This document provides information on China's growing presence and influence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region. It discusses China's "String of Pearls" strategy of building ports and diplomatic ties across the Indian Ocean rim. This includes the Gwadar port in Pakistan and relationships with Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Burma. China's goals are to protect its economic and security interests, particularly oil shipments from the Middle East, and to counter growing Indian influence in the region. The document examines China's strengthening political and economic relations with Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other South Asian nations through trade agreements and infrastructure development projects.
Significance of south asia as strategic location for indiakrissharma
South Asia is a most complex, volatile and one of the most socially and politically divided and region of the world. The region of South Asia mainly consists of eight states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan.
The document provides an overview of Sino-Indian relations from the 1950s to present day. It discusses the initial cordial relations following diplomatic recognition, deterioration during border disputes and wars, and recent efforts to normalize relations through high-level exchanges and economic cooperation. While differences remain on border issues, both sides are committed to addressing them peacefully and strengthening the overall bilateral partnership.
Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) is al Qaeda’s Yemen-based affiliate and has become the most operational al Qaeda node. The organization seeks to attack the United States and maintains the capability to conduct terrorist attacks. Understanding AQAP’s leadership will help define the challenge the U.S. faces, and underpin strategies to defeat the threat that AQAP poses to the United States and its allies.
For more, please see: www.criticalthreats.org/yemen/zimmerman-aqap-leaders-and-networks-september-27-2012.
The document discusses the need for a strategic framework for maritime security cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). It notes that the IOR faces risks from interstate conflicts, terrorism, illegal activities at sea, and other threats. While regional countries recognize the need to cooperate on security issues, efforts so far have lacked momentum due to underdeveloped countries and internal political issues within states. It argues that a strong, coordinated regional organization is needed to address the many security threats facing the IOR.
The document discusses China's "String of Pearls" doctrine to secure its sea lines of communication by building ports and infrastructure along key trade routes. It aims to address China's "Malacca Dilemma" of relying heavily on the narrow Malacca Strait for energy imports. Under the String of Pearls, China is developing ports in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and seeking to include others. While China says this brings regional harmony, India views it as detrimental to its influence in the Indian Ocean. The growing network of Chinese-backed ports in the region increases India's strategic unease.
This document discusses the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and their growing economic influence. It notes that by 2050, the BRIC countries are expected to account for over 40% of the world's population and 60% of global GDP. Together, the BRIC nations already account for 40% of the world's population, 25.9% of the world's land area, and 40% of global GDP. The document outlines key economic and demographic statistics for each BRIC country and discusses their future challenges and opportunities to continue growing as economic powers.
China claims sovereignty over nearly the entire South China Sea based on its so-called "nine-dash line" from 1947. However, the nine-dash line lacks a legal basis in international law. China is aggressively asserting its claims by reclaiming land features and constructing military facilities. The Philippines has filed an arbitration case against China that is focused solely on maritime disputes regarding territorial claims and entitlements under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, not territorial disputes over land features. The outcome could significantly impact sovereignty claims in the region.
Over the next quarter century, the international order is likely to change considerably. A new geopolitical and macroeconomic context will necessitate a flexible strategy to maximise India's national interest.
In this Discussion Document, an analytical framework is developed to visualise possible New World Orders at the intersection of two axes. The first axis represents five possible geopolitical trends, organised by the degree of global polarity. The second axis represents four geoeconomic trends, based on the degree of growth, automation, trade, and labour movements.
In each scenario, the proposed strategies to maximise India's national interest are determined. The most frequently-occurring strategies are used to develop an agenda that will hold India in good stead, regardless of how the world shapes up.
Domestic Economic Reforms
Liberalise major sectors, implement labour and factor market reforms. Be an attractive destination for FDI.
Focus on the employment elasticity of growth in addition to growth itself. Collaborate with foreign universities for skilling the workforce.
Build a social security net to deal with inequality, unemployment, skill obsolescence, and an aging population.
Reforms for India’s engagement with the world at large.
Three critical military shifts needed: from land to sea, from the physical to the virtual (cyberwarfare); and from manpower to firepower.
Champion the cause of globalisation as movement of labour, goods, and services is critical for India’s growth.
Retain flexibility in terms of alignment: be open to larger partnerships and global projects, as well as unilateral action.
Partner with other middle powers, especially those concerned by G2 dominance.
Significance of south asia as strategic location for indiakrissharma
South Asia is a most complex, volatile and one of the most socially and politically divided and region of the world. The region of South Asia mainly consists of eight states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan.
The document provides an overview of Sino-Indian relations from the 1950s to present day. It discusses the initial cordial relations following diplomatic recognition, deterioration during border disputes and wars, and recent efforts to normalize relations through high-level exchanges and economic cooperation. While differences remain on border issues, both sides are committed to addressing them peacefully and strengthening the overall bilateral partnership.
Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) is al Qaeda’s Yemen-based affiliate and has become the most operational al Qaeda node. The organization seeks to attack the United States and maintains the capability to conduct terrorist attacks. Understanding AQAP’s leadership will help define the challenge the U.S. faces, and underpin strategies to defeat the threat that AQAP poses to the United States and its allies.
For more, please see: www.criticalthreats.org/yemen/zimmerman-aqap-leaders-and-networks-september-27-2012.
The document discusses the need for a strategic framework for maritime security cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). It notes that the IOR faces risks from interstate conflicts, terrorism, illegal activities at sea, and other threats. While regional countries recognize the need to cooperate on security issues, efforts so far have lacked momentum due to underdeveloped countries and internal political issues within states. It argues that a strong, coordinated regional organization is needed to address the many security threats facing the IOR.
The document discusses China's "String of Pearls" doctrine to secure its sea lines of communication by building ports and infrastructure along key trade routes. It aims to address China's "Malacca Dilemma" of relying heavily on the narrow Malacca Strait for energy imports. Under the String of Pearls, China is developing ports in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and seeking to include others. While China says this brings regional harmony, India views it as detrimental to its influence in the Indian Ocean. The growing network of Chinese-backed ports in the region increases India's strategic unease.
This document discusses the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and their growing economic influence. It notes that by 2050, the BRIC countries are expected to account for over 40% of the world's population and 60% of global GDP. Together, the BRIC nations already account for 40% of the world's population, 25.9% of the world's land area, and 40% of global GDP. The document outlines key economic and demographic statistics for each BRIC country and discusses their future challenges and opportunities to continue growing as economic powers.
China claims sovereignty over nearly the entire South China Sea based on its so-called "nine-dash line" from 1947. However, the nine-dash line lacks a legal basis in international law. China is aggressively asserting its claims by reclaiming land features and constructing military facilities. The Philippines has filed an arbitration case against China that is focused solely on maritime disputes regarding territorial claims and entitlements under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, not territorial disputes over land features. The outcome could significantly impact sovereignty claims in the region.
Over the next quarter century, the international order is likely to change considerably. A new geopolitical and macroeconomic context will necessitate a flexible strategy to maximise India's national interest.
In this Discussion Document, an analytical framework is developed to visualise possible New World Orders at the intersection of two axes. The first axis represents five possible geopolitical trends, organised by the degree of global polarity. The second axis represents four geoeconomic trends, based on the degree of growth, automation, trade, and labour movements.
In each scenario, the proposed strategies to maximise India's national interest are determined. The most frequently-occurring strategies are used to develop an agenda that will hold India in good stead, regardless of how the world shapes up.
Domestic Economic Reforms
Liberalise major sectors, implement labour and factor market reforms. Be an attractive destination for FDI.
Focus on the employment elasticity of growth in addition to growth itself. Collaborate with foreign universities for skilling the workforce.
Build a social security net to deal with inequality, unemployment, skill obsolescence, and an aging population.
Reforms for India’s engagement with the world at large.
