of negative thinking in optical designDave Shafer
This document discusses optical lens design. It begins with an overview of the talk, which will review previous material and introduce new ideas. The document then discusses challenges with correcting aberrations in highly optimized designs. It provides examples of triplet lens designs and compares their performance based on third-order assumptions versus ray-tracing optimization. The document introduces new compact lens designs that achieve wide angles and fast speeds using no vignetting. It shows examples achieving various specifications like being diffraction limited or having specific fields of view and focal lengths.
The document discusses how early lens design progress was hindered by slow hand calculations and lack of modern materials. It provides examples of simple lens designs that were possible even pre-computer but had limited applications without modern technologies. The document emphasizes that while computers have advanced design capabilities, fundamental design ideas and theories are more important. It provides several examples of innovative lens designs the author developed through conceptual thinking alone. The document cautions against overuse of new technologies like freeform surfaces and metasurfaces without consideration of conventional design alternatives.
The document discusses various design variations of Offner relays, including:
1) The basic Offner relay design with two spherical mirrors and three reflections, which is diffraction-limited at f/3.0 over a 1.1mm annular field.
2) A design using a meniscus shell between the mirrors to correct aberrations and greatly enlarge the field size to a diffraction-limited 12mm annular field at f/3.
3) A design with the meniscus lens between the mirrors rather than in contact, improving aberration correction and enlarging the field size to 10mm at f/2.0.
Broad band catadioptric design with long working distanceDave Shafer
A broad spectral band high NA catadioptric design is developed that has a long working distance. The design is developed from first principles and the evolution of the design shows what the process of lens design is like.
The document discusses the history of the invention of the achromatic lens, which corrects chromatic aberration by using two lenses made of different glass types with different dispersions. In the early 1700s, British mathematician Chester Hall figured out the formula to correct color this way but did not know if suitable glasses existed. He later discovered by accident that eyeglasses used two different glass types. Hall contracted with two opticians to secretly make prototype lenses to prove his theory, but both subcontracted the work to George Bass, who assembled the lenses and discovered they eliminated chromatic aberration. John Dolland overheard of this and patented the invention, becoming rich.
Highlights of my 51 years in optical designDave Shafer
Dave Shafer has been fascinated by optics since childhood. He taught himself lens design and worked on classified military optics projects during the Cold War era, including designs to detect submarine periscopes and correct distortions in spy satellite photos. He has designed optics for medical imaging, missile detection satellites, and lithography equipment. Through determination and creative thinking, he has had an illustrious 51-year career in optical design.
Lens designs with extreme image quality featuresDave Shafer
A variety of lens designs is described which have some image quality feature which is extreme - like an extremely wide spectral bandwidth or extremely high resolution.
Aberration theory - A spectrum of design techniques for the perplexed - 1986.pdfDave Shafer
This document summarizes the design process for a Double-Gauss lens using aberration theory. It begins with the historical basis of two Gauss doublets back-to-back, then walks through building up a design from first principles using aberration theory. Key steps include: 1) Adding concentric surfaces to cancel astigmatism; 2) Adding an aplanatic/aplanatic shell to introduce Petzval curvature; 3) Adding a concentric/concentric shell to push the system to a telecentric exit pupil. This allows removing the final lens element far from the image. The result is a corrected Double-Gauss design arrived at through theoretical understanding rather than trial-and-error optimization.
Dennis gabor's catadioptric design and some new variationsDave Shafer
A variety of optical designs are developed and discussed, inspired by Gabor's very simple and largely unknown design. Some are extremely high NA (0.999!!!) with a wide field of view and diffraction-limited correction.
Some color correction studies with diffractive or metasurfacesDave Shafer
Some designs are shown with a single glass type plus diffractive or metasurfaces which bring 4 or even 5 wavelengths to the same focus. Induced color is the explanation.
A survey of some interesting Gregorian telescope designs includes some with all spherical surfaces as well as some with a 20 meter spherical f/1.0 primary mirror and sub-aperture corrector mirrors.
New catadioptric design type fast speed and wide fieldDave Shafer
A very simple catadioptric design is described that is capable of providing fast speed, like f/1.0, over a telecentric 65 degree field diameter with excellent aberration correction and an external pupil
A survey of some unusual telescope designs. One has a 20 meter diameter f/1.0 spherical primary mirror while others are suitable for amateur astronomers to make.
The optimum lens design form is found where the number of lenses keeps increasing in different design versions but severe space constraints limit the design configurations.
