This paper looks at the content of Uganda government education policy and critiques the extent to which it has enabled the learner to acquire skills and value systems necessary to create solutions for present and future problems, and ultimately, live happy lives. The paper analyses the full scope of education sector, starting from pre-primary and primary, through secondary, university, vocational and professional education, to job training and adult education policies.
This paper looks at the content of Uganda government education policy and critiques the extent to which it has enabled the learner to acquire skills and value systems necessary to create solutions for present and future problems, and ultimately, live happy lives. The paper analyses the full scope of education sector, starting from pre-primary and primary, through secondary, university, vocational and professional education, to job training and adult education policies.
This document consists of data related to curriculum of United Kingdom. Here is the Agenda of this document;
1. Introduction.
2. What is National Curriculum?
3. Establishment of National Curriculum.
4. The current national curriculum of UK.
5. Regulatory Framework for private Sector.
6. Summary of regulatory framework of UK.
education policies and development in pakistan 1947 to 2009Rashna Asif
This presentation is all about the education policies and development that implement or not implement in Pakistan. all the policies discuss briefly. in this ppt slides, all policies from 1947 to 2009 discuss briefly.
This paper looks at the content of Uganda government education policy and critiques the extent to which it has enabled the learner to acquire skills and value systems necessary to create solutions for present and future problems, and ultimately, live happy lives. The paper analyses the full scope of education sector, starting from pre-primary and primary, through secondary, university, vocational and professional education, to job training and adult education policies.
This document consists of data related to curriculum of United Kingdom. Here is the Agenda of this document;
1. Introduction.
2. What is National Curriculum?
3. Establishment of National Curriculum.
4. The current national curriculum of UK.
5. Regulatory Framework for private Sector.
6. Summary of regulatory framework of UK.
education policies and development in pakistan 1947 to 2009Rashna Asif
This presentation is all about the education policies and development that implement or not implement in Pakistan. all the policies discuss briefly. in this ppt slides, all policies from 1947 to 2009 discuss briefly.
It explains different emerging areas of educational research such as online learning, blended learning, liberal education, indigenous knowledge, bagless school days etc. The research methods such as meta analysis, mixed method and use of qualitative software. The most important trends is plagiarism and research ethics.
Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan....You may visit my channel for more updates:
http://fixit.buysellclone.com/ visit this and click subscribe...
thank you
To understand the concept of theory, it is essential to understand the nature of theory in general.
Historically, the Received View holds that a theory is a formalized, deductively connected bundle of laws that are applicable in specifiable ways to their observable manifestations. In the Received View, a small number of concepts are selected as bases for the theory; axioms are introduced that specify the fundamental relationships among those concepts; and definitions are provided, specifying the remaining concepts of the theory in terms of the basic ones.
PROBLEMS, ISSUES and TRENDS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION OF PAKISTANR.A Duhdra
The secondary education is the most defectives stage in our entire educational organization and it needs urgently a thorough examination and complete reorientation . Defect cannot be overlooked that during the period of secondary education the young boys and girls of the country are exploited by individuals and groups and their energies, instead of being utilized into worthy social purposes, are harnessed to destructive activities.
Monitoring checklist for public inclusive schools in lagos stateAdebukola Adebayo
This Monitoring Checklist is developed as a tool to guide the mainstreaming of the
inclusivity and accessibility needs of children with disabilities into the design, planning
and implementation of inclusive education at primary and secondary school levels.
It is designed to guide the formulation and implementation of inclusive education laws,
policies, programmes and activities, as well as buildings, materials, technologies,
audiovisuals, publications and documents, etc.
It explains different emerging areas of educational research such as online learning, blended learning, liberal education, indigenous knowledge, bagless school days etc. The research methods such as meta analysis, mixed method and use of qualitative software. The most important trends is plagiarism and research ethics.
Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan....You may visit my channel for more updates:
http://fixit.buysellclone.com/ visit this and click subscribe...
thank you
To understand the concept of theory, it is essential to understand the nature of theory in general.
Historically, the Received View holds that a theory is a formalized, deductively connected bundle of laws that are applicable in specifiable ways to their observable manifestations. In the Received View, a small number of concepts are selected as bases for the theory; axioms are introduced that specify the fundamental relationships among those concepts; and definitions are provided, specifying the remaining concepts of the theory in terms of the basic ones.
PROBLEMS, ISSUES and TRENDS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION OF PAKISTANR.A Duhdra
The secondary education is the most defectives stage in our entire educational organization and it needs urgently a thorough examination and complete reorientation . Defect cannot be overlooked that during the period of secondary education the young boys and girls of the country are exploited by individuals and groups and their energies, instead of being utilized into worthy social purposes, are harnessed to destructive activities.
Monitoring checklist for public inclusive schools in lagos stateAdebukola Adebayo
This Monitoring Checklist is developed as a tool to guide the mainstreaming of the
inclusivity and accessibility needs of children with disabilities into the design, planning
and implementation of inclusive education at primary and secondary school levels.
It is designed to guide the formulation and implementation of inclusive education laws,
policies, programmes and activities, as well as buildings, materials, technologies,
audiovisuals, publications and documents, etc.
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
Using zero money to tackle the challenges of universal education in africa a ...Komakech Robert Agwot
ABSTRACT
Education is without a doubt, the sector that holds the key to transformational national development and our ability to compete in the global marketplace and it is singularly the sector that has experienced the worst type of decline in relation to standards, quality and value in Africa. However, the 1990 World Conference on Education for All launched in Jomtien, Thailand has rightly called attention to improving education through better management and expanded access to primary education systems with little attention to secondary education. Therefore, Government of Uganda through the Ministry of Education and Sports (MOES) with support from development partners introduced Universal Education in both primary and secondary schools throughout the country since 1997 and 2006 respectively. The intention was to remove barriers in education, provides flexible and responsive supports, and facilitates lifelong learning for all. Despite the fact that, the government continues to encourage families to send all their school going age children to Universal Secondary Education (USE) schools; the programme has not received the attention it deserves from either the public or the private sector in Uganda. Therefore, this theoretical paper seek to fill the existing long documented unequal academic achievement outcomes among children of different races, ethnic groups and social economic background in all regions of the country. This paper is organized in the following manner; Part I begins with a background and education systems of Uganda, while Part II discusses the major challenges the government is facing in enhancing access, quality and affordable education. Finally, Part III covers practical policy implications and Part IV gives concluding remarks with identified gaps for research.