Three critical military shifts needed: from land to sea, from the physical to the virtual (cyberwarfare); and from manpower to firepower.
Champion the cause of globalisation as movement of labour, goods, and services is critical for India’s growth.
Retain flexibility in terms of alignment: be open to larger partnerships and global projects, as well as unilateral action.
Partner with other middle powers, especially those concerned by G2 dominance.
The document summarizes tensions between India and Bangladesh over water sharing of the Ganges river.
- India has constructed the Farakka Barrage to divert water from the Ganges upstream of Bangladesh for its own use, depriving Bangladesh of water flow and sending polluted water.
- This has negatively impacted Bangladesh's irrigation, food production, fishing industry, water transportation, and increased salinity and erosion in the delta region.
- While an agreement was signed in 1990, India has failed to adequately address Bangladesh's concerns and plans to further utilize water from the Brahmaputra river, putting more pressure on Bangladesh's water supply.
The Rimland is a concept championed by Nicholas John Spykman, professor of international relations at Yale University. To him geopolitics is the planning of the security policy of a country in terms of its geographical factors. He described the maritime fringe of a country or continent; in particular the densely populated western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent.
Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advances his heartland theory
Aspects of India-Russia Bilateral RelationsA Madhu Naresh
India and Russia have had close strategic and military ties since the Cold War. They have increased cooperation in defense production, trade, science, and space exploration in recent decades. However, Russia's relations with China and Pakistan have caused tensions in their partnership. Both countries are working to expand economic ties and address issues like timely maintenance support for Russian military hardware in India.
Many people think that One Belt One Road Initiative is about China. In reality, this is a transport highway between China and more than 64 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa. To find out how you too can benefit from this Belt Road Initiative or One Belt One Road, contact Andy Ng at 65-82014347 now
Between the 1920s and 1980s, many regions in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East gained independence from European colonial rule through various means such as revolution, non-violent protest movements, and withdrawal. Decolonization led to the creation of many new nation-states but also left ongoing problems including economic dependency on former colonial powers, wealth inequality, and conflicts along tribal, racial, or religious lines.
From 1945 to 2000, India and China had hostile relations due to their border conflict in 1962 and lack of diplomatic relations until 1993. From 2000 onwards, India and China have increased economic and cultural cooperation. They have signed agreements to increase trade, tourism, and cultural exchanges. Both countries also cooperate in education, science, and technology. India and China now have growing economic ties but also still have border disputes and compete for influence in Asia.
Piracy and Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Fanuel Lakew
The document discusses piracy and maritime security challenges in the Indian Ocean. It notes that the Indian Ocean is the most active ocean, bordered by many countries and home to a third of the world's population. It faces issues like piracy, terrorism, illegal fishing and trafficking. Responses from countries have included improving governance, intelligence sharing, and regional cooperation through organizations like IORARC and IONS to address these maritime security threats. The conclusion advocates increased naval cooperation among littoral states as the best way to combat piracy and terrorism in the region.
This document compares India and China across several categories including geography, history, demographics, government, economy, military, and energy resources. Some key points of comparison are:
- Geographically, China is larger than India and more mountainous while India has more coastline.
- Historically, both countries have ancient civilizations but China was impacted by foreign rule and civil unrest in the 19th-20th centuries while India gained independence from Britain in 1947.
- Demographically, China has an aging population while India's is younger with a higher birth rate. China also has a lower fertility rate and higher life expectancy.
- Economically, China has a larger GDP and faster growth rate than India though India's
The document summarizes India-China relations over the past 61 years since establishing diplomatic relations in 1950. It discusses the establishment of relations by Nehru and Zhou Enlai, deterioration during a 1962 border war, and reestablishment in 1976. Trade has grown significantly in recent decades, with China becoming one of India's largest trading partners. However, issues like border disputes, China's close ties with Pakistan, and potential economic and military rivalry continue to create loopholes in the relationship. GDP growth rates have increased for both countries over the past decade, with China's currently higher at 9.5% compared to India's 7.7%.
The document provides information about the geography, history, and peoples of South Asia. It describes the Indian subcontinent and how the Himalayan mountain range was formed by the collision of tectonic plates. It discusses major physical features like rivers, landforms, and climate zones. It also profiles the various countries of South Asia, including their histories, cultures, economies, and current events.
The document is a research paper on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a component of China's One Belt, One Road initiative. It provides an introduction to CPEC and OBOR, stating that CPEC is a significant part of OBOR that aims to connect China to markets in Asia, Africa, and Europe through infrastructure development. The research paper examines CPEC and its importance for China's trade and geopolitical goals. It concludes that CPEC is a vital component of OBOR that could transform global trade but also faces challenges from other countries that view it as threatening to the existing world order.
The document discusses BRICS, an international organization consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It notes that BRICS was formed in 2001 and accounts for over 40% of the global labor force. The organization allows member countries to exchange views, identify areas for cooperation, and influence the global agenda. South Africa joined in 2010, changing the name from BRIC to BRICS. Key goals of BRICS include regional development, economic growth, education improvement, and utilizing their comparative advantages.
This document discusses Sino-Indian relations and border disputes. It notes that China and India share a long border but remain separated by the Himalayas. Border disputes date back to their unresolved border delineations and a 1962 war where China attacked India. Disputed areas include Aksai Chin and the McMahon Line in the northeast. While relations improved with trade growth, tensions have flared in recent years due to troop movements near the Line of Actual Control. The document also reviews key imports and exports between the two nations and why Pakistan remains an important partner for China.
The document discusses the relevance of Alfred Thayer Mahan's geopolitical theories in the 21st century. It analyzes Mahan's key tenets on sea power and its importance for national success. Using tools like DIME analysis and comparisons between countries, it evaluates if concepts like control of trade routes and naval strength still apply. While Mahan's ideas retain relevance, the document concludes that land and air transport are improving and may one day rival sea power, lessening the complete validity of Mahan's theories in the modern context.
The document summarizes the Battle of Midway between Japanese and United States naval forces in June 1942. Japan's objectives were to seize Midway Island as an air base and draw out the U.S. Pacific fleet for destruction. However, U.S. codebreakers had cracked Japan's naval code and anticipated their attack on Midway. In a major surprise, U.S. carrier aircraft were able to locate and sink four Japanese aircraft carriers on June 4th, turning the tide of the war in the Pacific in America's favor. The battle was a decisive victory for the U.S. and halted Japan's previous string of victories, demonstrating that intelligence advantages and concentration of forces are critical to success in warfare.
The document summarizes information about India's "Make in India" initiative. It was launched in 2014 by Prime Minister Modi to transform India into a global manufacturing hub. It aims to attract foreign investment, increase GDP growth, create jobs for youth, and advance technological development in key sectors like automobiles, railways, ports, defense, pharmaceuticals, and space. The initiative has led to increased investment in these sectors and achievements like developing new trains, satellites, missiles, and aircraft carriers domestically.
The document provides an overview of Indo-US relations from historical times to the present. It discusses how relations progressed from the Cold War era, when India aligned more closely with the Soviet Union, to the post-Cold War period where ties have strengthened. Key events covered include improved cooperation under Clinton and Bush, the 1998 nuclear tests causing tensions, and recent issues like the arrest of an Indian diplomat in 2013 straining relations. Overall it traces the transformation of Indo-US ties from initial distance to the current strategic partnership.
All's Well That Ends Well summarizes the meaning of the phrase "All is well that ends well":
1) Everything is meant to have an end, whether it is life, a project, or any other endeavor. While the end is certain, if the end is good then everything that led to it can be considered good as well.
2) For something to truly be considered an "end", it must result in all doors being closed and no further attempts being possible. However, if the outcome is not good, it may instead be viewed as a new beginning rather than a true end.