A zoom lens design method, july 3, 2013Dave Shafer
This document describes the steps taken to design a compact zoom lens with a focal length range of 8-30mm and constant f-number of 2.8. The design process began with a simple monochromatic design using aspherics, which was then optimized. Aspheric lenses were replaced one by one with equivalent spherical doublets. Groups were achromatized separately, first the moving groups and then the fixed groups. The final design was fully color corrected but unable to focus close objects. The designer may need to backtrack to an earlier monochromatic design stage to solve the focusing issue before continuing color correction.
This document summarizes an optical design for a 100 mm focal length f/1.25 lens with a 20 degree field of view that is diffraction limited from 0.4861u to 0.6563u. The design uses expensive specialty glasses with anomalous dispersion to achieve color correction over a broad spectrum while maintaining diffraction limited performance. All positive lenses are OHARA FPL51 glass, while the negative lenses use Schott KZFSN2, KZFSN4, or equivalent OHARA glasses. The polychromatic MTF curve shows extremely high performance over the wide field of view and wavelength range. This fast f/1.25 design achieves an unusually high level of color correction and has a 210
A recent article shows the use of a curved image in a three mirror freeform design and the performance benefits that brings. Here I duplicate their results but get better image quality without their "fancy" surface description or a toric image. surface
The challenge is to design a high performance replacement lens for a monochromatic triplet design, using as many lenses as you like, but it must go in exactly the same space (box) as the triplet.
Schmidt's three lens corrector for a spherical mirrorDave Shafer
Schmidt's aspheric plate in a Schmidt telescope design can be replaced by a group of three spherical lenses, as Schmidt himself showed, but he died before he could publish anything on this. Here I show many alternate versions to Schmidt's design.
A remarkable new telescope objective designDave Shafer
A new apochromatic telescope objective is described, due to Joe Bietry, which is fast speed and has astigmatism correction to give very high performance while minimizing the cost of the expensive anomalous dispersion glasses used.
A freeform aspheric version of the classic Dyson design gives much improved aberration correction and makes for designs that are fast speed and have a large field size, especially large rectangular strip fields
One example is given of a fast speed wide angle telescope design that uses freeform aspherics to give great performance gains compared to conventional aspherics
Modified freeform offner, august 11, 2021Dave Shafer
An Offner 1.0X relay system can be given a greatly increased field size with good aberration correction by adding to the design two 45 degree flat fold mirrors that are given some freeform aspheric deformation.
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This document contains contact information for David Shafer of David Shafer Optical Design and describes an unobscured 6 inch aperture f/10 telescope design from 1990. The design uses BK7 lenses and spherical mirrors to produce a diffraction limited image over a 1 degree flat field with no tilt at f/10 and has a length approximately equal to the focal length. It also references a simplified version of the design from a slideshare presentation that has a shorter length of half the focal length using tilted lenses and spherical mirrors with an optional fold flat.
New optical system corrected for all third order aberrations for all conjugat...Dave Shafer
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1. Dave Shafer
David Shafer Optical Design
Fairfield, CT 06824
203-259-1431
shaferlens@sbcglobal.net
Practical refractive/diffractive hybrid optical designs
2. By using a combination of refractive power and aspherics,
and diffractive power and diffractive asphericity, some
amazing performance can be achieved with just 2 or 3
elements. The 10 mm focal length 3 lens design above is
diffraction-limited at .55u over a 60 degree field at f/1.25
while the 2 lens designs shown here, for 20 mm focal
length, are diffraction-limited at .55u over a 60 degree
field at f/1.0 or a 30 degree field at f/.70 There is no
vignetting over the field.
3. These very simple designs differ in how many aspherics and diffractive
surfaces they use. They have all of the aberration correction and almost of
the focusing power provided by very strong aspherics and strong diffractive
power. Because of that they would be very difficult to make and are not
practical designs. They just show how aspheric and diffractive surfaces are
extremely powerful design tools. But there is another reason why they are
not practical. The strong diffractive surface(s) cause an enormous amount of
color and because of that these designs have a useful spectral bandwidth
that is extremely small. They would be confined to use with a laser.
By going to more complex designs, with 4 or 5 lens elements, most of the
aberration correction and focusing power can be provided by conventional
means. Then aspheric and diffractive surfaces can be used to improve
performance instead of doing all of the hard work. Color is then much less
of a problem as well.
4. The Double-Gauss design is a
very common type of camera lens
design that combines very good
performance with simplicity.
Here is an example with no
aspherics or diffractive surfaces
and with no color correction. It is
just 4 lenses and is f/2.0 with a 20
degree field with no vignetting.