Keywords: Zero Money, Universal Education, Secondary Education, Quality Education, Ghost Teachers
Educating our future -National Education Policy (Zambia)Jerry Sakala
The Goals of the Education System in Zambia
a) producing a learner capable of
(i) being animated by a personally held set of civic, moral and spiritual
values;
(ii) developing an analytical, innovative, creative and constructive mind;
(iii) appreciating the relationship between scientific thought, action and
technology on the one hand, and sustenance of the quality of life on the
other;
(iv) demonstrating free expression of one's own ideas and exercising
tolerance for other people's views;
(v) cherishing and safeguarding individual liberties and human rights;
(vi) appreciating Zambia's ethnic cultures, customs and traditions, and
upholding national pride, sovereignty, peace, freedom and
independence;
(vii) participating in the preservation of the ecosystems in one's immediate
and distant environments;
(viii) maintaining and observing discipline and hard work as the
cornerstones of personal and national development
b) increasing access to education and life skills training
c) building capacity for the provision of quality education
d) creating conditions for effective coordination of policies, plans and
programmes 7
e) rationalizing resource mobilization and utilization.
These goals will inform the education policies and practices of all partners in
educational provision and they will also be the basis for teaching and learning in schools
and colleges.
UNESCO together with UNICEF, the World Bank, UNFPA, UNDP, UN Women and UNHCR organized the World Education Forum 2015 in Incheon, Republic of Korea, from 19 – 22 May 2015, hosted by the Republic of Korea. Over 1,600 participants from 160 countries, including over 120 Ministers, heads and members of delegations, heads of agencies and officials of multilateral and bilateral organizations, and representatives of civil society, the teaching profession, youth and the private sector, adopted the Incheon Declaration for Education 2030, which sets out a new vision for education for the next fifteen years.
This paper examines quality assurance mechanisms as correlates of goal achievement of Universal Basic Education (UBE) in public secondary schools of Kwara State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was developed and issued to collect information from the study samples. The questionnaire was administered to one thousand, five hundred (1.500) respondents. Data collected were analysed using mean, standard deviation, factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that instructional supervision, staff development practices, continuous assessment and learning environment had a significant positive relationship with goal achievement in UBE public secondary schools. From the results, it was recommended among others that ministry of education should organise workshops and seminars on quality assurance mechanisms, so that principals and teachers could gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of the identified quality assurance mechanisms.
Factors that Hinder Effective Implementation of Special Needs Education Polic...ijtsrd
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that hinder effective implementation of special needs education policies and management in Port Harcourt. Specifically, the study sought to investigate the correlation between inadequate funding and implementation special needs education policies and management. It was hypothesized that there is no significant relationship between inadequate funding and implementation of special needs education policies and management. Data were collected via structured questionnaire issued to 120 special education stakeholders which represents 94.1 percent of the population. The data were analyzed, and hypothesis tested using appropriate statistical tests including Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis in Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS software. The result revealed that inadequate funding had a mean of 13.73 and SD of 4.56 while implementation of special needs education policies and management had a mean of 12.32 and SD of 5.11. We further found that at p value of 0.002 and r = 0.49 inadequate funding was significantly related with implementation of special needs education policies and management. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected with an affirmation that inadequate funding of education was a barrier to implementation of special needs education policies and management. The more there is lack of fund provision, the greater barrier it poses to the implementation of special needs education policies and management. The result concluded that adequate funding is very vital to implementing special needs education policies and management. The study recommended that Government, NGOs and individuals with philanthropic mindset should redirect their attention to providing the required funding that ensures cost effective special needs education for children with disabilities. Francesca Uche Ezekiel Uko | Modupeola Abike Olawoyin ""Factors that Hinder Effective Implementation of Special Needs Education Policies and Management in Rivers State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30040.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30040/factors-that-hinder-effective-implementation-of-special-needs-education-policies-and-management-in-rivers-state/francesca-uche-ezekiel-uko
Proposal for establishing national investment clubs associationOjijo P
This is a concept note, with supporting appendices, for the establishment of a national association of investment clubs. The work is proposed to be done by the consultant, Ojijo Pascal, an expert, with experience in financial literacy training for over 6 years, member of bank of Uganda financial literacy advisory group, and founding director and main consultant for setting up of investment clubs association of Uganda. He is also an author of the first book on investment clubs in East Africa, Making Money Together: Ojijo’s Investment Clubs Manual. This proposal lists the methodology, timeline, and resources needed to set up the association.
Proposal for establishing staff multi purpose cooperativeOjijo P
This is a concept note, with supporting appendices, for the establishment of a Staff Multi Purpose Cooperative. The work is proposed to be done by the consultant, Ojijo Pascal, an expert, with experience in financial literacy training for over 6 years, member of bank of Uganda financial literacy advisory group, and founding director and main consultant for setting up of investment clubs association of Uganda, and four saccos in Uganda. He is also an author of the first book on SACCOS in East Africa, Successful Saccos - Managers' Guide to Acquire, Retain and Grow Membership, Savings and Assets. This proposal lists the methodology, timeline, and resources needed to set up the association.