3) It is important to have an end, as without one things can become obsolete and meaningless over
The document summarizes the water dispute between India and Pakistan over the Indus River basin. It provides background on how the dispute arose after partition and India's actions to cutoff water supply. It then discusses the role of the World Bank in brokering negotiations between the two countries, which led to the signing of the landmark Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty allocated control and usage of the six rivers of the Indus basin between India and Pakistan.
The document provides an overview of the geography, climate, vegetation, and history of South Asia. It describes the major geographical features like the Himalayan Mountains and river systems like the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra rivers. It discusses how the formation of the Himalayas influenced other landforms and natural resources in the region. It also provides brief summaries of the history, culture, languages, and governments of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and other South Asian countries.
This is my report in International Cuisine Lecture. The content is about the food of the South East Asian countries. I hope it can help :)
--cddlr <3
The document summarizes tensions between India and Bangladesh over water sharing of the Ganges river.
- India has constructed the Farakka Barrage to divert water from the Ganges upstream of Bangladesh for its own use, depriving Bangladesh of water flow and sending polluted water.
- This has negatively impacted Bangladesh's irrigation, food production, fishing industry, water transportation, and increased salinity and erosion in the delta region.
- While an agreement was signed in 1990, India has failed to adequately address Bangladesh's concerns and plans to further utilize water from the Brahmaputra river, putting more pressure on Bangladesh's water supply.
The Rimland is a concept championed by Nicholas John Spykman, professor of international relations at Yale University. To him geopolitics is the planning of the security policy of a country in terms of its geographical factors. He described the maritime fringe of a country or continent; in particular the densely populated western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent.
Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advances his heartland theory
Aspects of India-Russia Bilateral RelationsA Madhu Naresh
India and Russia have had close strategic and military ties since the Cold War. They have increased cooperation in defense production, trade, science, and space exploration in recent decades. However, Russia's relations with China and Pakistan have caused tensions in their partnership. Both countries are working to expand economic ties and address issues like timely maintenance support for Russian military hardware in India.
Many people think that One Belt One Road Initiative is about China. In reality, this is a transport highway between China and more than 64 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa. To find out how you too can benefit from this Belt Road Initiative or One Belt One Road, contact Andy Ng at 65-82014347 now
Between the 1920s and 1980s, many regions in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East gained independence from European colonial rule through various means such as revolution, non-violent protest movements, and withdrawal. Decolonization led to the creation of many new nation-states but also left ongoing problems including economic dependency on former colonial powers, wealth inequality, and conflicts along tribal, racial, or religious lines.
From 1945 to 2000, India and China had hostile relations due to their border conflict in 1962 and lack of diplomatic relations until 1993. From 2000 onwards, India and China have increased economic and cultural cooperation. They have signed agreements to increase trade, tourism, and cultural exchanges. Both countries also cooperate in education, science, and technology. India and China now have growing economic ties but also still have border disputes and compete for influence in Asia.
Piracy and Maritime Security in the Indian Ocean Fanuel Lakew
The document discusses piracy and maritime security challenges in the Indian Ocean. It notes that the Indian Ocean is the most active ocean, bordered by many countries and home to a third of the world's population. It faces issues like piracy, terrorism, illegal fishing and trafficking. Responses from countries have included improving governance, intelligence sharing, and regional cooperation through organizations like IORARC and IONS to address these maritime security threats. The conclusion advocates increased naval cooperation among littoral states as the best way to combat piracy and terrorism in the region.
This document compares India and China across several categories including geography, history, demographics, government, economy, military, and energy resources. Some key points of comparison are:
- Geographically, China is larger than India and more mountainous while India has more coastline.
- Historically, both countries have ancient civilizations but China was impacted by foreign rule and civil unrest in the 19th-20th centuries while India gained independence from Britain in 1947.
- Demographically, China has an aging population while India's is younger with a higher birth rate. China also has a lower fertility rate and higher life expectancy.
- Economically, China has a larger GDP and faster growth rate than India though India's
The document summarizes India-China relations over the past 61 years since establishing diplomatic relations in 1950. It discusses the establishment of relations by Nehru and Zhou Enlai, deterioration during a 1962 border war, and reestablishment in 1976. Trade has grown significantly in recent decades, with China becoming one of India's largest trading partners. However, issues like border disputes, China's close ties with Pakistan, and potential economic and military rivalry continue to create loopholes in the relationship. GDP growth rates have increased for both countries over the past decade, with China's currently higher at 9.5% compared to India's 7.7%.
The document provides information about the geography, history, and peoples of South Asia. It describes the Indian subcontinent and how the Himalayan mountain range was formed by the collision of tectonic plates. It discusses major physical features like rivers, landforms, and climate zones. It also profiles the various countries of South Asia, including their histories, cultures, economies, and current events.
The document is a research paper on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a component of China's One Belt, One Road initiative. It provides an introduction to CPEC and OBOR, stating that CPEC is a significant part of OBOR that aims to connect China to markets in Asia, Africa, and Europe through infrastructure development. The research paper examines CPEC and its importance for China's trade and geopolitical goals. It concludes that CPEC is a vital component of OBOR that could transform global trade but also faces challenges from other countries that view it as threatening to the existing world order.
The document discusses BRICS, an international organization consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It notes that BRICS was formed in 2001 and accounts for over 40% of the global labor force. The organization allows member countries to exchange views, identify areas for cooperation, and influence the global agenda. South Africa joined in 2010, changing the name from BRIC to BRICS. Key goals of BRICS include regional development, economic growth, education improvement, and utilizing their comparative advantages.
This document discusses Sino-Indian relations and border disputes. It notes that China and India share a long border but remain separated by the Himalayas. Border disputes date back to their unresolved border delineations and a 1962 war where China attacked India. Disputed areas include Aksai Chin and the McMahon Line in the northeast. While relations improved with trade growth, tensions have flared in recent years due to troop movements near the Line of Actual Control. The document also reviews key imports and exports between the two nations and why Pakistan remains an important partner for China.
The document discusses the relevance of Alfred Thayer Mahan's geopolitical theories in the 21st century. It analyzes Mahan's key tenets on sea power and its importance for national success. Using tools like DIME analysis and comparisons between countries, it evaluates if concepts like control of trade routes and naval strength still apply. While Mahan's ideas retain relevance, the document concludes that land and air transport are improving and may one day rival sea power, lessening the complete validity of Mahan's theories in the modern context.
The document summarizes the Battle of Midway between Japanese and United States naval forces in June 1942. Japan's objectives were to seize Midway Island as an air base and draw out the U.S. Pacific fleet for destruction. However, U.S. codebreakers had cracked Japan's naval code and anticipated their attack on Midway. In a major surprise, U.S. carrier aircraft were able to locate and sink four Japanese aircraft carriers on June 4th, turning the tide of the war in the Pacific in America's favor. The battle was a decisive victory for the U.S. and halted Japan's previous string of victories, demonstrating that intelligence advantages and concentration of forces are critical to success in warfare.
The document summarizes information about India's "Make in India" initiative. It was launched in 2014 by Prime Minister Modi to transform India into a global manufacturing hub. It aims to attract foreign investment, increase GDP growth, create jobs for youth, and advance technological development in key sectors like automobiles, railways, ports, defense, pharmaceuticals, and space. The initiative has led to increased investment in these sectors and achievements like developing new trains, satellites, missiles, and aircraft carriers domestically.
The document provides an overview of Indo-US relations from historical times to the present. It discusses how relations progressed from the Cold War era, when India aligned more closely with the Soviet Union, to the post-Cold War period where ties have strengthened. Key events covered include improved cooperation under Clinton and Bush, the 1998 nuclear tests causing tensions, and recent issues like the arrest of an Indian diplomat in 2013 straining relations. Overall it traces the transformation of Indo-US ties from initial distance to the current strategic partnership.