For this 50 mm focal length design the amount of color between .45u and .65u is about
90 waves, with an axial focus shift of 1.25 mm. Usually the Double-Gauss design has one
or two additional lenses for color correction but next we will do that with a single flat
diffractive surface.
All same glass type = SK2
5. The flat plate in the middle of
the design has a diffractive
surface on it and its diffractive
power corrects the color of
the rest of the lenses. But
there is then residual
secondary color due to the
nature of diffractive surfaces.
The uncorrected 90 waves of
primary color of the 4 lens
design is reduced by the
diffractive surface to 10 waves
of residual color over the .45u
to .65u range.
It is an odd feature of the Double-Gauss design
that adding aspherics to all the lenses does very
little to improve performance. This design, with a
diffractive surface, is dominated by secondary
color.
Diffractive
surface
6. A dispersion engineered metasurface (a special kind of diffractive
surface) could reduce that residual 10 waves of secondary color to
essentially zero. But this kind of metasurface is very hard to make.
If there are errors of 10% in the controlled dispersion values (that
have to deal with 90 waves of uncorrected color from the lenses)
that would still leave significant amounts of secondary color left.
Fortunately there is a better way. Instead of using a diffractive
surface to do all of the color correction of this single glass type
design we add a lens of a different glass type that largely corrects
the design for color. Then the diffractive surface has much less
work to do. That is one type of hybrid design. A conventional
diffractive surface then will still leave some residual secondary color
but it will be very much less than the 10 waves of the previous
design example.
7. 2.5 waves of secondary color over .45u to .65u range
This shows how adding a negative flint glass lens to the 4 crown glass lenses corrects the 90
waves of uncorrected color and brings it down to a small residual of 2.5 waves of secondary
color. That is much better than the 10 waves of secondary color that results when all the color
correction is done by a diffractive surface. Next we will add a weak diffractive surface to
further improve the residual color situation.
Flint glass
Perfect lens
Effect of secondary color
8. By using both the extra glass type, with an additional element, and the anomalous
properties of the dispersion of a diffractive surface, it is possible to essentially eliminate
the residual secondary color on-axis from .45u to .65u. But residual lateral color and
chromatic variation of aberrations then limits the performance. This kind of hybrid
refractive/diffractive design is already well-known. Next we will see something new.
Diffractive surface
9. It turns out that there is a significant performance improvement if the flat plate has a
diffractive surface on both sides. The best results happen if the flat plate is allowed to be curved,
and then very good performance is possible. The two separated diffractive surfaces have an
aberration interaction that produces results not achievable with a single diffractive surface. And
if there are no diffractive surfaces, but the same curved base lens in the middle of the design,
there is almost no performance improvement due to that lens being in the design. It is that
interaction with that lens and the diffractive surface(s) that is key to the great performance.
Diffractive on both sides Diffractive on both sides
10. This is an interesting phenomenon – the design
with the curved base lens and diffractive surfaces
on both sides has much better performance than
one or two diffractive surfaces on a flat plate. The
two diffractive surfaces for the curved lens are
moderately strong and have diffractive power of
opposite signs, and they add up to the same net
value as the diffractive power of the weak single
diffractive surface flat plate design. So the color
correction is the same in both designs. When the
two diffractive surfaces are on both sides of a flat
plate the good effect is not nearly as good. So the
diffractive monochromatic aberrations interact in
some way with the curved base lens aberrations in
a way that helps the performance.
Flat plate diffractive design
Curved lens diffractive design
12. The surprise is that if the design has the diffractive surfaces removed then the presence of the curved
lens in the middle of the design does not help the monochromatic performance at all, or the color
correction either. By separating the two diffractive surfaces from the curved base lens and putting
them on separate flat plates we find that the good performance does not change. So it is not due to a
curved shape to the diffractive surfaces. It must be some interaction between the diffractive
aberrations and the aberrations of the curved lens that accounts for the good results. Adding aspherics
to the curved lens does almost nothing to improve performance since the diffractive surfaces already
have diffractive asphericity as well as power.
As the very first slide shows, when strong aspherics
and strong diffractive power and diffractive asphericity
are combined then there is aberration interaction that
can give amazing correction potential, but with large
amounts of color. But for these color corrected designs
here the diffractive surfaces are not all that strong and
so there is little benefit to adding aspherics - since the
interaction is then quite weak.
Conclusion – a new type of design is shown in slide
#11 that is practical to make and gives very high color
corrected performance. There are no aspherics. There
are two conventional diffractive surfaces, with a curved
lens between them. That is key to the great results.
Separate flat plates for the diffractive surfaces
The front diffractive surface has more
beneficial effects than the rear one.