Investment Club Administrative Organs
(extracted from Making Money Together - Ojijo's Investments Club Manual)
Everything rises and falls on leadership. It is important that the club is well run by committee leadership. A clear leadership structure, made up of advisors, managers, and committee members, and supported by professional consultants and service providers, will guarantee a corporate governance structure that attracts both investors, and new members, alike.
Draft investment club strategic plan by ojijoOjijo P
A strategic plan is a list of activities to be performed in order to achieve certain targets, or goals.
An investment club strategic plan is hence a written plan that indicates where the investment club is today, and where it wants to be in a future time, listing the various steps that have to be taken to achieve the milestones.
According to Kotler, a leading strategist and leader,
‘in the strategic formulation, goals indicate what a business unit wants to achieve, and strategy is a game plan for getting there. Every business must tailor a strategy for achieving its goal.’
The strategy is the ‘what’ activity to be done; how, where, when and to whom.
“the devil is in the details, so is failure and successes.”
-Ojijo
Investment clubs annual report (format) by ojijoOjijo P
A very important part of growth is continuous regular reporting of the status of the investment club.
This report, presented at either Annual General Meetings, or Special General Meetings, is important as it shows where we are, in relation to where we came from, and where we are headed.
An annual report should have the following documents:
A. Executive Summary
B. Chairman’s Message
C. Organizational Profile
D. Directors’ Activities
E. Activities & Business Review
F. Corporate Governance
G. Recommendations
H. Auditors Report
Legal memorandum on proposed investment clubs actOjijo P
Following a research study commissioned by the Competitiveness Secretariat , Ministry of Finance, on The Status of Investment Clubs in Uganda (report is herein attached), one of the main recommendations, both from country study, and from the practice in Kenya, is the need for an independent legal structure for investment clubs, separate from companies, societies, associations, partnerships, or cooperatives. This memorandum of legal opinion analyses the current law regulating collective investment schemes in Uganda, with specific reference to self managed collective investment schemes, and finds that there is a gap that can only be filled by a sui generis piece of legislation that specifically addresses investment clubs, and that is cognizant of its capitalization; dynamism in membership joining and leaving; taxation proposition; and fund management.
The memorandum proposes that a new act, Investment Clubs Act, be pronounced, to provide for, inter alia, pass through taxation of investment clubs members earnings; limit investment clubs from carrying out fund management activities; provide for capitalization of investment clubs accounts; provide for businesses of engagement; provide for manner of legal registration of investment clubs under business registry; and provide for winding up of investment clubs.
It adopted, the creation of a new statute will ensure quick and legal registration of investment clubs and promote the safety, and growth of members assets within recommended legal and regulatory framework.
My financial dream is the final thing or things I want in my life. It is the ultimate financial goal of my life, the where I am going, and the destination I seek. It is the basic building block of my success. Nietzsche wrote, ‘He who has a why, can bear with almost anyhow’. My financial dream is the why?
Money is good. This is a fact. It takes money to buy homes, cars, clothes, food and acquire most of the good things in life. Money is medical costs; vacation expenses; tuition fees; and, yes, dowry and romance. ‘unless one has money there is no use in being a charming fellow. Romance is the privilege of the rich, not the profession of the unemployed. The poor are practical and ordinary. Indeed, money is party for friends and help to the poor and needy. In this world, good intentions, we must have money as well.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Review of education policy in uganda (revised)
1. Review of Education Policy in Uganda (Revised)
Working Paper Submitted to Uganda National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC), 2014
By Ojijo (The Author, Ojijo, is a public speaker and consultant in financial literacy, collective investment schemes (investment clubs and saccos), and business financial projections; lawyer and guest lecturer in financial services law, law firm management, and ICT law; author of 36 books; Rotarian, Inua Kijana Fellow; Poet Pianist; and owner, www.luopedia.com, www.lawpronto.com, www.allpublicspeakers.com, www.ajuoga.com, www.bankitgroup.com, www.parara.com, and www.achibela.com. Email: ojijo@allpublicspeakers.com Mobile:+256776100059)
Executive Summary
This paper looks at the content of Uganda government education policy and critiques the extent to which it has enabled the learner to acquire skills and value systems necessary to create solutions for present and future problems, and ultimately, live happy lives. The paper analyses the full scope of education sector, starting from pre-primary and primary, through secondary, university, vocational and professional education, to job training and adult education policies.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 2
BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 2
SCOPE OF REPORT .................................................................................................... 2
METHODOLOGY & OBJECTIVES .............................................................................. 2
ORGANIZATION ....................................................................................................... 3
LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF EDUCATION POLICIES ............................................ 3
THE 1995 CONSTITUTION (AS AMENDED) .............................................................. 3
OTHER ACTS OF PARLIAMENT ................................................................................ 3
ANALYSIS & CRITIQUE OF THE EDUCATION POLICIES OF UGANDA .... 5
PRE-INDEPENDENT (COLONIALIST) EDUCATION POLICIES .................................. 5
POST INDEPENDENT, PRE-NRM EDUCATION POLICIES ....................................... 6
NRM-ERA EDUCATION POLICIES .......................................................................... 6
ALTERATIVE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS (THEMATIC) ....................... 11
SCOPE ..................................................................................................................... 11
EQUITY IN ACCESS ................................................................................................ 13
INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................. 13
CONTENT QUALITY ............................................................................................... 13
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCES & SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHIES ...................................................... 16
2. Review of Education Policy in Uganda! Ojijo
Page2 Review of Education Policy in Uganda. Ojijo
Introduction
BACKGROUND
ONCE every ten years, everyone who has the time and hears the news in Uganda gets an opportunity to participate in the curriculum development processes by sending views and arguments for propositions.
As a responsible citizen, I also send my views, arguing that talent identification programmes should be instituted in the lower primary; comparative global political history should be taught to all students in high school as a compulsory course; grading of marks for extra curricula activities should take into consideration, and apportion marks for participation in extra-curricula activities like sports, drama and leadership, as well as an integrated financial literacy approach in lessons plans.