All's Well That Ends Well summarizes the meaning of the phrase "All is well that ends well":
1) Everything is meant to have an end, whether it is life, a project, or any other endeavor. While the end is certain, if the end is good then everything that led to it can be considered good as well.
2) For something to truly be considered an "end", it must result in all doors being closed and no further attempts being possible. However, if the outcome is not good, it may instead be viewed as a new beginning rather than a true end.
3) It is important to have an end, as without one things can become obsolete and meaningless over
The document summarizes the water dispute between India and Pakistan over the Indus River basin. It provides background on how the dispute arose after partition and India's actions to cutoff water supply. It then discusses the role of the World Bank in brokering negotiations between the two countries, which led to the signing of the landmark Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty allocated control and usage of the six rivers of the Indus basin between India and Pakistan.
The document provides an overview of the geography, climate, vegetation, and history of South Asia. It describes the major geographical features like the Himalayan Mountains and river systems like the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra rivers. It discusses how the formation of the Himalayas influenced other landforms and natural resources in the region. It also provides brief summaries of the history, culture, languages, and governments of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and other South Asian countries.
This is my report in International Cuisine Lecture. The content is about the food of the South East Asian countries. I hope it can help :)
--cddlr <3
India is the seventh largest country by area and the second most populous country with over 1.2 billion people. Clothing in India varies depending on the region and its cultural traditions and has evolved from simple loincloths to more elaborate costumes. India's handmade textiles date back at least 6000 years and are an integral part of its identity and culture. Tapestry is a form of woven textile traditionally created on a vertical loom where all the warp threads are hidden in the completed work. The crafts of India reflect the influence of different empires throughout history and have been embedded as traditions within rural communities. Accessories consist of small decorative items worn for personal adornment. Body ornamentation is a cultural universal found
This document defines Southeast Asia as the sub-region of Asia consisting of the countries located south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea, and north of Australia, listing the countries as Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. It also notes some notable people from the region such as Yingluck Shinawatra, Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, and Manny Pacquiao, as well as recent regional news about political unrest in Thailand, US aid to the Philippines after a typhoon, Chinese naval activity in Indonesia, and an assassination attempt in Cambodia.
Professor Abdul Wassay Haqiqi in Parallel Session B2 of Ninth South Asia Economic Summit (SAES) organised by Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) on 15-16 October 2016 presented on "Reducing Inequality in South Asia: Critical Issues and Policy Choices: Moving Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)". #SAES9 For further details visit: http://saes9.cpd.org.bd/
El documento describe un mapa conceptual realizado por Criwel Pérez sobre el método científico para la sede Genovés del Instituto universitario politécnico Santiago Mariño en Porlamar.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
‘Building Bridges between Central Asia, West Asia & South Asia – Breaking Sil...Zakir Hussain
This document discusses building bridges between Central Asia, West Asia, and South Asia by breaking down barriers between the regions. It outlines the potential for cooperation, current challenges, and India's role in developing a common strategy. The key areas of focus are energy, investment, human resources, technology, markets, and security. Working together on connectivity projects, counterterrorism, food security, and economic policies could help achieve shared growth and prosperity across the three regions.
Mahatma Gandhi led non-violent protests for India's independence from British rule through civil disobedience and marches. After independence in 1947, India and Pakistan were divided along religious lines, causing conflict over the disputed Kashmir region that continues today. Nelson Mandela fought against South Africa's system of racial segregation known as apartheid through non-violent protest and was imprisoned for 26 years before being elected president in 1994. Conflict in the Middle East continues between Israel and Palestinians seeking an independent state.
India is the second most populous country and largest democracy. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades. India shares close cultural, economic and strategic relations with several South Asian countries like Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand. It has free trade agreements with Indonesia and Singapore to boost bilateral trade, which reached $10 billion with Indonesia in 2010. Cultural exchange dates back to the independence movements in the mid-20th century.
The document provides information about South Asia, including its physical geography, climate, religions, and demographics. It details the major river systems of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus Rivers. It also describes the two dominant religions of the region, Hinduism and Buddhism, including their core beliefs around reincarnation, karma, and achieving nirvana. Key figures like Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, are also discussed.
Over View of China Pakistan Economic Corridor ("CPEC") as a part of One Belt and One Road Project ("OBOR") or Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road .
This document discusses the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the role of the Pakistan Army in ensuring its success. It outlines that CPEC is a $46-51 billion investment that aims to improve Pakistan's infrastructure and energy sectors through road, rail, and pipeline projects connecting China to the Arabian Sea. The Pakistan Army plays a key security role by protecting routes and projects, and also aids construction through organizations like the Frontier Works Organization. CPEC is vital for Pakistan's economic recovery and development and the Army helps address threats to ensure its timely implementation.
The presentation discusses the inward FDI into China and outward FDI from China;in addition, the presentation briefly introduces Chinese legal system.The presentation was originally deliverd to the delegation of the EMTM Program (Executive Master's in Technology Management — a multidisciplinary master's degree program offered by Penn Engineering and co-sponsored by Wharton )and the delegation members mostly come from USA companies, such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin ,Adobe Systems, Morgan Stanley ,Citigroup and so on.
China - Opportunities, Threats, Success and Failuretutor2u
This revision presentation highlights the key opportunities and threats faced by firms outside China looking to do business in and with China. It also provides examples of businesses that have succeeded in China and those that have struggled!
The One Belt One Road initiative proposed by China focuses on connectivity and cooperation among over 60 countries in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. It consists of two components: the land-based "Silk Road Economic Belt" and the sea-based "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". The initiative aims to develop prosperity in underdeveloped parts of China and partner countries along the routes. It covers key sectors like infrastructure, energy, manufacturing and financial services. While it presents many opportunities, there are also risks involving uncertainty from government approvals, cultural differences, political instability and legal inconsistencies among the diverse partner countries.
China pursues an independent foreign policy focused on preserving independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It aims to create a favorable environment for economic reform and modernization. China follows the principles of peaceful coexistence, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, and equality and mutual benefit in developing relations. Recent foreign policy emphasizes closer ties with neighbors and reducing tensions, while disputes over territories continue with some Asian countries.
India's foreign policy aims to preserve national interests through principles of non-alignment, opposition to colonialism, support for the UN and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Key aspects of foreign policy include non-alignment dating back to Nehru, maintaining friendly relations with all countries, and supporting the goals of the UN. India has close ties with neighbors like Bangladesh but disputes with Pakistan and China. Major foreign policy issues involve relations with the US, China, Pakistan, and Russia.
The document discusses the Pak-China Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. It outlines the history of Pakistan-China relations since 1950 and major infrastructure projects undertaken as part of CPEC, including the Gwadar Port and Karakoram Highway. The objectives of CPEC include increasing bilateral trade, providing China access to the Indian Ocean, and promoting economic development in Pakistan through investments and job creation. While CPEC offers advantages like reduced trade costs and regional stability, it also poses risks such as increasing Pakistan's economic dependence on China.
This document discusses the potential for India to emerge as an economic superpower. It outlines factors that could support India's rise, including its growing economy, large workforce, infrastructure development, and influence through diplomacy. The document also examines how Asian economies are taking on greater leadership roles globally as China's influence grows through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative. While India faces challenges around security, building strong institutions, and ensuring internal peace, its continued economic growth could allow it to one day achieve superpower status to balance China's dominance in Asia.
Cultural awareness and stakeholder engagement are important considerations for expanding global travel programs in India and China. These markets have long histories and traditions that differ from Western cultures. Effective communication requires understanding contexts and indirect styles prevalent in these societies. Discovery of current travel patterns, such as reliance on low-cost carriers and non-GDS hotels, helps ensure new programs fit local needs. Support from key in-country stakeholders like travel managers is also critical for success.
India Cannot Be a Superpower by 2020-A Special Comparison by Chinese EconomyIJLT EMAS
I. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1) To know the reasons of growth of Chinese Economy
2) To compare Chinese and Indian Economy
II. INTRODUCTION
The late scientist and India’s 11th President Dr. APJ Abdul
Kalam penned a book by the name of India 2020: A Vision
for the New Millennium in which he advocated that “A
developed India by 2020, or even earlier, is not a dream. It
need not be a mere vision in the minds of many Indians. It is a
mission we can all take up and succeed.” And in this book he
was thoroughly concentrated on making India a Superpower
by the year 2020 for which he gave many pitfalls in the Indian
economy and the ways to overcome the problems.
Foreign Direct Investments in India
The document discusses foreign direct investment in India. It provides background on the global economy and Asia's economy. India maintained a growth rate of around 6% and its economic liberalization pushed it to become a modern economic superpower. The document then discusses globalization and how increased trade and cultural exchange have resulted in changes in societies and the world economy.
Foreign Direct Investments in India provides an overview of foreign direct investment and the global and Indian economies. It discusses how globalization has increased international trade and cultural exchange. India liberalized its economy in the 1990s, reducing tariffs and opening sectors to foreign investment. This increased foreign direct investment in India and accelerated economic growth. However, India still lags countries like China in terms of integration and participation in global trade.
India and China are two large, neighboring countries with long histories and predominantly rural populations. Both countries have seen significant economic growth in recent decades. India's GDP was $4 trillion in the last reported quarter while China's GDP was $10 trillion. Currently, China has the world's largest population at over 1.3 billion people, while India is second largest with over 1.15 billion people. In the past, India and China had periods of both positive and strained relations, but relations have improved in recent decades through increased high-level visits and agreements between the countries' leaders. Both countries now see each other as important economic and geopolitical counterparts.
The Centre for Indian Ocean Studies (CIOS) was established in 1983 under the UGC's Area Studies Programme. It is the only public-funded research centre on the Indian Ocean in India. CIOS conducts multidisciplinary research on the Indian Ocean region's geopolitics, urban planning, environment, trade, and publishes biannual journals. It has a modest collection of books and periodicals on related subjects. CIOS is staffed by a director and faculty from economics, geography, political science, and sociology.
The Asia Pacific Region 11 CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVEMoseStaton39
The Asia Pacific
Region 11
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What you should learn about in Chapter 11:
LO1 The dynamic growth in the region
LO2 The importance and slow growth of Japan
LO3 The importance of the Bottom-of-the-Pyramid
Markets
LO4 The diversity across the region
LO5 The interrelationships among countries in the
region
LO6 The diversity within China
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Global Perspective: Walmart, Tide, and Three-Snake
Wine
Dynamic Growth in the Asia Pacific Region
The Greater China
Japan
India
The Four “Asian Tigers”
Vietnam
Bottom-of-the-Pyramid Markets (BOPMs)
Market Metrics
Asia Pacific Trade Associations
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and
ASEAN13
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
A Focus on Diversity Within China
Northeast China: Longtime Industrial Heartland
Beijing–Tianjin
Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta
Pearl River Delta
The Other Billion
Differences in Business Negotiation Styles Within The
Greater China
Marketing Opportunities in The Greater China
Chapter
cat29974_ch11_310-337.indd 310cat29974_ch11_310-337.indd 310 23/08/12 6:34 PM23/08/12 6:34 PM
Developing markets are experiencing rapid industrializa-
tion, growing industrial and consumer markets, and new
opportunities for foreign investment. Consider the follow-
ing illustration: In China, it is just a few shopping days be-
fore the Lunar New Year, and the aisles at the local Walmart
Supercenter are jammed with bargain hunters pushing carts
loaded high with food, kitchen appliances, and clothing. It
could be the preholiday shopping rush in any Walmart in
Middle America, but the shoppers here are China’s nouveau
riche. Superstores have proven popular with Chinese con-
sumers, who devote a large part of their spending to food
and daily necessities. Walmart has been able to tap into
the Chinese sense of social status by offering membership
cards that confer not only eligibility for special discounts but
social status as well.
Alongside Campbell’s soup and Bounty paper towels are
racks of dried fish and preserved plums. One shelf is stacked
high with multiple brands of congee , a popular southern
Chinese breakfast dish, and another has nam yue peanuts
and packets of bamboo shoots. In the liquor section in the
back of the store is three-snake rice wine, complete with the
dead serpents’ bodies coiled together in the potent liquid.
About 95 percent of what Walmart sells in China is sourced
locally. Gone are the efforts to sell big extension ladders
or a year’s supply of soy sauce to customers living in tiny
apartments.
At present Walmart operates over 10,000 units in
27 countries, including almost 370 in China. Revenues and
profits are growing nicely for its international operations,
and overseas expansion is set to continue particularly in
China since its entry into th ...
India has experienced significant economic growth and development in recent decades. This has led to rises in India's status and influence globally in political, socio-cultural, military, and technological areas. India is now the world's fourth largest economy and on track to become the third largest by 2014. This economic growth has enabled a stronger political system, increased social and cultural prominence abroad, a more advanced military, and greater technological innovation. However, challenges remain regarding issues like poverty, education, infrastructure, and unequal development.
1. The document discusses the "flying geese" model of economic development in Asia whereby countries develop in a staggered formation led initially by Japan, then followed by South Korea, Taiwan, and later Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand as they transitioned to higher value manufacturing.
2. It notes that China has now surpassed Japan as the largest economy in Asia and discusses India's rapid economic growth which differs from the export-led models of other Asian countries by being driven more by domestic consumption and the services sector rather than manufacturing.
3. The document argues that with continued high growth, India has the potential to become one of the largest economies in the world on par with China, but that infrastructure bottlenecks currently constrain
This academic paper examines China's rise on the world stage from an economic perspective. It discusses two key factors that have driven China's rapid economic growth: large-scale capital investment and rapid productivity growth. China has maintained high savings and investment rates, fueling domestic investment. It has also become a major source of outward foreign direct investment. Productivity gains from reallocating resources to more efficient sectors and exposure to international competition have also contributed to growth. The paper provides an overview of how China has become the world's largest manufacturer and a major trading powerhouse.
The document discusses trends in Asia related to population, environment, development, and sustainability. Some key points are:
- Asia is home to over 60% of the world's population and contains a wide diversity of species and ecosystems.
- However, rapid urbanization, pollution, deforestation, and climate change are threatening Asia's environment, with many forests, species, and glaciers disappearing.
- Economic growth has averaged 5-6% annually in Southeast Asia but is unsustainable due to environmental degradation and lack of investment in innovation. Poverty remains a major challenge for the region.
China has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 9.4% annually over the past 30 years, increasing its GDP from $3.42 trillion in 2007. However, this growth has exacerbated income inequality and caused environmental issues like pollution. Key challenges China faces include a shortage of power infrastructure to support continued growth, a growing wealth gap between urban and rural areas, potential problems in its property market, inefficiencies in state-owned banks, and unemployment despite strong GDP expansion.
MTBiz is for you if you are looking for contemporary information on business, economy and especially on banking industry of Bangladesh. You would also find periodical information on Global Economy and Commodity Markets.
Signature content of MTBiz is its Article of the Month (AoM), as depicted on Cover Page of each issue, with featured focus on different issues that fall into the wide definition of Market, Business, Organization and Leadership. The AoM also covers areas on Innovation, Central Banking, Monetary Policy, National Budget, Economic Depression or Growth and Capital Market. Scale of coverage of the AoM both, global and local subject to each issue.
MTBiz is a monthly Market Review produced and distributed by Group R&D, MTB since 2009.