Education is the process of imparting/acquiring skills and value systems to be able to provide solution to present and future challenges for the purposes of living a happy life. Education policy, on the other hand, refers to the official government statements and commitment on the provision of education, both as a private and public good. The system of education in Uganda has a structure of 7 years of primary education, 6 years of secondary education (divided into 4 years of lower secondary and 2 years of upper secondary school), and 3 to 5 years of post- secondary education. The government has addressed the challenges facing the education sector through commissions, committees and Taskforces.
SCOPE OF REPORT
This paper analyses and critiques the Uganda government policy on education by sector of education, namely, kindergarten, or early childhood education/development; primary education; secondary education; senior secondary education; university education; and graduate/research education. The analysis will also cover professional certification courses for post graduate diplomas, adult education and vocational educational policies. This policy analysis will seek to state the objectives of the government policies with regard to particular sectors, (where there is such policy), and the extent to which the objectives have been met.
METHODOLOGY & OBJECTIVES
The report was conducted through primary data collection from key informants, including amongst others, Prof. Senteza Kajubi, the chairman of the 1987 Education Reform Commission (Senteza Kajubi Commission); the Vice Chancellor, Nkumba University, the Vice Chancellor, Makerere University; the Chairman, Higher Education Commission; the Director, Curriculum Development Centre; and Commissioner of Education at ministry of education. The report also benefited from extensive literature review from secondary and primary (government) sources. Both the interviews, which were open ended, and the literature review, were thematic, seeking information on the history and development of education policies in Uganda; the quality, character and effectiveness of the various policies; and the possible recommendations to the policies on education, both formative, and substantial.
3. Review of Education Policy in Uganda! Ojijo
Page3 Review of Education Policy in Uganda. Ojijo
ORGANIZATION
This first section of the report is the introduction. The second part will cover the background of education policies in Uganda, including the various processes that have led to the development of current policies and the objectives that were targeted. The third section will be the particular policy analysis and critique. The fourth and final section will be the recommendations from the particular analysis.
Legal Framework of Education Policies
Education policies and training in Uganda is governed by the constitutions directive principles and, statutes including Education Act and other related Acts of Parliament, including University Act, Tertiary institutions Act various other Acts and Charters for universities.
THE 1995 CONSTITUTION (AS AMENDED)
The 1995 Constitution (as amended), is the grundnorm, and hence, the source of all legal authority. The 1995 constitution posits education as a right, specifying that each child is entitled to basic education, which is a shared responsibility of the state and the child’s parents.
The constitution however needs to take the wording of the ANC constitution and provide for actionable rights and duties, so that the government can be put to task to provide education, without relying on the defense of poor social-economic status.
OTHER ACTS OF PARLIAMENT
¥ Children’s Act
The children’s act provides that all children must be educated. It tasks the state to provide resources, and obliges the parents to make sure the children attend school.
There should be a clear duty on the government to ensure that classes are limited to the UN ration of 1:40, so as to ensure quality, and to move from ‘bonna basome’, to quality education provision.
¥ University Act
The university act is the overall law that governs provision of university education in the country. It provides for guidelines on operations of universities. Together with the charters of universities, the universities act establishes rights, duties and responsibilities for all stakeholders in the higher educations sector.
There should be a clear provision that all universities offer research unit which is compulsory. Further, all unites, apart from business courses, need to offer a training course in entrepreneurship and transferable skills development, to open the ‘eyes’ of graduates to take advantage of and exploit opportunities in the environment, hence building creativity, and ultimately fighting unemployment.
4. Review of Education Policy in Uganda! Ojijo
Page4 Review of Education Policy in Uganda. Ojijo
¥ Tertiary Institutions Act
The act establishes the regulatory framework for tertiary institutions.
There should be a clear delimitation of tertiary institutions being transformed into university colleges, or universities.
¥ BITVET Act
This is an innovative piece of legislation that promotes vocational education in the country. Of note, is that the act establishes a portal, and regional nodes for provision of vocational training.
¥ Education Act
The education act provides, for inter alia, the licensing of education institutions, and regulation of content.
There should be an amendment to make it illegal to acquire and transform one type of academic institution, especially tertiary institutions, into a university college, since this reduces access opportunities.
5. Review of Education Policy in Uganda! Ojijo
Page5 Review of Education Policy in Uganda. Ojijo
Analysis & Critique of the Education Policies of Uganda
PRE-INDEPENDENT (COLONIALIST) EDUCATION POLICIES
During the pre- independence period, Uganda’s education policy was controlled by the British Colonial Government and so was the curriculum. The objectives of the curriculum did not reflect the aspirations of ordinary Ugandans since they were mainly designed to serve the interests of the British colonial Government.
The Catholic and Protestant missionaries were sent to Uganda, like anywhere else they went, by their respective societies to preach Christianity to, and spread it among the different peoples of the country. One of the ways which these missionaries conceived to be most effective was to make sure that the converts could refresh their religious knowledge in their homes by reading the bible and other simple books.
Between 1900 and 1924, the Missionaries established schools and taught children and adults with no, or little, Protectorate Government financial assistance. They designed their own school curriculum to suit their missionary purposes.
Between 1877 and 1879, children and adults were taught religion, reading, writing and arithmetic. The missionaries' houses and compounds formed the initial formal schools.
In 1901, a Catholic chief, Stanislaus Mugwanya, requested the missionaries to start a school that would mainly teach English. It was this that made the missionaries think of offering a form of education designed to help build character of pupils and prepare them for the changing world in which they lived.
Therefore, between 1902 and 1906, seven boarding schools were opened to serve this purpose. The majority of these schools were attended mainly by children of chiefs and influential families who, it was assumed, would sooner or later hold positions of responsibility in the society.
The curriculum consisted of religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, mathematics, music and games.