The document presents information on a presentation comparing the future potential of China and India as global leaders. It discusses the recent development histories of both countries and some current problems facing their economies. While China has experienced very high growth rates, India has strengths like demographics and potential for increased efficiency. Both countries' continuing growth will have significant impacts on the world economy through increasing trade and demand for resources. It remains to be seen whether India may eventually match or surpass China's economic influence.
This document summarizes a talk given on India providing balanced multipolarity in Southeast and East Asia. It discusses several key points:
1) The talk analyzes China's growing influence and military assertiveness in the region as part of its "China Dream" of becoming the dominant power. This is threatening smaller countries.
2) It also notes internal weaknesses in China's governance legitimacy, unrest in occupied territories, and a power shift towards the military.
3) ASEAN countries are wary of China and exploring defensive alliances. The talk argues India can play a stabilizing "catalyst" role by deepening ties in the region as a counterbalance to China.
4) It calls for
The document discusses factors that contribute to India's potential rise as a future superpower, including its large population and young demographics, status as the world's largest democracy, growth in manufacturing, and increasing energy production and military strength. Key locations and resources are highlighted, such as India's position along major trade routes in the Indian Ocean and its land and water assets. India's population size, youthfulness, and democratic system are identified as major assets for future economic and global influence.
China has become a major global economic power and trading partner for Australia. Australia previously relied on trade with Britain but now China is Australia's largest trading partner, importing many of Australia's natural resources. As China's economy and trade has rapidly grown, it is important for Australia to strengthen economic ties with China to ensure future prosperity through continued export of key resources to China and other Asian countries. Maintaining strong Sino-Australian relations will be integral to Australia's economic success in the 21st century as China shapes international trade.
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- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
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-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
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3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
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واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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Rising china’s growing presence in South Asia and the Indian ocean.Will this affect Indian hegemony in the region?
1. NAME
:
Ms. H. V. D. Soysa
SUBJECT
:
South Asian Studies
STUDENT NO
:
PGD/12/A/39/E
LECTURE’S NAME
:
Dr. Sinharaja Tammita Delgoda
ASSIGNMENT NO
:
01 (Written)
TOPIC
:
Rising China’s growing presence in South Asia and the
Indian Ocean. Will this affect Indian hegemony in the
region?
ACADEMIC YEAR
:
2011/2012 (B)
2. Rising China’s growing presence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean.
Will this affect Indian hegemony in the region?
There is no doubt that this century is the “Asian Century” and super power crown is transforming
from West to the East and crown is floating in between China and India. China will take over USA in
2018 as the world’s largest economy, says an economic game published in December 31st edition of
the economist. India is nowhere near the two; interestingly at least, nowhere near China. The
Economic barometer is pointing towards a Chinese economic world no later than 2020. 1 And it is
important as both of the countries are finding stand up against “West”. By the time it will decide
whether it is China or India but as an Asian nation we can be in high spirits because at the end of the
day it is anyway Asia.
China and India have come long way since 1962, fought for brief boarder war. Both countries are
rapidly growing there economies, not only that but also they are increasing mutual trade and
bilateral relations. Both countries have different political systems, India is the world’s largest
democracy and China is still under communist government control. China and India, as the fastestgrowing of the ‘BRIC’ economies and making substantial and rapidly growing out put to the world.
2.4 billion people or 40% of the world population live in India and China and with such a human
power both countries are leading to become the world powers.
China is the fourth largest country by landmass and has a population of 1.3 billion people. It was
originally a sate-run economy, but after the death of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping introduces major
economic transform that changed it from a state-run economy to a more capitalist economy. And
this influence China in magical way for its development.
China is the world’s fastest-growing major economy, with an average growth rate of 10% for the
past three decades years. (Wikipedia)
GDP (purchasing power parity): US$9.872 trillion (2010 est.)
GDP global rank
: #3 (behind the European Union and the U.S.)
GDP, real growth rate : 10.3% (2010 est.)
GDP, per capita
: US$7,400 (2010 est.)
Labor force
: 819.5 million (2010 est.), #1 global ranking
Population below the poverty line: 2.8%
[ Source: CIA World Fact Book, accessed 2011 ]
1
Bishwajit Okram. “ India vs. China – the elephant can not fly the dragon unless winged”, 12 January 2012
2
3. Figure 01: GDP (in trillion), Source World Bank: CIA Fact book 2010
As shown in the figure 01, in 2000, China topped Italy to become the world’s sixth-biggest economy. In 2005,
China overtook France to become the fifth-largest. In 2006, it moved up again by knocking off the U.K. In 2007,
China became the third-largest economy by topping Germany. During 1978-2006, China achieved an average
annual growth of 9.6% in real GDP. Two different ways are currently used to measure GDP: in nominal dollars
using official exchange rates and in PPP dollars using the actual buying power of currencies. Measured in PPP
dollars, China’s GDP in 2006 was $10.5 trillion, compared with $12.9 trillion for the US, $13.0 trillion for the EU,
$4.1 trillion for Japan, $3.9 trillion for India, $2.6 trillion for Germany and $1.9 trillion for the UK. China is the
third largest economic bloc after the EU and the US and the second largest economy after the US. 2
China is the world’s largest consumer and producer for many industrial and agricultural products such as steel,
cement, coal, television, cloth, cotton and etc. China has a drastic development in infrastructure development
and educational sector as well. To develop a country far most important thing is to invest in countries
education system. In 1978 China had only 598 Universities and it was only sufficient to facilitate 0. .4 Million
student, but in 2006 it had 1,800 universities and eligible to facilitate over 5 million student and sending
another 120,000 students abroad.
2
Shujie Yao, “Can China Really Become the Next Super Power”, The University of Nottingham, China Policy
Institute, April 2007
3
4. Figure 02: Top three countries by the Economic dominance
Most of the economist are predicting and forecasting that the China will over take US economy power in the
near future and will be the economic giant in the world. According to the Arvind Subramanian of the Peterson
Institute for International Economics argues that China's economic might will overshadow America's sooner
than people think. As per Arvind Subramanian in 2030 China’s economic power will be equal to the US
economic power was in 1973 and India’s economic power will matches the Japan’s was in 2010.
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean is the Eastern boundary of the African continent reaches out to the Middle East by the
Persian Gulf washes the shores of the Indian sub-continent and links up with the South China Sea.
There is no secret that the “Great Game” of the century is playing and will play in the Indian Ocean
and for the Indian Ocean. Both emerging super powers are trying to dominate their power in the
Indian Ocean to gain the maximum benefit of it. But, why Indian Ocean? Indian Ocean is the key to
the seven seas. Indian Ocean has tremendous geo-strategic importance. It’s the lifeline of
international trade and links Atlantic with the Pacific Oceans and critical for global economic
prosperity. It carries the half of the world’s container ships, 1/3 of bulk cargo traffic and 2/3 of the
world’s oil shipments. Both India and China are running there trade with high volume with the
support of Indian Ocean. India’s mercantile trade is concerned almost 90% of it by volume and 77%
of it by value carried by sea.
China’s rapidly growing economy has made it increasingly dependent on foreign imports of fuel and
other raw material. China became the net oil importer in 1993, second largest consumer oil in 2003,
and the largest importer of oil by 2004. 3
3
Erica S. Downs and Jeffrey A. Bader, “Oil-Hungry China Belongs at the Big Table,” Brookings Institution,
September 8, 2006, at http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2006/0908china_bader.aspx
4
5. In 2010, Chinese oil imports are expected to total 210 million tons, a 5.5% increase over2009
imports.4 Much of this oil is brought to china by tankers from Persian Gulf via the Indian Ocean and
the Strait of Malacca. So the Indian Ocean is becoming more important to Chinese economy and
security interest. Strait of Malacca which runs for 600 miles between Thailand, Malaysia and
Singapore to the east and Sumatra to the west in Indonesia. Some estimates that more than 50,000
ships pass through the Malacca strait annually, transporting 30% of the goods traded in the world
including oil from the Persian Gulf to major East Asian nations like China, Japan and South Korea. As
many as 20 million barrels of oil a day pass through the Strait of Malacca, an amount that will only
increase in the near future. More than 50% of Indian’s trade while more than 80% of China’s oil
needs go through the Malacca Strait; this makes the Strait one of the world’s most vital strategic
water passages.5
Figure 03: String of Pearls
China is into the strategy of “String of Pearls” with the mission of to protect its economy and security
interest and as well as to balance the “rising India”. This “string of pearls” (Figure: 03) strategy of
bases and diplomatic ties includes the Gwadar port in Pakistan, naval bases in Burma, electronic
intelligence gathering facilities on islands in Bay of Bengal, funding construction of a canal across the
Kra Isthmus in Thailand, a military agreement with Cambodia and building up of forces in the South
4
“China expects 5% Growth of Net Oil Import in 2010,” China Daily, March 22, 2010, at
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-03/22/content_9625216.htm
5
Johannes Dragsbaeks Schmidt, “India China Rivalry and Competition in Southeast Asia” at
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:DQAzxQnvWGsJ:vbn.aau.dk/files/61143145/India_China_Rivalr
y_and_Competition_in_Southeast_Asia_pres_in_Delhi.vbn_version.docx+india+china+rivary+and+competition
+in+southeast+asia&hl=en&gl=lk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESheRUOoCpywE0yCZJM9PbvrELpb_dOZhx6sIJRYnrGPEji
arRl4nQiAzlg4951J_Trd8dPM8c-8gItfL7FkEZBW3LtqnMB-yPXenpfaW6-jCY-Rto-E70WCeveaTOwwp1z7fnH&sig=AHIEtbSHKzrm6hCLC3il__23Bi8q3HWJxA
5
6. China Sea.6 These pearls are to help to build interconnection with several countries along the sea
lines from Middle East to the South China Sea in order to strengthen the strategic ties in between
China and other related countries as well as to protect China’s security objectives and energy
interest. China is built or building whole range of ports under the rim of the Indian Ocean. All these
ports are in the Indian Ocean and meet Indian Ocean. So China eventually through building these
ports, will gain the commercial maritime access along the round of the Indian Ocean and they bring
the energy, oil and natural gas from the Middle East all the way to Asia. China made a wise decision
with inverting in Gwadar port (in Balochitan) which could connect china with oil routes in Western
Pakistan. Pakistan’s highway in Karakoram provides the shortest route from Gwadar to the western
regions of china. This route is short, safe and can serve as alternative to the sea route through the
pirate prone Strait of Malacca, where currently China transports most of its crude oil imports.
China’s growing presence in South Asia
As a result of “String of Pearls “strategy of China, it has improve the involvement and presence in the
Indian Ocean rim countries. It is a geo-political as well as a geo-economical strategy. China is
improving its trade and investment relations with South Asian countries through treaties and
bilateral cooperation. Countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Burma and Sri Lanka are
especially heighted under the China’s relations with South Asia.
Sino - Pakistan
Pakistan establishes its formal diplomatic relations with China in 1950, and Pakistan is the very first
countries to recognize the People’s Republic of China rather than the Republic of China. Since 1950s
Sino – Pakistan relationship still remains in a stable path. Once Sino – Indian relations deteriorated,
China and Pakistan had a further reason to bring into line against their common enemy.
While the two states have not formally aligned against India, both sides clearly benefit from a
relationship that can tie down significant Indian assets along multiple fronts and force Indian
planners to divide their attention. Thus there are reports that, in the midst of the 1965 IndoPakistani War, China repeatedly charged Indian with violating the Chinese border near Sikkim, at the
other end of the Sino-Indian border from Pakistan, raising the specter of an armed response.7 China
is an arms supply for many Asian countries and so in a same way China helped Pakistan with arms
6
For a detailed explication of the security ramifications of the Chinese “string of pearls” strategy, see Gurpreet
Khurana, “China’s ‘String of Pearls’ in the Indian Ocean and Its Security Implications,” Strategic Analysis, Vol.
32, No. 1 (January 2008), pp. 1-22.
7
For example, see Claude Arpi, “1965 War: The China Bluff,” Rediff, September 30, 2005, at
htt://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/30war.htm
6
7. development and access. China has provided the Pakistani military range of military systems,
including tanks, naval combatants and combat aircraft. For example, china and Pakistan currently coproduce the K-8 trainer and the JF – 17 Thunder/FC – 1 Xiaolong. More than that Chinese assistance
with missile and nuclear weapons are in to the greater concern. China has supplied Pakistan with
the M-11 series of short range ballistic missiles. China has helped Pakistan build two nuclear reactors
at the Chasma site in the Punjab Province and is considering building two more nuclear reactors at
the same site.
One of the first planks of Sino-Pakistani relations was economic, with trade relations started in 1950.
China and Pakistan signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 2006, as well as other numerous
agreements and MOUs, including Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT) to increase the mutual trade
and investment between two countries. Pakistan provides china with cheap raw materials and the
use of Pakistani ports in return for access to Chinese markets through preferential treatment under
FTA. By 2002, bilateral trade amounted to some $ 1.8 billion, and has since grown to some $7 billion
as 2008.8 Same time china provided both financing and labor for the Gwadar port’s development.
(Further discuss in the next secession). Pakistan has a potential to become a hub in the region and
china may get more opportunity to grab the benefit from that.
Sino – Sri Lanka
China also has a long history of peaceful relations with Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka was one of the first noncommunist countries to establish relations with China by signing the Rubber – Rise agreement
(1952). In 2005 China and Sri Lanka signed a Joint Communiqué to further bilateral relations and
provide each other Most Favored Nation (MFN) treatment.
It is not surprising that China has provided Sri Lanka with military and political support during war
era, including significant supplies of fighter aircraft, naval combatants and a variety of other military
equipments. China has offered Sri Lanka funds in the form of Aid and Preferential credit for various
development purposes. China is the first foreign country to have an exclusive economic zone in Sri
Lanka and is involved in a range of infrastructure development projects (constructing power plants,
modernizing railways, providing financial and technical assistance in launching of communication
satellites). “China is the leading investor in Sri Lanka and involved in building highways, bridges, a
new shipping port and airport as well as a high tech theater.” In the post war period, improvements
8
People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “China – Pakistan Relations,” China Daily , November
14, 2006, at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/14/content_732562.htm
7
8. in infrastructural development and investments from China in Sri Lanka have been seen to increase.
These commercial transactions have created a win-win deal for both countries. Significantly, “Beijing
has decided to grant Sri Lanka dialogue partner status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO)” (‘Growing Chinese influence in Sri Lanka’, The National, 8 June 2011). China has been
continuously in economic cooperation as well. Two main ongoing projects are Norochcholai Coal
Power Project and construction of a large container port at Hambanthota, with $ 300 million in
funding from China’s Export – Import Bank. Equally important, Chinese support has the added
attraction that Beijing doesn’t “interfere” in the domestic affairs of the nation receiving the aid. This
appeal has been at work not only in Sri Lanka, but also in Pakistan and Burma. 9
Relationship with Other South Asian Countries
China and Bangladesh, both countries granted each other Most Favored Nation (MFN) treatment in
1984. China doesn’t have a FTA with Bangladesh. China provides duty-free access to a list of
Bangladeshi products under the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement, and Bangladesh had offered oil
exploration rights to china at Barakpuria. China had also gained naval access to the Bangladeshi
Chittagong port, which will bring china closer to Myanmar oil fields and the seas around India.10
China has constructed six friendship bridges, one of the bridges completed in 2008, is very important
because it connects the northern and southern part of Bangladesh.