Commissioned Groups to Review Education (1924-1962)
During this period, the Protectorate Government appointed five different commissioned groups of educationists and others to review the education situation in Uganda and make recommendations.
The following were the five Commissions:-
1. The Phelps - Stockes Commission (1924): The Commission found out that the education offered in Uganda by the missionaries was too literary. The educational activities in the schools were not related to the community needs of the people. Among the essential components missing from the curriculum were agriculture, health, care by women, and hygiene. It led to the Policy on Vocational Studies, whereby in 1926, there was a strong view that the educational system for Ugandans should, in addition to academic subjects, provide vocational education and prepare the majority of the pupils to live well in the villages.
6. Review of Education Policy in Uganda! Ojijo
Page6 Review of Education Policy in Uganda. Ojijo
2. The Earl de la Warr Committee (1935) mainly examined the state of Makerere College and its source of inputs. Among its other recommendations were to improve and expand primary education and to develop education for girls.
3. The Thomas Education Committee (1940) dwelt on the administration and financing of education.
4. The de Bunsen Commission (1952) looked into teacher education and the educational structure.
5. The Binns Study Group (1957) was sent to East Africa towards the period of granting independence to the colonies in order to study and recommend on how to:
A critique of the ideological foundations of African education is advanced by Mazrui
(1978:13); he regards neo-colonial cultural dependency as a threat to African psychological autonomy and sovereignty and reports that: “Very few educated Africans are even aware that they are also in cultural bondage. All educated Africans … are still cultural captives of the West.”
The policy of all colonial education was “subordination of Africans”, as they did not provide education according to European standards, rather, they served to perpetuate colonial domination.” (Victor Uchendu,1979:3). There was a clear neglect of African culture and history by mission schools, causing Africans to lose self-respect and “love for our own race”, leading to what Ngugi wa Thiongo called “cultural genocide” perpetuated intellectual dependency on the West. (Ngugi, 1972)
POST INDEPENDENT, PRE-NRM EDUCATION POLICIES
Prof Edgar Castle’s Education Commission
After Uganda gained independence in 1962, the first step the new government took was to formulate post independence Education Policy that would address the needs of a free Uganda. In 1963, the then Prime Minister, Dr. Milton Obote, instituted the Prof Edgar Castle 1963 Uganda Education Commission to examine the content and structure of education in Uganda and consider how it could be improved and adopted to the needs of Uganda . This was due to the realization that the pre-existent education system was not geared towards the objects of producing skilled Africans for the African economy, but rather, skilled workers for the colonial industries. Since 1963, education policy in Uganda was mainly guided by the Castle Commission report up to the inception of the 1922 Government White Paper, which laid a strong emphasis.
A strong emphasis on the quality of education for all people; argued for raising standards of agriculture; technical education; expansion of girls’ education; provision of adult education; training teachers for especially primary education; and Africanisation of content of education curriculum.
NRM-ERA EDUCATION POLICIES
In 1986, the post-conflict government, the physical infrastructure had deteriorated with nearly twenty years of civil strife. A large percentage of the primary classes met in temporary structures; permanent structures had received little or maintenance for nearly two decades. Text books, instructional materials were almost nonexistent in most schools, making teaching and learning extremely difficult. There were few trained teachers, most having fled the country, and the curriculum content needed to be changed drastically.
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¥ Education Policy Review Commission (Prof Senteza Kajubi Commission)
The NRM’s first bold move to enhance education was to establish an education commission, chaired by the reknowned educationist, Prof. Senteza William Kajubi, to provide solutions to education sector. The findings led to the 1992 White Paper on Education, which was the basis of UPE, USE and Education for All policy. The commission also recommended inclusion of civic studies, vocational skills and financial management practice (financial literacy) among other courses on the school curriculum.
The commission defended universalisation of primary education thus:
“Only when every child is enrolled at the right age and does not leave school without completing the full cycle of primary education it would be possible to ensure that all citizens have the basic education needed for living a full live. Also it will help in achieving a transformation of society leading to greater unity among the people, higher moral standards and an accelerated growth of economy.”
¥ Primary Education Reform Programme (PERP)
In 1991, government designed the Primary Education Reform Programme (PERP) to address issues of declining quality of basic education. This Programme was launched in 1993 and it focussed on three central issues of increasing access to quality learning opportunities; improving school management and instructional quality; and strengthening planning, management and implementation. In order to implement the PERP, government formulated Primary Education Teacher Development Programme (PETDP) to spear head the Primary Education Reform Programme.
¥ 1992 Government White Paper on Education
The 1992 Government White Paper on Education is the basis of official policy on the purpose and programmes of education. Its aims are to promote citizenship; moral, ethical and spiritual values; promote scientific, technical and cultural knowledge, skills and attitudes; eradicate illiteracy and equip individuals with basic skills and knowledge and with the ability to “contribute to the building of an integrated, self-sustaining and independent national economy”. The White Paper accepted the major recommendations of EPRC.
¥ Policy of Education as a Human Right
As a product of the White Paper, in Uganda, education is a constitutional right enshrined in the constitution of the republic of Uganda, articles 30 makes educations for children a human right, and article 34 states that all children are entitled to basic education by the state and parents.
¥ Equitable Access Policy
The key policy thrust in the educational sector for both rural and urban Uganda includes providing equitable access to quality and affordable education to all Ugandans, propelling the nation towards achieving the goals of Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), meeting commitments to achieve Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals
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(MDGs) by 2015, providing relevant education and enhancing efficiency, and strengthening partnerships in the education sector. More resources have been allocated to lower educational public sector through the UPE programme in order to enhance equity of access at that level between boys and girls (MoSE 1998 b).
¥ Affirmative Action Policy
This equitable access policy has led to the affirmative action policy, supporting more women enrolment, by reducing cutoff points for entry to university by women, disabled, and challenged persons, including students from hardship areas, mainly northern Uganda.