China is one of the few states who are willing to support Burma. Burma’s Irrawaddy Valley has been
a strategic path to China. More than that Burma has potential oil and natural gas reserves. The
ability to access those oil reserves would gain limit Chinese vulnerability to interdiction of its sea
lines. Not surprisingly, china is helping to construct oil pipelines across Burma and into China. It is
also helping to construct new port facility in Sittwe, Dawei and Mergui.11 China has been engaged in
numerous security cooperation measures in Burma and China is the largest source of arms for
military, supplying a variety of systems, including trucks, artillery and communication equipments.
Burma is lying to the east of India and one of the potential area to worry about the involvement of
China.
9
Dean Cheng, “China’s view of South Asia and the Indian Ocean”, Heritage Lectures, Published by the Heritage
Foundation, August 31, 2010
10
Pravakar Sahoo,IEG and Nisha Taneja, ICRIER, “China’s growing presence in India’s neighborhood”, East Asia
Forum, February 5,2010 at http://www.eastasiaforum.org
11
Sutirtho Patranobis, “ China Creates a Pear in Sri Lanka,” Hindustan Times, September 16, 2009, at
http://www.hindustantimes.com/special-news-report/News-Feed/China-creates-a-pearl-in -Sri_Lanka/Article454644.aspx
8
9. India is highly concerned about china’s growing relations with South Asian countries because India
feels it as a threat for their journey towards the super power. There was an era that India was seen
as the guardian who would lead South Asia to the growth but not anymore. Some of the South Asian
countries have unsolved issues and problems with India. Especially Pakistan and Bangladesh have
unresolved issues regarding multilateral trade and economic relations. Some of the issues are
geographical, like land boarder sharing or territorial water issues and some are political. As an
example Sri Lanka has many issues with India, such as territorial water issue, Tamil Nadu factor and
also it is not a secret that India supported LTTE in many ways during the war period. Also there are
some economic issues between India and its neighbors. Countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have
accused India of creating barriers against their exports. Although Sri Lanka has an FTA with Sri Lanka,
Sri Lanka has issues with India over easier entry, caps on imports and Rules of Origin. Bangladesh
accuses India of non-traffic barriers to trade and protectionist ant-dumping measures against its
exports. Bangladesh also complains against restrictions on trade due to allotting deferent goods to
specific ports for Custom clearance, as well as discrimination against Bangladesh at Petrapole. 12 So
its clear that India has unsolved issues with its neighbors and it makes negative impact towards
India’ s relations in South Asia and directly it makes positive impact towards China. May be as a
result of that China’s trade with South Asian countries has been rapidly growing up though it was
India who has been the major trading partner with its neighbors traditionally.
12
Pravakar Sahoo, IEG and Nisha Taneja, ICRIER, “China’s growing presence in India’s neighborhood”, East Asia
Forum, February 5,2010 at http://www.eastasiaforum.org
9
10. Conclusion
India and China both rising powers of the 21st century belong to the Asia, both struggling to
dominate their power in the Indian Ocean. As motioned above Indian Ocean is playing the most
important role in the century. Indian Ocean is the key of seven seas. Zhao Nanqi, former Director
General, General Logistics Department of the People’s Liberation Army(1993) “We can no longer
accept the Indian Ocean as an ocean only of the Indians”. According to the geographical situation at
a glance anyone would feel Indian Ocean as a part of India or property of India. It is true that the
more than 2/3 of the Indian land is open and touching the Indian Ocean. But it doesn’t mean that
Indian Ocean is a property of India. Recently, an Asian scholar based in the West (Dr.Toshi Yoshihara)
analyzing Chinese writings on Indian Ocean states that in China Mahan is quoted as having said
“Whoever controls the Indian Ocean dominates Asia. This ocean is the key to the Seven Seas. In the
21st century the destiny of the world will be decided on its waters.”
China is already in to the great game with the goal of dominating the power of Indian Ocean. They
have a geo-political and geo-economical strategy for that. This will affect Indian hegemony in the
region. It is true and proven that some of the Asian countries, like Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Burma
have many unresolved issues with India. The smaller nations (Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan) need
India’s assistance with development and solving internal problems, but if India doesn’t proactively
assume leadership in this area, and continues to protect its industries and businessmen from
international trade, this opportunity will slip away and spur Chinese interference in the region. 13 So
as a result of that China is successfully filling the vacuum. By building the “pearls” in the Indian
Ocean China is decreasing its dependency in Strait of Malacca. And all these small nations are
growing their good heart towards the China. More importantly China is not normally involved in
domestic political issues when sometime India violating. So these small nations have the freedom to
behave around there domestic political arena. One of the earliest strategic analysts known for his
knowledge and understanding of Indian history, K M Panniker, wrote in the early 1940s, before India
achieved its independence, that “the peninsular character of the country and the essential
dependence of its trade on maritime traffic” would give Indian Ocean a preponderant influence on
its destiny, and “the economic life of India will be completely at the mercy of the power which
controls the seas”. He also held that “India never lost her independence till she lost the command of
the sea in the first decade of the sixteenth century”, and thus the future of India would depend not
on its land frontiers but “on the oceanic expanse which washes the three sides of India”. Ashok K.
Behuria, “Cooperation in Indian Ocean: An Indian Perspective”, Galle Dialog, December 14, 2012
13
Pravakar Sahoo, IEG and Nisha Taneja, ICRIER, “China’s growing presence in India’s neighborhood”, East Asia
Forum, February 5,2010 at http://www.eastasiaforum.org
10
11. Indian Ocean is sorted as the World’s energy inter-state and China will have maritime presence and
perhaps even naval presence. In all these Asian counties most of them Pakistan, Myanmar and Sri
Lanka, Chinese have given significant amount of military aid and economic aid as well as building
above mentioned ports. As China will eventually have very close relationship with these countries
and so the Beijing Navy can make regular port visits all of these countries and most of the times
Chinese will able to use these ports’ maritime commercial facilities. This will give China two Ocean
presence the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean.
India is still behind the China and long way to go to surplus in China as China also improving its
power day by day. China’s economy is roughly 3.5 times bigger than that of India and China is now
India’s number one trading partner with bilateral trade increasing from under $ 3 billion in 2000 to
almost $ 52 billion in 2008, and is growing almost three times the rate of US- China Trade (Hallinan
2010). Also India is depending on China, it is really important for India to balance the China’s rising
power. It is a norm that to take something you have to give something. China is spreading its arms all
over the Asian region, specially the Indian Ocean rim countries. So when the time comes there is a
more probability for China to take the benefit of spreading the good relations among the Asian
region. This is a threat for India’s hegemony. It is highlighted that India has lost its good handshake
with most of these Chinese friendly countries. It is a good example that the decision of Myanmar to
sell the gas from fields where India has made an investment. It made India really disappointed
among its own region. India had only been looking at the possibility of routing the pipeline through
the Northeast Region.
Hegemony is depending on the power, perception and the leadership. There is no doubt that China
has already gain the power; economic, military and energy and to be the super power in the world.
In some cases India also depending on China. As motioned earlier great game of the century is
playing in the Indian Ocean and who ever dominate the power in the Indian Ocean will be the
winner. By spreading the friendly arms China already acquire the good perception all around the
world especially from the Asian region and also China is leading by standing with the small nations
where they really need the powerful hand where India highly ignored. So with the time China will
dominate its power within the Indian Ocean with the support and help of the South Asian friendly
nations.
11
12. References
Harsh V. Pant, “ China’s new ties with Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka sink India’s influence over
Indian Ocean, YaleGlobal, January 9, 2013
Bishwajit Okram, “India vs. China – the elephant can not fly like the dragon unless winged”, January
12, 2012
J. Mohan Malik, “South Asia in China’s Foreign Relation”, Pacifica Review, Volume 13, Number 1,
February 2001
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