¥ Universal Primary Education (UPE)
The Universal Primary Education (UPE) was launched in 1997 following recommendations of the Education Policy Review Commission (EPRC, 1989), and the subsequent relevant stipulations of the GoU White Paper (1992) and the development of children’s Statute (1996). The policy advocates for the redistribution of resources vis-a-vis reforming the educational sector. More resources have been allocated to lower educational public sector through the UPE programme in order to enhance equity of access at that level between boys and girls (MoSE 1998 b).
¥ Education for All (EFA) Policy
This was an enviable move by the government to ensure that everyone, child and adult alike, benefits from the timeless and universal advantages of education. However, lack of clear monitoring of performance, lack of infrastructure, and the then persistent LRA insurgency in Northen Uganda greatly impaired the realization of the mission. Uganda’s social diversity has brought a collateral concern for preservation of cultural heritage, social justice, human dignity, political equality and multicultural education. To this end, the curriculum has incorporated cultural studies, but this is still limited, and students are not studying such things as fables, proverbs, idioms and rhetoric in traditions. Cultivation of oral and written fluency in local African languages is important in building self-esteem, preserving culture, and advancing the literary output and identity of African peoples. In addition to the MDGs, Uganda is also committed to meeting the Education for all (EFA) goals (set in Jomtien in 1990 and reaffirmed in Dakar in 2000). The current Government efforts in education sector, especially the launching of the Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy are, by and large, premised on the recommendation of the Government White Paper on Education of 1992, but also focus towards attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Education for All (EFA) goals.
¥ Community & Adult Education Policy
Under the white paper, and further bifurcated by the access to all commitment, the government of Uganda has established a community and adult education policy, which is implemented through classes that teach literacy in communities, and also through professional courses in universities to train and equip adult educators.
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¥ Policy of Decentralization Of Education Service Provision
Uganda implemented the policy of decentralization, under which policy; the central government has channeled public service. Under the local Government Act of 1997, nursery, primary schools, special schools and technical schools fall under the administration and management of District Councils. Each district has the authority to formulate, approve, and execute its own development plan. Registration for UPE children, distribution of textbooks and monthly remittances for schools from central government are all channeled through the district Administration officer. Decentralisation has brought the schools closer to the administrative units above them and therefore potentially could be more responsive.
¥ Policy of Vocationalisation of Education
Given the high drop out rates, and the fact that informal economy contributes in great margin to the development of the economy, on top of other factors such as the high unemployment, and the lack of job skills, the governments since pre-independence have had vocationalisation as a major tool of advancing education. However, it is the NRM government that officially formalized the system through the statutes, and a celar policy on vocational institutions. To this end, the vocational education training is provided in all regions, though the accessibility is lowered.
¥ Policy Of Liberalization Of Educations Sector
One major recommendation of Prof. Kajubi Commission was the need for opening of the space for education service provision to seal the gap created by the insurgency and civil war vacuum, and hence, as a result, the government opened provision of education, and has since seen the chartering of over 30 universities, and countless other initiatives, by the public, private, civil society sectors, and cross-partnerships amongst and between sectors. Higher education especially tertiary education is increasingly becoming liberalized, which in fact means privatized. All these have led to Uganda being referred to as ‘regional social/education capital’, by providing home to the largest number of foreign students in the region, than any other eastern African country.
¥ The Education Sector Strategy Plan (ESSP)
The ESSP commit the government to assuring universal access to primary education as the highest priority, points to the removal of financial impediments and pay particular attention to gender and regional equity. Putting the plan into practice was envisaged through shared contributions by the public and private sector, by the household and community. The ESSP of Uganda’s Ministry of Education and Sports (MoSE) covers the fiscal years 2004/5 to 2014/5, and it succeeds the Education Strategic Investment Plan (ESIP of1998-2003.
¥ Policy on Regular Curriculum Revision
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Curriculum revision provides another measure of post-colonial educational reconstruction in Uganda and this import cannot be more explicit with the creation of a national curriculum development centre. The new NRM government has promoted policy of africanisation of education content, through africanised textbooks. Innovative community-based education focuses on collective farming, hygiene, literacy and political education. The country’s mainly agricultural economy is served by school-based farm programs that aim to reduce the rural- urban social division; in addition, these programs tried to build acceptance of the dignity of manual work. This emphasis has expanded at the secondary level with agricultural, commercial, industrial and social service courses of study. Such vocationalisation reflects the concern for life adjustment found in traditional African education. Curriculum development in the 1990s has addressed several problem areas affecting Uganda’s well-being and unity; these include environmental education, population and family life, multi-cultural education and education for peace. However, the system formal education system is still rigid, test- based and competitive, rather than flexible, cooperative and research based. Curriculum review has been institutionalized through the National Curriculum Development Centre(NCDC)
¥ Education Language Policy
Since independence, education language policy after independence has been marked by very gradual Africanisation. Until recently in Uganda, English has been used as the only medium of instruction in primary, secondary, tertiary and adult education. Therefore, schools in the pre- and early post-independence era followed a ‘straight for English’ policy. However, British colonial policy had encouraged mother tongue instruction, especially in early primary grades. Mother tongue or the dominant local area language is used for teaching in pre- primary and primary grades 1 to 3 while English is taught as a subject.
¥ Job Training /Continuing Professional Development Policy
The government has a policy for continuing professional development, but this is partial and only applicable to certain professions, mainly law and medicine. Other professional courses like accountancy, architecture, etc, do not have these legal requirements. Further, continuing career development is not just limited to professional courses, and there is need to have incentives for employees, to ensure that staffs attend refresher courses to ensure they are better equipped to address to the dynamic and continually challenges of a changing economic situation of Uganda and the world.
¥ Implementation of Policies
Development of education sector has been guided by the first Education Sector Investment Plan (ESIP-I) 1998-2003 and the second Education Sector Investment Plan (ESIP-II) 2004-2015. The Education Sector Strategic plan (ESSP) for the fiscal years 2004-2015 is set to succeed the ESIP in two ways.
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Alterative Policy Recommendations (Thematic)
SCOPE
¥ Pre-Primary Education/Early Childhood Development
This is the age (between 3-6 years) where talent is best identified and development begins (Ojijo, 2011). However, the current policy framework does not provide for a comprehensive talent identification and development program, including a talent test, amongst other strategies.
¥ Primary Education
The policy on primary education is about access to all, and the government has over and again stressed that the goal is to get everyone to class, and then handle quality issues later. However, it is now evident that the primary education system is a pitfall for children, causing massive future disillusionment, as the content is skewed, attention is lacking, and infrastructure, both in terms of physical facilities, and teachers, is thinly stretched to maximum.
¥ Secondary Education/Senior Secondary Education
The level of secondary education is where most students identify their career goals, and start to specialize for future professions. However, the current system still burdens the student with very many subjects, confusing arts with sciences, and hence limiting chances of specializing, and ultimately producing a jack of all trades, and specialist in none. The new economy needs specialization, as a factor of enhancing efficiency (Adam Smith, 1730). The policy shift should move towards intensive career guidance, followed by limited subject choices for the purposes of specialization.
¥ University Education
The current policy of university education is lacking in practical skills and transferable skills formation, on top of value based content. The university student graduate today sits at home, waiting to be employed, and when he is lucky to be employed, he lacks practical skills to supplement his theories, and where he has the practical skills, he lacks the transferable skills exemplified by letter writing, effective communication and interpersonal skills.
The inability of the graduate to create a job is explained by both attitude, and also lack of skills. Very few courses, notably medicine, and social work, demand a compulsory internship placement, even though there is a government agency for the industrial placements. Further, there lacks incentives by the government to companies to absorb interns, through tax waivers, etc. also, the students lack creative skills partly due to lack of methodological training in transferable skills and personal development, and partly due to lack of research skills, since research, though being the only true way to generate new knowledge, is not compulsory, but an elective subject. It is important that research is made a compulsory subject. Further, every course unit should have a compulsory entrepreneurship module, to prepare students to market their skills, and hence transform their skills to cash.
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¥ Graduate Research Studies
A quick look at graduate research curriculum will reveal a repetition of content. Indeed, in most law schools, to take an example, graduate students take course units with under graduate students, and instead of specializing in graduate studies, the courses are generic. Further, the period of mastering is two years, as opposed to international one year periods, which makes education pursuits long and unattractive.
¥ Professional Certification Courses
Currently, careers options of law, medicine, architecture, accountancy, and related financial services, offers a regulatory regime for compulsory professional certification, mainly due to the fiduciary duties held by the professionals to their clients. This is progressive, but for the fact that the monopolization of legal professional training, as opposed to accountancy and medicine, leads to crammed classes, and lack of personal attention. There is need to decentralize examination of law graduates, and to remove the cap on admissions, so that all lawyers who qualify should attend and be released to the market, where due to competition, they will then become creative and specialize.
¥ Vocational Training
The government has done tremendous work with vocational institutions, under the statute, and previously through community based institutes. However, the policy of transforming vocational and technical institutes to university colleges and universities ultimately reduces the infrastructures for vocational studies, and ought to be halted. Institutions willing to be universities should start as such, and work through the process, so that the youth who fail to make it to universities, or who do not wish to go to universities, are not deprived of access to institutions for vocational training.
¥ Adult Education
Uganda seems to be guided by Mwalimu Julius Nyerere’s Adult Education ‘Declaration of Dar es Salaam’ in which he wrote: “Adult education is anything which enlarges men’s understanding, activates them, helps them to make their own decisions and to implement those decisions for themselves.”
Of special note however, is the gap in training adults about important aspects of financial management, as was proscribed by the Prof. Kajubi Commission. This area, also referred to as financial literacy, is an important segment for adults, especially for planning for their old age.
¥ Job Training
Apart from the professional careers of law and medicine, there is not mandatory requirement for continual job training and improvement. This is a clawback since the value of an employees contribution, and hence his income, is equivalent to his knowledgebase, and where the employee does not improve, then his contribution to the market, and workplace, becomes redundant. There is need for an incentive regime, backed by legal and regulatory provisions, for require the continual improvement through job training. Companies offering such programs should benefit from tax incentives, and other privileges.
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EQUITY IN ACCESS
Until the early 1990s the education policy was fraught with gender disparities in enrolment, dropout, performance and general attainment. (Kikampikaho and Kwesiga,2002). The development of gender equity is another case of transformative policy. This innovation remains far short of the goal of gender parity. In traditional African education, boys and girls were segregated with different curricula that prepared youth for their divergent life goals. This transition has met with cultural resistance and remains controversial; nevertheless, the evidence of added value that female education brings to child-rearing, health, family wellbeing, economic life and community makes a compelling case for gender equalisation in African educational reconstruction. (Tripp and Kwesiga, 2002)
Pre-school education, when available, is urban and elitist. Special education is not institutionalized, nearly non-existent in certain areas. In many areas, rural schools are fewer, more remote, poorly equipped and understaffed. Access to basic education is reduced due to emphasis on the secondary/tertiary levels; nevertheless, in 1994 only 30% of primary school graduates found places in secondary schools, and this is less than 5% of the school-age population.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Inadequate facilities and instructional resources affect most African countries, including Uganda. Many circumstances contribute to this situation. The war was a decisive factor in areas of northern Uganda. Further, rapid urbanisation causes a growth in school-age population that continues to outpace school construction; this leads to overcrowding and reliance on substandard and unsanitary buildings. Also, the UPE policy leads to an influx of students, but lack of physical, and human resource infrastructure. Insufficient supplies of textbooks and lack of essential facilities and equipment for science laboratories detracts from the quality and potential of instruction.
CONTENT QUALITY
A final concern involves the relevance of education to the social and economic well-being of each country and to each individual’s fulfilment of potential. There is low completion rates, high grade repetition and significant numbers of drop-outs. These facts seem to indicate either that the schools are not teaching students well or that the curriculum is irrelevant to their needs. In many cases, formal school curricula have been criticised for being unrelated to the conditions and demands of life in rural areas. There is likewise a need to increase the use of African languages as mediums of instruction in areas where these are the only effective means of communication. Another dimension of relevance involves philosophical consistency. As more African countries move to expand democracy, schools should not only teach how this form of government works, but also restructure themselves as participatory, open forums in which students and teachers can practice democracy through debate, discussion and exchange of views about their political destiny.
In contrast to traditional African education, where methods involved active participation, observation and learning by doing, instructional methods in modern, formal African schools continue to be dominated by rote learning, pupil passivity, limited verbal interaction, and reliance on text and test. One reason for this is the shortage of trained teachers. Another factor is the climate of competition and high-stakes testing which encourages memorization for examinations more than acquisition of applied skills, critical thinking or creativity.
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¥ Talent Identification Programmes
The best employment is that which utilizes our strengths, and not our weaknesses. Indeed, the best job is that which we do naturally with our talents. Consequently, the productivity of the nation will be multiplied several times over if we institute programmes to identify talent at early age, and when children grow up, they just shine in their expertise, and become better in areas which they are already best suited.
Such programmes should cover the three talent areas: art, academics and sports. The identification programme should be adaptable, and inexpensive, but nationally reaching and mandatory (Ojijo, 2012).
¥ Comparative Global Political History
The world is run, and run down, by political leaders (Ojijo, 2012). Indeed, domestic policy is in most instances – especially for third world and naturally weak nations – shaped by regional geopolitics and global currents which, in turn, are a result of yesteryear's causes.
In essence, we are because of our past, and understanding of our past relationships is very instrumental in producing future leaders who are aware and alive to the global world political affairs. Further, the best time to do this is when the children are in high school, as this is also the moment when their critical analysis aptitude is most alive and amenable to expansion.
¥ Grading Using Extra-Curriculum Activities
Flowing from the principle that the purpose of education is skills development – and not limiting skills to academic, sports or art – it is paramount to have all skills, both formal and interpersonal, tested and graded as part of students’ performance in schools. This will – in addition to creating an active student community – lead to fuller exploitation of students potential, as everyone will seek to identify where they are good at, and participate fully for award of marks just as is the case with examinations. Such areas for award of marks will be participation in sports, drama, leadership and volunteering, to name but a few.
¥ Integrated Financial Literacy
The import of financial literacy for the purposes of guaranteeing financial independence through responsible managing of personal finance cannot be understated. But, financial literacy should be integrated in normal lesson plans, and both teachers and parents should participate in running exercises with children to make them learn to acquire, manage and use money in such a way as to reduce their liabilities and expenses, and increase their income and assets(Ojijo, 2012).
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CONCLUSION
The current education policy in Uganda espouses universal education, with equal opportunity for all. However, policy reconstruction is an ongoing, never-ending process. It works in the context of the present crisis, but moves to transcend this by creative integration of past successes with future goals. The core goals reflect traditional values of training in social justice, morality, and responsibility, along with acquisition of life skills needed in the local environment. Modern policy goals include national development and unity along with individual service to the nation.
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References & Select Bibliographies
Government of Uganda, Government White Paper on the Education Policy Review Commission Report Entitled "Education for National Integration and Development" Government Printer, Kampala, April, 1992.
Ajayi, J.F.A., Goma, L.K.H. & Johnson, G.A. (1996) The African Experience With Higher Education. London: James Currey.
Bassey, M.O. (1999) Western Education and Political Domination in Africa. Westport, CT: Bergin Harvey.
Berkson, I.B. (1940) Preface to an Educational Philosophy. NY: Columbia University.
Nwomonoh (Ed.) Education and Development in Africa, 25-40. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications.
Bunyi, G. (1999) Rethinking the place of African indigenous languages in African education. International Journal of Educational Development, 19 (4/5), 337-350.
Educational profile: Uganda (2000). In World Data on Education. Geneva: UNESCO, International Bureau of Education. [Online] http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/databanks/dossiers/puganda.htm [2001, February 7]
Habte, A., Wagaw, T. & Ajayi, J.F.A. (1993) Education and social change. In A.A. Mazrui & C. Wondji (Eds.) General history of Africa: 8. Africa since 1935, 678-701. Paris: UNESCO.
Mazrui, A.A. (1978) Political Values and the Educated Class in Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Moumouni, A. (1968) Education in Africa. NY: Praeger.
Mungazi, D.A. (1996) The Mind of Black Africa. London: Praeger.
Ojijo. (2012). Making My Child Financially Intelligent - Money Lessons by Age Group (from 3- 13 yrs)
Ojijo. (2012). Politics of Poverty - The Odinga Curse to the Luos!
Ojijo. (2012). Talanta - Ojijo's Guide to Identifying, Developing & Selling My Talent & Career Skills
United Nations, Economic and Social Council: Commission of Human Rights, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights-Report by Ms Katarina Tomasevski, Special Rapporteur on the right to education-Addendum, Mission to Uganda 26 June-2 July 1999
Ministry of Education and Sports, the Ugandan Experience of Universal Primary Education (UPE); July 1999.
UNESCO, Ministerial Seminar on Education for Rural People in Africa: Policy Lessons, Options and Priorities; Status of Education for Rural People in Uganda
International Bureau of Education, Gender Sensitive Educational Policy and Practice; Uganda Case Study, Report by Doris Kakuru Muhwezi
Ministry of Education and Sports, March 2005: Education Sector Strategic Plan 2004-2015.